Para garantizar un futuro en el que podamos vivir, debemos administrar el suelo con sabiduría
Por Sivan Kartha, July 27, 2022
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DESDE QUE EL MUNDO NEGOCIÓ UN TRATADO SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO POR PRIMERA VEZ en 1992, pasaron tres valiosas décadas y dejamos que el desafío climático se convirtiera en una crisis. La última evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC por su sigla en inglés), publicada esta primavera, dejó de lado el lenguaje moderado del cuerpo científico profesional para dejar en claro que la sociedad se enfrenta a una crisis urgente y que se debe pasar a la acción. Ese informe representa “una letanía de promesas climáticas que no se cumplieron”, dice el secretario general de la ONU, António Guterres. “Es un archivo de la vergüenza en el que se catalogan las promesas vacías que nos encaminaron a un mundo inhabitable”.
En la cumbre sobre el clima de la ONU del año pasado en Glasgow, los países del mundo duplicaron la reducción de emisiones que habían prometido para esta década, pero en realidad necesitamos quintuplicar esos objetivos. Tal como están las cosas en este momento, podemos emitir solo 300.000 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono (GtCO2) antes de que las temperaturas mundiales superen el 1,5 grado Celsius, identificado en el Acuerdo de París como el límite superior aceptable de calentamiento. Si los países no logran reducir las emisiones mucho más de lo que prometieron hasta el momento, el mundo superará esos 300.000 millones de toneladas durante esta década. Eso nos llevará a un caos muchísimo mayor que las tormentas, las sequías, los incendios y los desplazamientos sin precedentes que el mundo ya está viviendo.
Somos capaces de reducir significativamente las emisiones. Sabemos qué tecnologías de energía renovable y prácticas de eficiencia energética debemos implementar en forma generalizada, sabemos que proteger los ecosistemas y otras especies respalda nuestra propia capacidad para prosperar, y somos conscientes de las prácticas agrícolas insostenibles que consumen combustible fósil y de las dietas que hacen uso intensivo del suelo que debemos modificar.
El suelo es una figura prominente en muchas de las soluciones climáticas más prometedoras y, por lo tanto, es uno de los elementos centrales de muchas de las tensiones y concesiones que debemos hábilmente enfrentar. Se agota el tiempo y debemos encontrar una forma de evitar seguir avanzando a tientas, pisoteando las necesidades humanas y ecológicas fundamentales en un intento por llegar a las soluciones “ecológicas”. Administrar el suelo con sabiduría mientras nos enfrentamos a un clima cada vez más hostil será fundamental para garantizar un futuro en el que podamos vivir.
INCLUSO MIENTRAS SE VE CADA VEZ MÁS AFECTADO POR EL CLIMA CAMBIANTE, el suelo se enfrentará a exigencias crecientes y contrastantes de la sociedad, que busca soluciones climáticas y un santuario para protegerse de un clima cada vez más hostil. Analicemos los aspectos principales de este panorama lleno de conflictos.
El suelo será necesario para conservar las especies y los ecosistemas que se ven cada vez más amenazados por el peligro de extinción o el colapso generados por el cambio climático. Actualmente, la Tierra está transitando su sexta extinción en masa desde la explosión cámbrica hace 500 millones de años. Mientras escribe sobre el árbol evolutivo de la vida, Elizabeth Kolbert, una académica especializada en dichas extinciones, explica: “Durante una extinción en masa, se cortan muchas partes del árbol, como si lo podaran locos con hachas” (Kolbert 2014). Incluso como metáfora, quizás esta explicación se queda corta, ya que ahora hay topadoras, represas gigantes y otras formas menos racionales de apropiarnos directamente del suelo en los ecosistemas naturales. A medida que el cambio climático producido por los seres humanos se acelera, superará a la apropiación del suelo como impulsor principal de la extinción continua (WGII del IPCC 2022). En un informe de la Plataforma Intergubernamental Científico-normativa sobre Diversidad Biológica y Servicios de los Ecosistemas, se descubrió que hay más de un millón de especies en peligro de extinción, muchas de ellas en las próximas décadas (IPBES 2019).
Desde las montañas cubiertas de nieve donde nacen los ríos que fluyen todo el año, pasando por el suelo fértil en el que crecen nuestros alimentos, hasta los arrecifes de coral que permiten la pesca costera, conservar los ecosistemas naturales de los que depende la supervivencia humana dependerá, en definitiva, de nuestra habilidad para reducir y revertir la apropiación y la fragmentación del hábitat natural; todo esto mientras intentamos detener el cambio climático. Como un primer paso fundamental, casi 100 países que conforman la High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People propusieron un proyecto internacional 30×30 para proteger el 30 por ciento del suelo y los océanos del mundo para el 2030. Este esfuerzo ambicioso ayuda a detener la pérdida de biodiversidad y a preservar los ecosistemas. Además, fomenta la seguridad económica y la estabilidad climática. Al día de hoy, solo están protegidos el 15 por ciento del suelo y el siete por ciento de los océanos.
El suelo deberá reacomodar a las personas desplazadas por inundaciones, clima extremo y cambios climáticos que hacen que áreas actualmente pobladas se vuelvan inhabitables. Sabemos que el clima extremo que impulsa los desplazamientos seguirá empeorando. El Banco Mundial estima que, en las próximas décadas, más de 200 millones de personas deberán abandonar sus hogares debido al cambio climático en Asia, África y América Latina, y millones más se verán afectados en otras regiones. El desplazamiento y la migración involuntaria debido al clima acentuarán factores de estrés actuales, como conflictos, inseguridad alimentaria e hídrica, pobreza, y pérdida de sustento por presiones económicas y medioambientales (WGII del IPCC 2022).
En otras palabras, los hogares y las comunidades marginados y desamparados sufrirán las peores consecuencias, que, con el aumento de la frecuencia, escalarán hasta convertirse en crisis humanitarias y de derechos humanos. Cualquier intento de controlar estas situaciones de forma humana tendrá implicaciones para los asentamientos y el suelo habitable que necesitan. Las reubicaciones requerirán mucho menos suelo que otras exigencias. Una estimación sugiere que el 0,14 por ciento del planeta (un poco menos que el área del Reino Unido) podría abastecer a 250 millones de migrantes climáticos (Leckie 2013). Sin embargo, la migración climática actual representa un cambio significativo en cómo y dónde las personas ocupan y usan el suelo, y garantizar y preservar los derechos humanos de los migrantes y refugiados debería ser una prioridad de los esfuerzos que se llevan a cabo.
El suelo deberá producir suficientes alimentos para la creciente población mundial, incluso a pesar de que muchas regiones se enfrentan a una disminución del agua, un aumento de las pestes y una reducción de la fertilidad del suelo. El cambio climático enlenteció la productividad alimentaria que hubo en la última década, y los hechos extremos vinculados al clima expusieron a millones de personas a una gran inseguridad alimentaria e hídrica.
El empeoramiento del clima aumentará estas amenazas que, una vez más, tienen un mayor impacto sobre las personas marginadas y desamparadas. La agricultura constituye la mayor presión humana sobre el paisaje mundial. Se estima que es el motivo por el que se despejó o convirtió el 70 por ciento de los pastizales, el 50 por ciento de la sabana, el 45 por ciento del bosque templado caducifolio y el 27 por ciento de los bosques tropicales del mundo. La agricultura también afecta a los cuerpos de agua por el drenaje y el escurrimiento de productos químicos, y porque emite gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes a la atmósfera.
Los enfoques agrícolas basados en principios de diversidad y regeneración de los ecosistemas se prueban y aplican a mayor escala, cada vez más, ya que tienen el potencial de ayudar a combatir el cambio climático, incluso con el crecimiento poblacional a nivel mundial. Del mismo modo, hacer cambios sustanciales en el sistema internacional de alimentos que prioricen los derechos humanos y reduzcan el consumo de carne y el desperdicio de alimentos puede aumentar y profundizar la seguridad alimentaria. El ganado, y no el hombre, es el encargado de consumir una abrumadora parte de los cultivos mundiales. Más de un tercio de todas las calorías y más de la mitad de las proteínas de los cultivos agrícolas se destinan a alimentar animales, por lo que solo un porcentaje muy pequeño se usa para alimentar a la población. El consumo de carne está asociado con ser el causante del aumento en la deforestación de la selva amazónica, un bioma que representa el 40 por ciento de la selva del planeta y que es el hábitat del 25 por ciento de las especies terrestres que siguen con vida.
Ovejas y panales solares comparten espacio en un campo en Alemania. Crédito: Karl-Friedrich Hohl vía E+/Getty Images.
El suelo será la fuente de energía, en especial para la energía solar, eólica y de biomasa, necesaria para reemplazar los combustibles fósiles que actualmente satisfacen cinco sextos de la demanda energética mundial. Si bien el impacto de la energía solar y eólica en el paisaje no puede negarse, estas fuentes pueden ubicarse en áreas de usos múltiples. Por ejemplo, las turbinas eólicas y los paneles solares pueden instalarse en tierras agrícolas o en techos o estacionamientos en espacios urbanos. A diferencia de la energía solar y la eólica, la energía de biomasa, que se produce mediante materia prima agrícola en la forma de electricidad (bioenergía) o combustible (biocombustible), debe ubicarse en suelo productivo para la agricultura. A cualquier escala significativa, la energía de biomasa compite con la producción de alimentos.
Consideremos lo siguiente: los cultivos de todo el mundo equivalen a menos de un cuarto de hectárea por persona; sin embargo, ejercen una presión considerable sobre el agua, el suelo y otros recursos ecológicos. Incluso si se estableciera un proceso lo suficientemente eficiente para producir y usar biocombustible (en comparación con el enfoque de los EE.UU. de quemar etanol a base de maíz en vehículos de combustión convencional), se necesitaría más de media hectárea para abastecer un vehículo de un solo pasajero. Una planta eficiente de biocombustible difícilmente tendría mejores resultados, ya que necesitaría un tercio de hectárea per cápita para cultivar el combustible necesario a fin de generar la electricidad que usa un estadounidense promedio. Por el contrario, la energía solar fotovoltaica requiere menos del cinco por ciento de media hectárea por persona o, en el caso de toda la población de los EE.UU., un poco menos de seis millones de hectáreas. Esta no es una huella pequeña, pero cabe destacar que, solo en 2017, el suelo federal destinado a la producción de petróleo y gas en los Estados Unidos equivalió a más de 4,5 millones de hectáreas.
En pocas palabras, la energía de biomasa funcionaría solo para la típica persona que consume mucha energía, así como la carne funciona para la típica persona que come mucha carne. Les permitiría consumir mucho más suelo del que consumirían si simplemente usaran lo que produce el suelo. Por lo tanto, también posibilitaría que los consumidores excesivos de todo el mundo compitan aún más agresivamente con las personas de bajos recursos por los recursos que determinan la supervivencia, como los alimentos, el sustento y las viviendas.
El suelo deberá “neutralizar” los excesos de carbono mediante la remoción del dióxido de carbono acumulado en la atmósfera. El suelo del planeta funciona como un receptor gigante de carbono; las plantas y el suelo absorben un cuarto del dióxido de carbono excedente en la atmósfera. (Otro cuarto de las emisiones excedentes lo absorben los océanos y la otra mitad se acumula en la atmósfera y es la que causa el calentamiento del planeta.) El deterioro de un ecosistema, debido a pestes, inundaciones e incendios producidos por el clima y la modificación humana deliberada, disminuye su capacidad de absorber carbono e incluso puede llegar a convertirlo en una fuente de emisiones. El cambio climático no controlado podría modificar las condiciones climáticas lo suficiente para llevar una región como la selva amazónica a tal punto de quiebre que pasaría de ser un receptor de carbono a una fuente de carbono. De hecho, ya se observa un deterioro de la resiliencia en esa área (Boulton, Lenton y Boers, 2022).
A pesar de que el cambio climático es una amenaza para la absorción natural del carbono, sigue siendo una alternativa para reducir las emisiones o, al menos, una solución temporal que permite ganar tiempo, aliviar un poco la carga de la mitigación y, de forma gradual, aumentar los esfuerzos de reducción de emisiones en un período más largo. De hecho, la fe en estas estrategias de “emisiones negativas” superaron las expectativas razonables. Algunos analistas de futuras opciones de mitigación suponen que eliminar el dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera y almacenarlo en el suelo (en materia vegetal y del suelo) o bajo tierra (como dióxido de carbono comprimido transportado en cañerías) exigirán los mismos requisitos de suelo que la agricultura mundial actual.
Si se coopera a nivel mundial y se trabaja arduamente a fin de mantener las emisiones dentro del rango de 1,5 grados Celsius, sería posible y conveniente pensar las emisiones negativas como una posible solución para las situaciones que son imposibles de abordar de otras maneras (como las emisiones de metano de los cultivos de arroz en suelo anegado). En cambio, la mayoría de los países diagramaron un camino lento de esfuerzos de reducción a corto plazo y objetivos de reducción inadecuados a medio plazo. A estos pasos les asignaron nombres coherentes con las metas del Acuerdo de París, bajo la suposición de que mágicamente se materializará una amplia extensión de suelo para lograr las emisiones negativas cuando sea necesario. Esta estrategia es peligrosa. Seguir tras ella implica suponer que el suelo estará disponible y esperar que las actividades de emisiones negativas no se superpongan con las necesidades sociales, como la seguridad alimentaria.
Dado que el mundo minimizó el esfuerzo para controlar el cambio climático a corto plazo al punto necesario para alcanzar límites aceptables, esta estrategia podría dejarnos (y también a futuras generaciones) con una economía energética poco transformada. Equipada con una infraestructura energética que depende del combustible fósil, la sociedad se enfrentaría a una transición mucho más abrupta y disruptiva que la que buscaba evitar. Una vez que superara la cantidad de carbono disponible, se enfrentaría a una deuda de carbono que no se puede pagar y, en definitiva, sufriría más calentamiento que el que estaría preparada para enfrentar.
EL USO Y LA ADMINISTRACIÓN SABIOS DEL SUELO SERÁN FUNDAMENTALES para el futuro. Las tecnologías, las prácticas y las políticas específicas son muy variadas y dependen del contexto, por lo que sería poco prudente intentar un trato equitativo en este caso. Sí se pueden hacer algunas observaciones generales.
En primer lugar, muchos de los casos mencionados antes demuestran cómo la sociedad se apoya cada vez más en los recursos territoriales para lidiar con el cambio climático, a pesar de que el suelo mismo está cada vez bajo mayor presión por ese mismo factor. Las tensiones y concesiones esperadas ya están poniendo a prueba la capacidad de la sociedad de administrar con sabiduría el suelo en un clima más hostil, y los resultados son variados.
A medida que se acelera la pérdida de biodiversidad, se hace más evidente que una gran parte de las áreas ricas en biodiversidad restantes, incluidos más de un tercio de los bosques conservados y el 80 por ciento de la biodiversidad terrestre mundial, está en manos de grupos indígenas. Ellos lograron proteger la biodiversidad y el carbono acumulado en los bosques con más éxito que otros grupos, incluso durante décadas de extracción indiscriminada de recursos forestales en todo el mundo (Fa et al., 2020; Banco Mundial, 2019). Esta información debe volcarse en políticas que reconozcan legalmente y exijan el cumplimiento de derechos de tenencia del suelo con base en la comunidad, que coincidan con la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, de los que la mayoría de las comunidades indígenas todavía no gozan. Una vez que esto suceda, las comunidades indígenas tendrán más capacidad para proteger los recursos comunes mediante acciones colectivas apropiadas a nivel local. También tendrán mayores posibilidades de imponerse frente a actores externos que quieran extraer y deteriorar los recursos forestales, o frente a modelos impuestos de “conservación colonial” que pasan por alto los derechos de los grupos indígenas y son menos efectivos en sus objetivos de conservación ostensivos.
Ocurre lo mismo con diversas estrategias “de apropiación ecológica” recientes. A medida que se intensifica la presión sobre el suelo por la creciente demanda de la producción de bioenergía y alimentos, la capacidad de emisiones negativas y las áreas habitables, los grupos que tienen capital, flexibilidad, capacidad política y redes influyentes elaboran las políticas relevantes y, en definitiva, se benefician de ellas, incluso mediante la especulación. En consecuencia, aumenta el costo de los esfuerzos públicos para satisfacer las necesidades colectivas, lo que evita que las personas con el menor poder político o económico satisfagan necesidades básicas como las de alimentación, sustento y vivienda.
Los nuevos medios para obtener estos componentes del suelo y los ecosistemas e integrarlos a los procesos de mercado legitima formas nuevas de apropiación. Algunos son similares a derivados financieros y, de hecho, pueden recordarnos a los derivados financieros respaldados por hipotecas, cuyo colapso produjo una recesión mundial y amenazas mucho peores. Un ejemplo muy obvio es el programa de compensación de carbono (el Mecanismo de desarrollo limpio) que los países desarrollados usaron para cumplir los objetivos a los que estaban obligados legalmente por el Protocolo de Kioto. Ahora se sabe que este mecanismo se centraba en reducciones ficticias de los gases de efecto invernadero.
Por lo tanto, deberíamos tener cuidado con los mecanismos del mercado que simplemente fomentan suposiciones cuestionables sobre la equivalencia (entre fragmentos distintos de capital natural) o bienes fungibles (entre recursos naturales y alternativas técnicas), y sobre políticas que privilegian la idea del bienestar económico neto para justificar posibles damnificados por la distribución o daños causados a los derechos humanos y la justicia.
A MEDIDA QUE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECÍFICAS DEL SUELO y los ecosistemas, como la posibilidad de que sean un receptor de carbono o una alternativa para la producción de energía, se vuelven más preciadas y se integran cada vez más a la economía global, hay una pregunta fundamental que se vuelve más urgente: ¿quién controla el suelo y quién se beneficia de él?
El presidente del Instituto Lincoln, George McCarthy, lo resumió esta primavera en el Foro de Periodistas de la organización sobre el cambio climático: “El conflicto por el suelo redunda en poder. Y en las disputas, el poder gana”. Si las estructuras de poder en la raíz del cambio climático siguen intactas, los mecanismos de mercado resultantes y las intervenciones mediante políticas no tendrán éxito en salvar el clima y empeorarán la pobreza y la marginalización mundial. Esto podría contribuir a lo que se está convirtiendo en la tercera injusticia del cambio climático: los más vulnerables no solo son los menos responsables y los más afectados, sino que también son las primeras víctimas de las políticas climáticas mal planificadas.
La sociedad mundial se enfrenta a riesgos existenciales. Estos riesgos, todos generados por nosotros mismos, son tanto ecológicos como sociales. En cuanto a lo ecológico, insistimos en cargar al planeta de una forma insostenible. Desde lo social, seguimos divididos por disparidades obscenas en aspectos de economía y poder que nos han hecho disfuncionales frente a una amenaza para toda la civilización.
Existen soluciones. Ahora queda en claro la importancia de reducir el consumo de carne a nivel mundial tanto por motivos de sostenibilidad medioambiental como de salud personal. Aprendimos a tener cuidado con los mecanismos de objetivos reducidos, como los mercados de bonos de carbono para proteger los bosques, dado que estos ecosistemas son muy complejos y proveen a distintas sociedades muchos servicios no monetizables o que no se comprenden o aprecian del todo. La experiencia nos demostró que las comunidades indígenas, en especial cuando se exige el cumplimiento legal de los derechos de tenencia, son muy eficientes en la administración de los bosques y la protección de la biodiversidad.
En cuanto al suelo muy alterado o deteriorado, las innovaciones en agricultura regenerativa y restauración de los ecosistemas brindan los medios para mantener o mejorar el carbono con base en el suelo. Además, los avances tecnológicos en el sector energético posibilitaron que rehabilitemos la economía mundial adicta al combustible fósil.
Lo más importante es que el mundo por fin logró un bienestar mundial general que, si se compartiera de forma más equitativa, permitiría que todos gozaran de una vida digna, libre de privaciones y subdesarrollo.
Contamos con las herramientas para salvarnos, pero depende de nosotros hacerlo.
Sivan Kartha es un científico sénior en el Instituto Medioambiental de Estocolmo y es codirector del Programa de Transiciones Equitativas. Fue parte del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático durante la elaboración del quinto y el sexto informe de evaluación, y es asesor en el programa climático del Instituto Lincoln.
Boulton, Chris A., Timothy M. Lenton y Niklas Boers. 2022. “Pronounced Loss of Amazon Rainforest Resilience Since the Early 2000s”. Nature Climate Change 12 (271–278). 7 de marzo. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01287-8.
Fa, Julia E. y James EM Watson, Ian Leiper, Peter Potapov, Tom D. Evans, Neil D. Burgess, Zsolt Molnár, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Tom Duncan, Stephanie Wang, Beau J. Austin, Harry Jonas, Cathy J. Robinson, Pernilla Malmer, Kerstin K. Zander, Micha V. Jackson, Erle Ellis, Eduardo S. Brondizio, Stephen T. Garnett. 2020. “Importance of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands for the Conservation of Intact Forest Landscapes”. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 18(3): 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2148.
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The Promise of Megaregions
How Scaling Up Could Help Combat Today’s Most Urgent Challenges
By Matt Jenkins, October 4, 2022
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In northern California, three regional agencies representing some 11 million people are banding together to address long-term transportation planning issues. In the Northeast, a dozen states are collaborating on an effort to bring down greenhouse gas emissions. And in other places across the United States, from the Southwest to the Midwest, governments and organizations in large metropolitan areas are embracing regional strategies to address challenges that cross jurisdictional boundaries.
It’s an approach that planners have been encouraging for some time, as adjacent U.S. metro areas seemed increasingly destined to merge. Jonathan Barnett remembers attending a conference in London in 2004, and watching as maps of expected urban growth and regional development in the United States flashed onto a screen. At the time, Barnett was the director of the Urban Design Program at the University of Pennsylvania. He and his colleagues had been pondering the implications of Census Bureau projections that the U.S. population might grow 50 percent or more by 2050, an increase of more than 100 million people.
“What popped out at everybody in the room was that there was a pattern emerging in the maps of where these people were going to go,” Barnett says. “You can see [these urban patterns] from space, and it’s a little like looking at the stars and seeing Orion and Sagittarius. We realized that something important was happening.”
Bob Yaro was in the room that day, too. “You could see that, across the country, the suburbs of one metropolitan region were merging with the suburbs of the next metropolitan region,” recalls Yaro, who led the Regional Plan Association at the time while teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. “Physically, these places were becoming integrated with each other. And then when we looked at economic and demographic trends, you could see that in fact the lives of these cities and metropolitan areas were merging with their neighbors.”
This was hardly the first time that geographers and planners had taken note of the way linked metropolitan areas can share economies, natural resource systems, infrastructure, history, and culture. But by the turn of the 21st century, the scope and pace of the phenomenon were reaching new levels in the United States.
Not long after the conference in London, Armando Carbonell—who retired from the Lincoln Institute this year after leading its urban planning program for more than two decades—gave the phenomenon a name that would stick: megaregions.
A band of planners, including Yaro, Barnett, and others, has picked up the banner of megaregions, arguing that these urban areas have an outsize importance nationally. “More than eight in 10 Americans live in these places, and it’s over 90 percent of the economy of the country,” Yaro says. “So it’s very clear that if these places don’t succeed or aren’t operating at their full potential, the whole country’s economy and livability will suffer.”
This spring, the Lincoln Institute published Megaregions and America’s Future, which Yaro wrote with Ming Zhang, director of Community and Regional Planning at the University of Texas at Austin, and Frederick Steiner, dean of the University of Pennsylvania’s Stuart Weitzman School of Design. They argue that megaregions may offer a way for the United States to contend with challenges that don’t respect arbitrary political boundaries, from climate change to public health crises like COVID-19. Megaregions can, if properly and creatively governed, strengthen climate resilience, natural resource management, economic competitiveness, and equity at the local, regional, and national levels.
What Constitutes a Megaregion
For more than a century, the heavily populated region stretching from Boston to Washington, DC, has drawn the attention of geographers. In his 1915 book Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes gave the swath of urban development running from Boston to New York the decidedly unlovely term “conurbation.” In 1961, French geographer Jean Gottman called the region a “megalopolis.” And in 1967, Herman Kahn gave the whole corridor the equally unlovely name “BosWash.”
It would take another three decades before these boundary-busting phenomena began receiving more comprehensive academic attention, but the pace has been picking up over the last 20 years as the University of Pennsylvania, the Lincoln Institute, and others have worked to advance people’s understanding of what megaregions are and how they function.
Definitions vary of what, exactly, constitutes a megaregion, but they are generally defined as regional economies that clearly extend beyond an individual metropolitan area. “I think of megaregions as a way of thinking about space, more than as real things that are out there,” says Carbonell. “I see it as a construct and a tool, [but] megaregions are not fixed and they change.”
Researchers have used a variety of innovative approaches to identify and delineate individual megaregions. One analysis looked at the commuting habits of more than 4.2 million Americans to identify megaregions. Another used satellite imagery to identify contiguously lighted urban agglomerations across the globe, then—with a sort of Seussian whimsy—gave those places names like So-Flo, Chi-Pitts, Char-Lanta, Tor-Buff-Chester, and Am-Brus-Twerp (Florida, Gulden, and Mellander 2008). To estimate economic activity in each megaregion, that study combined the satellite-imaged light footprints with population and GDP data, extrapolating a “Light-based Regional Product.” It also used the number of patent registrations and highly cited scientific authors in each megaregion as a measure of technological and scientific innovation.
The 13 U.S. megaregions identified in the recently published Lincoln Institute book Megaregions and America’s Future. Credit: Ming Zhang.
At this point, researchers have identified about 40 megaregions around the world (see sidebar). In Megaregions and America’s Future, the authors focus on 13 megaregions in the United States (see map). Those are the venerable Northeast; Piedmont Atlantic, a southern stretch that includes sections of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and the Carolinas; Florida; Great Lakes; Gulf Coast; Central Plains; Texas Triangle; Front Range in Colorado; Basin and Range (Utah and Idaho); Cascadia (the Pacific Northwest from Portland to Vancouver, BC); Northern California; Southern California; and Arizona’s Sun Corridor (Yaro, Zhang, and Steiner 2022).
Many of these megaregions have economies that put them within the rankings of the world’s biggest national economies. In 2018, for example, the Northeast megaregion had a GDP of $4.54 trillion—more than that of Germany. The same year, the nearly $1.8 trillion GDP of the Southern California megaregion was larger than that of Canada. In many ways, a megaregion is an increasingly spontaneous and organic unit of organization, one that presents more opportunity than the traditional political divisions that it transcends.
Megaregions Around the Globe
Scholars have identified more than 40 megaregions around the world, and several more are rapidly forming in China, India, and Southeast Asia. Established megaregions include:
Pentagon, Europe. This region, whose outlines are defined by Paris, London, Hamburg, Munich, and Milan, was identified as an economic and transportation hub in 1999. It covers about 20 percent of the continent and is responsible for 60 percent of its economic output. Several other megaregion models have also been applied and explored in Europe.
Tokaido, Japan. The corridor between Tokyo and Osaka is home to more than half of the country’s population. Its cities are linked by the Shinkansen high-speed rail network, which has reduced travel time between Tokyo and Osaka from eight hours in the early 20th century to two and a half hours today; a bullet train in development will further reduce the trip to one hour.
Pearl River Delta, China. The most densely populated urban area in the world, the Pearl River Delta includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. The Chinese government has invested several hundred billion dollars in high-speed rail designed to strengthen connections within and among the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, the region around Beijing and Tianjin, and burgeoning megaregions in coastal and inland areas.
Collaborating on Climate Mitigation
One of the most prominent examples of successful initiatives that span a megaregion is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cooperative effort to cap and reduce power sector carbon dioxide emissions in New England and the Mid-Atlantic. Known in shorthand as “Reggie,” it is the first mandatory cap and trade program for greenhouse gas emissions in the country and now spans 12 states.
At the turn of the 21st century, efforts to establish a national cap and trade framework for greenhouse gas emissions were fizzling. In 2003, then–New York Governor George Pataki sent a letter to the governors of other states in the Northeast proposing a bipartisan effort to fight climate change. In 2005, the initial agreement to implement RGGI was signed by the governors of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. In 2007, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maryland signed on.
“I think for the states that recognized that climate change was real and a problem, there was a desire and an appetite to take some leadership,” says Bruce Ho, who heads the Natural Resource Defense Council’s work on RGGI. “Climate change is a global problem, and we need to be acting as much as possible in a coordinated way. But at the same time, there’s a recognition that you have to start somewhere.”
Even as climate change efforts at the federal level foundered, RGGI got stronger and expanded. In 2014, the participating states reduced the emissions cap by 40 percent and committed to further year-by-year reductions. Then in 2017, the states agreed to aim for an even steeper decline in emissions, and also agreed to extend those emissions reductions efforts through at least 2030.
Since RGGI began, power plant emissions have decreased by more than 50 percent—twice as much as the national decrease during the same time—and the program has raised over $4 billion by auctioning carbon allowances. That money has been invested in local energy efficiency programs, renewable energy, and other initiatives. Virginia, for example, dedicates half of its RGGI funding to low-income energy efficiency programs and puts the other half toward flood preparedness and sea-level rise mitigation in coastal communities.
While not immune to criticism, RGGI is “an early example of a megaregion-scale initiative that has held up quite well,” says Carbonell—and it continues to gain momentum. Although then–Governor Chris Christie withdrew New Jersey from RGGI in 2012, the state rejoined in 2020. Virginia joined in 2021, and Pennsylvania followed this year. Leaders in North Carolina, spurred by a citizens’ rulemaking petition, are now considering joining RGGI as well.
Hopes for High-Speed Rail
One of the key challenges of megaregions is how people get around within them. Because megaregions can run 300 to 800 miles across, they demand an approach to transportation that has largely been ignored in the United States. “They’re too small to be efficiently traversed by air, and too large to be easily traversed by road,” Yaro says. “And then on top of that, the airports, airspace, and the interstate highway links in these places are highly congested.”
Putting a new emphasis on high-speed rail, which can reach speeds over 200 miles per hour, will help relieve a transportation system that is groaning under strain nationwide, says Yaro, who is now president of the North Atlantic Rail Alliance, a group advocating a high-speed and high-performance “rail-enabled economic development strategy” for New York and New England. In addition to reducing congestion, highspeed rail can decrease emissions; it can also spur economic development by connecting people with jobs and other opportunities throughout a region.
A high-speed Shinkansen train in Japan. Credit: Yongyuan Dai via iStock.
Plenty of successful examples of high-speed rail systems exist worldwide. In Japan, for example, the world’s first high-speed rail line—the famous Shinkansen, or bullet train—has linked Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka into a single megaregion. The system, which now carries over 420,000 passengers each weekday, will mark its 60th year of service in 2024. In Europe, nine countries now operate high-speed rail on more than 5,500 miles of track. Perhaps no country has embraced high-speed rail as enthusiastically as China. Since just 2008, its government has built a system that reaches practically every corner of the sprawling country on more than 23,500 miles of track—and counting.
In the United States, an early realization of the concept’s potential has been slow to gain traction. In 1966, U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island proposed a high-speed line between Boston and Washington in his book, Megalopolis Unbound: The Supercity and the Transportation of Tomorrow. In 2000, Amtrak started Acela service between Boston and Washington. Because it reaches 150 miles per hour, it qualifies as high-speed rail—yet it hits that upper limit over only about 34 miles of the 457-mile route. The Acela’s average speed is just 70 miles per hour.
Plans for intercity high-speed rail have been considered or are underway in other regions; the Texas Central Line would connect Dallas and Houston, while the Brightline West project would link Southern California to Las Vegas. Elsewhere in California, construction is underway on an ambitious line that will connect San Francisco and Los Angeles, with a second phase extending the line north to Sacramento and south to San Diego. But challenges related to funding, politics, and logistics have meant that high-speed rail has barely made it out of the blocks.
Early versions of last year’s infrastructure bill included $10 billion for high-speed rail, but that was cut during negotiations. While proponents keep pushing for meaningful federal investment in a high-speed network, megaregions can also benefit from investments in existing systems—or “fast-enough rail,” as Barnett dubs it in his book Designing the Megaregion: “There are many transportation improvements that can be made incrementally to give a much better structure to the evolving megaregions.”
Sharing Solutions in California
The Northern California Megaregion extends across the cities of the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, and the San Joaquin Valley. The region has seen a dramatic increase in commuters from inland communities like Tracy and Stockton to jobs in the Bay Area, and has some of the nation’s longest average commute times.
James Corless heads the Sacramento Area Council of Governments, but previously worked for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, the agency responsible for planning and financing regional transportation in the Bay Area. In the mid-2000s, he says, regional agencies began looking at the swath of cities running from the Bay Area to Sacramento as an emerging megaregion, and gave it a name that put it squarely in the ranks of places like So-Flo and Char-Lanta. “We actually coined the phrase ‘San Framento,’” Corless says. “Everybody hated it. But it got people’s attention.”
In 2015, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Sacramento Area Council of Governments, and San Joaquin Council of Governments signed an MOU to create a Megaregion Working Group. Their goal: to begin tackling issues that transcended the boundaries of the 16 counties and 136 cities they collectively represented.
It took a while for the effort to gain momentum, precisely because of the sprawling nature of the megaregion. “I kept seeing these megaregion meetings pop up on my calendar and then get canceled,” Corless says. “Because for elected officials to get together from across these 16 counties, it requires an entire day of travel.”
The arrival of COVID, and the resulting turn toward conducting government business via Zoom, helped bridge that distance and give the effort momentum. “At first, we were struggling a little bit to find our focus,” Corless says. Gradually, though, the participating entities began asking a simple question: “Where are we stronger together?”
Late in 2021, the Megaregion Working Group announced a list of a dozen transportation-focused projects, from highway improvements to expansion of three regional rail lines. The California high-speed rail system that’s under construction—but far from completion—doesn’t much play into the working group’s plans, Corless says. “I have no doubt that high-speed rail will be a game changer,” he says. But “if we could just get reliable medium-speed rail, we’ll take that.”
In fact, much of the megaregional effort is more quotidian than flashy infrastructure projects. The partners are focusing on integrating their regional plans and synchronizing their long-range planning cycles. “Because so much of our travel and even our housing markets are now intertwined,” Corless says, “if we’re looking out at the next 25 years, we need to be in sync.”
The concept of megaregions is coming of age, Corless says, in much the same way that the rise of metropolitan planning organizations helped meet new challenges in the 1960s. “Once American cities suburbanized,” he says, “you couldn’t rely on the central city to do everything. People were more mobile, economies were bigger, and the issues transcended local city and county boundaries.”
Moving Megaregions Forward
What will it take to push the megaregion concept—which essentially invites those metropolitan planning organizations to an even bigger table—more squarely into the public consciousness and the policy realm?
Bob Yaro thinks one answer is the climate crisis, which could push regions to work together in new ways. “I think it takes a crisis to do anything big in this country,” Yaro says. “You read these stories about whole counties running out of water. And that’s only going to get worse. [To address] the climate issue, you need both adaptation and mitigation strategies, and those mitigation strategies probably become most efficacious at the megaregion scale.”
The RGGI initiative in the Northeast offers one example of how that kind of collaboration can work; the current water crisis in the desert Southwest offers another. There, tough times have, somewhat paradoxically, made for closer connections. Communities and governments have looked toward their neighbors and realized that they can do more together.
The seven U.S. states that rely on water from the Colorado River, along with Mexico, have historically had an extremely contentious relationship. Yet, while recent headlines scream about impending water catastrophe, those parties have for more than 20 years been quietly working together on agreements intended to minimize the collective damage that they might suffer. A sense of partnership, however tenuous and prone to ongoing tensions, has been supplanting longstanding parochial attitudes toward the river.
As metro regions melt together and global challenges ramp up, a growing sense of shared fate with historically distant neighbors could help tackle all kinds of problems that might once have seemed insurmountable.
“I think one of the things we need to do is redefine ‘home,’ and the Southwest is Exhibit A on why that needs to happen,” Yaro says. “I think it’s redefining home at this larger scale. The final boundaries are going to depend on an individual community’s sense of association with their neighbors—but the place doesn’t succeed unless we do that.”
Matt Jenkins is a freelance writer who has contributed to the New York Times, Smithsonian, Men’s Journal, and numerous other publications.
Lead image: A rendering of the United States as seen from space, based on NASA images. Credit: DKosig via iStock.
The Promise of Megaregions
How Scaling Up Could Help Combat Today’s Most Urgent Challenges
By Matt Jenkins, October 4, 2022
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In northern California, three regional agencies representing some 11 million people are banding together to address long-term transportation planning issues. In the Northeast, a dozen states are collaborating on an effort to bring down greenhouse gas emissions. And in other places across the United States, from the Southwest to the Midwest, governments and organizations in large metropolitan areas are using regional strategies to address challenges that cross jurisdictional boundaries.
It’s an approach that planners have been encouraging for some time, as adjacent U.S. metro areas seemed increasingly destined to merge. Jonathan Barnett remembers attending a conference in London in 2004, and watching as maps of expected urban growth and regional development in the United States flashed onto a screen. At the time, Barnett was the director of the Urban Design Program at the University of Pennsylvania. He and his colleagues had been pondering the implications of Census Bureau projections that the U.S. population might grow 50 percent or more by 2050, an increase of more than 100 million people.
“What popped out at everybody in the room was that there was a pattern emerging in the maps of where these people were going to go,” Barnett says. “You can see [these urban patterns] from space, and it’s a little like looking at the stars and seeing Orion and Sagittarius. We realized that something important was happening.”
Bob Yaro was in the room that day, too. “You could see that, across the country, the suburbs of one metropolitan region were merging with the suburbs of the next metropolitan region,” recalls Yaro, who led the Regional Plan Association at the time while teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. “Physically, these places were becoming integrated with each other. And then when we looked at economic and demographic trends, you could see that in fact the lives of these cities and metropolitan areas were merging with their neighbors.”
This was hardly the first time that geographers and planners had taken note of the way linked metropolitan areas can share economies, natural resource systems, infrastructure, history, and culture. But by the turn of the 21st century, the scope and pace of the phenomenon were reaching new levels in the United States.
Not long after the conference in London, Armando Carbonell—who retired from the Lincoln Institute this year after leading its urban planning program for more than two decades—gave the phenomenon a name that would stick: megaregions.
A band of planners, including Yaro, Barnett, and others, has picked up the banner of megaregions, arguing that these urban areas have an outsize importance nationally. “More than eight in 10 Americans live in these places, and it’s over 90 percent of the economy of the country,” Yaro says. “So it’s very clear that if these places don’t succeed or aren’t operating at their full potential, the whole country’s economy and livability will suffer.”
This spring, the Lincoln Institute published Megaregions and America’s Future, which Yaro wrote with Ming Zhang, director of Community and Regional Planning at the University of Texas at Austin, and Frederick Steiner, dean of the University of Pennsylvania’s Stuart Weitzman School of Design. They argue that megaregions may offer a way for the United States to contend with challenges that don’t respect arbitrary political boundaries, from climate change to public health crises like COVID-19. Megaregions can, if properly and creatively governed, strengthen climate resilience, natural resource management, economic competitiveness, and equity at the local, regional, and national levels.
What Constitutes a Megaregion
For more than a century, the heavily populated region stretching from Boston to Washington, DC, has drawn the attention of geographers. In his 1915 book Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes gave the swath of urban development running from Boston to New York the decidedly unlovely term “conurbation.” In 1961, French geographer Jean Gottman called the region a “megalopolis.” And in 1967, Herman Kahn gave the whole corridor the equally unlovely name “BosWash.”
It would take another three decades before these boundary-busting phenomena began receiving more comprehensive academic attention, but the pace has been picking up over the last 20 years as the University of Pennsylvania, the Lincoln Institute, and others have worked to advance people’s understanding of what megaregions are and how they function.
Definitions vary of what, exactly, constitutes a megaregion, but they are generally defined as regional economies that clearly extend beyond an individual metropolitan area. “I think of megaregions as a way of thinking about space, more than as real things that are out there,” says Carbonell. “I see it as a construct and a tool, [but] megaregions are not fixed and they change.”
Researchers have used a variety of innovative approaches to identify and delineate individual megaregions. One analysis looked at the commuting habits of more than 4.2 million Americans to identify megaregions. Another used satellite imagery to identify contiguously lighted urban agglomerations across the globe, then—with a sort of Seussian whimsy—gave those places names like So-Flo, Chi-Pitts, Char-Lanta, Tor-Buff-Chester, and Am-Brus-Twerp (Florida, Gulden, and Mellander 2008). To estimate economic activity in each megaregion, that study combined the satellite-imaged light footprints with population and GDP data, extrapolating a “Light-based Regional Product.” It also used the number of patent registrations and highly cited scientific authors in each megaregion as a measure of technological and scientific innovation.
The 13 U.S. megaregions identified in the recently published Lincoln Institute
book Megaregions and America’s Future. Credit: Ming Zhang.
At this point, researchers have identified about 40 megaregions around the world (see sidebar). In Megaregions and America’s Future, the authors focus on 13 megaregions in the United States (see map). Those are the venerable Northeast; Piedmont Atlantic, a southern stretch that includes sections of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and the Carolinas; Florida; Great Lakes; Gulf Coast; Central Plains; Texas Triangle; Front Range in Colorado; Basin and Range (Utah and Idaho); Cascadia (the Pacific Northwest from Portland to Vancouver, BC); Northern California; Southern California; and Arizona’s Sun Corridor (Yaro, Zhang, and Steiner 2022).
Many of these megaregions have economies that put them within the rankings of the world’s biggest national economies. In 2018, for example, the Northeast megaregion had a GDP of $4.54 trillion—more than that of Germany. The same year, the nearly $1.8 trillion GDP of the Southern California megaregion was larger than that of Canada. In many ways, a megaregion is an increasingly spontaneous and organic unit of organization, one that presents more opportunity than the traditional political divisions that it transcends.
Megaregions Around the Globe
Scholars have identified more than 40 megaregions around the world, and several more are rapidly forming in China, India, and Southeast Asia. Established megaregions include:
Pentagon, Europe. This region, whose outlines are defined by Paris, London, Hamburg, Munich, and Milan, was identified as an economic and transportation hub in 1999. It covers about 20 percent of the continent and is responsible for 60 percent of its economic output. Several other megaregion models have also been applied and explored in Europe.
Tokaido, Japan. The corridor between Tokyo and Osaka is home to more than half of the country’s population. Its cities are linked by the Shinkansen high-speed rail network, which has reduced travel time between Tokyo and Osaka from eight hours in the early 20th century to two and a half hours today; a bullet train in development will further reduce the trip to one hour.
Pearl River Delta, China. The most densely populated urban area in the world, the Pearl River Delta includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. The Chinese government has invested several hundred billion dollars in high-speed rail designed to strengthen connections within and among the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, the region around Beijing and Tianjin, and burgeoning megaregions in coastal and inland areas.
Collaborating on Climate Mitigation
One of the most prominent examples of successful initiatives that span a megaregion is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cooperative effort to cap and reduce power sector carbon dioxide emissions in New England and the Mid-Atlantic. Known in shorthand as “Reggie,” it is the first mandatory cap and trade program for greenhouse gas emissions in the country and now spans 12 states.
At the turn of the 21st century, efforts to establish a national cap and trade framework for greenhouse gas emissions were fizzling. In 2003, then–New York Governor George Pataki sent a letter to the governors of other states in the Northeast proposing a bipartisan effort to fight climate change. In 2005, the initial agreement to implement RGGI was signed by the governors of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. In 2007, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maryland signed on.
“I think for the states that recognized that climate change was real and a problem, there was a desire and an appetite to take some leadership,” says Bruce Ho, who heads the Natural Resource Defense Council’s work on RGGI. “Climate change is a global problem, and we need to be acting as much as possible in a coordinated way. But at the same time, there’s a recognition that you have to start somewhere.”
Even as climate change efforts at the federal level foundered, RGGI got stronger and expanded. In 2014, the participating states reduced the emissions cap by 40 percent and committed to further year-by-year reductions. Then in 2017, the states agreed to aim for an even steeper decline in emissions, and also agreed to extend those emissions reductions efforts through at least 2030.
Since RGGI began, power plant emissions have decreased by more than 50 percent—twice as much as the national decrease during the same time—and the program has raised over $4 billion by auctioning carbon allowances. That money has been invested in local energy efficiency programs, renewable energy, and other initiatives. Virginia, for example, dedicates half of its RGGI funding to low-income energy efficiency programs and puts the other half toward flood preparedness and sea-level rise mitigation in coastal communities.
While not immune to criticism, RGGI is “an early example of a megaregion-scale initiative that has held up quite well,” says Carbonell—and it continues to gain momentum. Although then–Governor Chris Christie withdrew New Jersey from RGGI in 2012, the state rejoined in 2020. Virginia joined in 2021, and Pennsylvania followed this year. Leaders in North Carolina, spurred by a citizens’ rulemaking petition, are now considering joining RGGI as well.
Hopes for High-Speed Rail
One of the key challenges of megaregions is how people get around within them. Because megaregions can run 300 to 800 miles across, they demand an approach to transportation that has largely been ignored in the United States. “They’re too small to be efficiently traversed by air, and too large to be easily traversed by road,” Yaro says. “And then on top of that, the airports, airspace, and the interstate highway links in these places are highly congested.”
Putting a new emphasis on high-speed rail, which can reach speeds over 200 miles per hour, will help relieve a transportation system that is groaning under strain nationwide, says Yaro, who is now president of the North Atlantic Rail Alliance, a group advocating a high-speed and high-performance “rail-enabled economic development strategy” for New York and New England. In addition to reducing congestion, highspeed rail can decrease emissions; it can also spur economic development by connecting people with jobs and other opportunities throughout a region.
A high-speed Shinkansen train in Japan. Credit: Yongyuan Dai via iStock.
Plenty of successful examples of high-speed rail systems exist worldwide. In Japan, for example, the world’s first high-speed rail line—the famous Shinkansen, or bullet train—has linked Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka into a single megaregion. The system, which now carries over 420,000 passengers each weekday, will mark its 60th year of service in 2024. In Europe, nine countries now operate high-speed rail on more than 5,500 miles of track. Perhaps no country has embraced high-speed rail as enthusiastically as China. Since just 2008, its government has built a system that reaches practically every corner of the sprawling country on more than 23,500 miles of track—and counting.
In the United States, an early realization of the concept’s potential has been slow to gain traction. In 1966, U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island proposed a high-speed line between Boston and Washington in his book, Megalopolis Unbound: The Supercity and the Transportation of Tomorrow. In 2000, Amtrak started Acela service between Boston and Washington. Because it reaches 150 miles per hour, it qualifies as high-speed rail—yet it hits that upper limit over only about 34 miles of the 457-mile route. The Acela’s average speed is just 70 miles per hour.
Plans for intercity high-speed rail have been considered or are underway in other regions; the Texas Central Line would connect Dallas and Houston, while the Brightline West project would link Southern California to Las Vegas. Elsewhere in California, construction is underway on an ambitious line that will connect San Francisco and Los Angeles, with a second phase extending the line north to Sacramento and south to San Diego. But challenges related to funding, politics, and logistics have meant that high-speed rail has barely made it out of the blocks.
Early versions of last year’s infrastructure bill included $10 billion for high-speed rail, but that was cut during negotiations. While proponents keep pushing for meaningful federal investment in a high-speed network, megaregions can also benefit from investments in existing systems—or “fast-enough rail,” as Barnett dubs it in his book Designing the Megaregion: “There are many transportation improvements that can be made incrementally to give a much better structure to the evolving megaregions.”
Sharing Solutions in California
The Northern California Megaregion extends across the cities of the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, and the San Joaquin Valley. The region has seen a dramatic increase in commuters from inland communities like Tracy and Stockton to jobs in the Bay Area, and has some of the nation’s longest average commute times.
James Corless heads the Sacramento Area Council of Governments, but previously worked for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, the agency responsible for planning and financing regional transportation in the Bay Area. In the mid-2000s, he says, regional agencies began looking at the swath of cities running from the Bay Area to Sacramento as an emerging megaregion, and gave it a name that put it squarely in the ranks of places like So-Flo and Char-Lanta. “We actually coined the phrase ‘San Framento,’” Corless says. “Everybody hated it. But it got people’s attention.”
In 2015, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Sacramento Area Council of Governments, and San Joaquin Council of Governments signed an MOU to create a Megaregion Working Group. Their goal: to begin tackling issues that transcended the boundaries of the 16 counties and 136 cities they collectively represented.
It took a while for the effort to gain momentum, precisely because of the sprawling nature of the megaregion. “I kept seeing these megaregion meetings pop up on my calendar and then get canceled,” Corless says. “Because for elected officials to get together from across these 16 counties, it requires an entire day of travel.”
The arrival of COVID, and the resulting turn toward conducting government business via Zoom, helped bridge that distance and give the effort momentum. “At first, we were struggling a little bit to find our focus,” Corless says. Gradually, though, the participating entities began asking a simple question: “Where are we stronger together?”
Late in 2021, the Megaregion Working Group announced a list of a dozen transportation-focused projects, from highway improvements to expansion of three regional rail lines. The California high-speed rail system that’s under construction—but far from completion—doesn’t much play into the working group’s plans, Corless says. “I have no doubt that high-speed rail will be a game changer,” he says. But “if we could just get reliable medium-speed rail, we’ll take that.”
In fact, much of the megaregional effort is more quotidian than flashy infrastructure projects. The partners are focusing on integrating their regional plans and synchronizing their long-range planning cycles. “Because so much of our travel and even our housing markets are now intertwined,” Corless says, “if we’re looking out at the next 25 years, we need to be in sync.”
The concept of megaregions is coming of age, Corless says, in much the same way that the rise of metropolitan planning organizations helped meet new challenges in the 1960s. “Once American cities suburbanized,” he says, “you couldn’t rely on the central city to do everything. People were more mobile, economies were bigger, and the issues transcended local city and county boundaries.”
Moving Megaregions Forward
What will it take to push the megaregion concept—which essentially invites those metropolitan planning organizations to an even bigger table—more squarely into the public consciousness and the policy realm?
Bob Yaro thinks one answer is the climate crisis, which could push regions to work together in new ways. “I think it takes a crisis to do anything big in this country,” Yaro says. “You read these stories about whole counties running out of water. And that’s only going to get worse. [To address] the climate issue, you need both adaptation and mitigation strategies, and those mitigation strategies probably become most efficacious at the megaregion scale.”
The RGGI initiative in the Northeast offers one example of how that kind of collaboration can work; the current water crisis in the desert Southwest offers another. There, tough times have, somewhat paradoxically, made for closer connections. Communities and governments have looked toward their neighbors and realized that they can do more together.
The seven U.S. states that rely on water from the Colorado River, along with Mexico, have historically had an extremely contentious relationship. Yet, while recent headlines scream about impending water catastrophe, those parties have for more than 20 years been quietly working together on agreements intended to minimize the collective damage that they might suffer. A sense of partnership, however tenuous and prone to ongoing tensions, has been supplanting longstanding parochial attitudes toward the river.
As metro regions melt together and global challenges ramp up, a growing sense of shared fate with historically distant neighbors could help tackle all kinds of problems that might once have seemed insurmountable.
“I think one of the things we need to do is redefine ‘home,’ and the Southwest is Exhibit A on why that needs to happen,” Yaro says. “I think it’s redefining home at this larger scale. The final boundaries are going to depend on an individual community’s sense of association with their neighbors—but the place doesn’t succeed unless we do that.”
Matt Jenkins is a freelance writer who has contributed to the New York Times, Smithsonian, Men’s Journal, and numerous other publications.
Lead image: The United States seen from space at night. Credit: DKosig via iStock.
Ebonie Alexander Receives Kingsbury Browne Award and Fellowship
By Lincoln Institute Staff, September 20, 2022
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Ebonie Alexander, executive director of the Black Family Land Trust, has been named the 2022–2023 Kingsbury Browne Fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and the recipient of the Kingsbury Browne Conservation Leadership Award from the Land Trust Alliance. Working at the intersection of equity and conservation, Alexander is committed to promoting and ensuring rightful ownership and stewardship of inherited family land for African American landowners and other historically underserved populations in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and other states.
“Ebonie is a leader in a space where she had to be a true pioneer and innovator,” said Andrew Bowman, president and CEO of the Land Trust Alliance. “Those qualities have allowed her to be the driving force behind innovative programs and state policy changes in support of landowners who have historically been overlooked. She has moved land conservation beyond its traditional boundaries. And with this award and fellowship, Ebonie will continue to inspire us.”
Alexander received the award at Rally 2022: The National Land Conservation Conference, sponsored by the Land Trust Alliance. The Kingsbury Browne award and fellowship, given annually since 2006, honor people who have enriched the conservation community with their outstanding leadership, innovation, and creativity in land conservation. They are named for a Boston tax lawyer and conservationist who served as a Lincoln Institute fellow in 1980 and inspired the founding of the Land Trust Alliance in 1982.
At the Black Family Land Trust, which is based in Durham, North Carolina, Alexander designed the Wealth Retention and Asset Protection (WRAP) program and African American Land Ethic, two initiatives that have helped landowners retain family ownership and control of more than $12.5 million of their land assets and secured more than $500,000 of federal funding to support farmland conservation.
During her year as a Kingsbury Browne fellow, Alexander will engage in research, writing, and mentoring, and facilitate a project that builds upon and shares her experience with the broader community. “Ebonie Alexander is a remarkable and passionate leader in the vanguard of efforts to protect open space, working farms, and diverse cultural heritage for generations to come,” said Jim Levitt, director of the International Land Conservation Network at the Lincoln Institute. “We are very excited to get to know her, to work with her, and to share her insights with land trust colleagues from coastal Virginia to the Pacific highlands, and beyond.”
Image: Ebonie Alexander speaks with a landowner as part of her work with the Black Family Land Trust. Credit: DJ Glisson II, Firefly Imageworks.
Land Matters Podcast: Climate Journalists Consider the Land-Climate Connection
Highlights of the Lincoln Institute’s 2022 Journalists Forum
The Lincoln Institute’s 2022 Journalists Forum brought together 30 reporters and editors on the climate beat for two days of conversation about the role of land in the climate crisis, highlighting the need for new ideas, innovations, and policies to help head off the worst impacts of global warming.
Land and land policy thread through just about every aspect of the crisis, whether deforestation, land conservation for carbon sequestration, the interplay of land, water, and agriculture, or the fact that usable land is disappearing, raising the important question of where millions of displaced people will go, now and in the future.
Meanwhile, powerful private market actors are at work, in many cases swooping in and buying land that will be prime and prized as flooding, wildfire, mudslides, and sea-level rise make other locations unlivable—a classic case of real estate speculation.
“We need to elevate . . . the understanding of the important role that land plays and will play in our ability to address this existential crisis. And if we get it wrong, we’’re going to leave a planet that’s very, very different for whomever is left to exist on it,” said George W. McCarthy, president of the Lincoln Institute, in this collection of highlights from the forum for the Land Matters podcast.
“And the big question is, are we prepared to? And can we navigate between the really, really powerful claims, private claims over dominion over land in exchange for the collective needs to use land differently to get to better global outcomes?” McCarthy asked. “Everything hangs in the balance.”
The journalists considered the intense competition for land, with the siting of solar and wind facilities, transmission pipelines, and other needs in the transition to net-zero emissions; emerging strategies in agriculture and the management of dwindling water resources; and current practices in land conservation, which make it possible for natural areas to continue to soak up carbon.
They also heard about how land can be used to pay for climate action, through land value capture—the harnessing of a portion of increases in private land values triggered by government investments in infrastructure—and the need for more coherent climate migration policies that take into account the vulnerable populations being forced to move from their homes.
The Journalists Forum also featured some practical tools to help cover the story of the century, led by Jeff Allenby of the Center for Geospatial Solutions and Peter Colohan from the Internet of Water initiative, both new Lincoln Institute programs. Advances in technology have enabled a real-time monitoring of land use changes and water flows, which serves as a critical foundation for planners and policymakers — and journalists for telling the story of this turbulent time.
The convening also included a discussion of the business of climate journalism itself, led by Nancy Gibbs, director of the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School; Andrew McCormick from the collaborative Covering Climate Now, Amrita Gupta from the Earth Journalism Network, and Trish Wilson, who established the first climate team dedicated to coverage of global warming at the Washington Post.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
Graduate Student Fellowships
2022–2023 Programa de becas para el máster UNED-Instituto Lincoln
Submission Deadline:
November 29, 2022 at 11:59 PM
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El Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo y la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) ofrecen el máster en Políticas de Suelo y Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible, un programa académico en español que tuvo gran demanda en su primera convocatoria. Se trata de un posgrado que reúne de manera única los marcos legales y herramientas que sostienen la planificación urbana, junto con instrumentos fiscales, ambientales y de participación sostenibles, todo desde una perspectiva internacional y comparada.
El máster en Políticas de Suelo y Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible es un programa en formato virtual y se compone de cuatro módulos, los cuales abordan una parte importante de la realidad actual de las ciudades: el derecho administrativo urbano, el financiamiento con base en el suelo, el cambio climático y el desarrollo sostenible, y el conflicto urbano y la participación ciudadana. El programa académico concluye con un trabajo final de máster que permite a los alumnos trabajar de cerca con actividades de desarrollo urbano actuales, como el proyecto Castellana Norte en Madrid.
El programa está dirigido especialmente a estudiantes de posgrado y otros graduados con interés en políticas urbanas desde una perspectiva jurídica, ambiental y de procesos de participación, así como a funcionarios públicos. Los participantes del máster recibirán el entrenamiento intelectual y técnico para liderar la implementación de medidas que permitan la transformación de las ciudades.
El Instituto Lincoln otorgará becas que cubrirán parcialmente el costo del máster de los postulantes seleccionados.
Términos de las becas
Los becarios deben haber obtenido un título de licenciatura de una institución académica o de estudios superiores.
Los fondos de las becas no tienen valor en efectivo y solo cubrirán el 40% del costo total del programa.
Los becarios deben pagar la primera cuota de la matricula que representa el 60% del costo total del máster.
Los becarios deben mantener una buena posición académica o perderán el derecho a la beca.
El otorgamiento de la beca dependerá de la admisión formal del postulante al máster UNED-Instituto Lincoln.
Si son seleccionados, los becarios recibirán asistencia virtual para realizar el proceso de admisión de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), el cual requiere una solicitud online y una copia de su expediente académico o registro de calificaciones de licenciatura y/o posgrado.
Aquellos postulantes que no obtengan la beca parcial del Instituto Lincoln podrán optar a las ayudas que ofrece la UNED, una vez que se hayan matriculado en el máster.
Fecha límite para postular: 29 de noviembre de 2022, 23:59 horas de Boston, MA, EE.UU. (UTC-5)
Anuncio de resultados: 16 de diciembre de 2022
Details
Submission Deadline
November 29, 2022 at 11:59 PM
Keywords
Climate Mitigation, Development, Dispute Resolution, Environmental Management, Favela, Henry George, Informal Land Markets, Infrastructure, Land Market Regulation, Land Speculation, Land Use, Land Use Planning, Land Value, Land Value Taxation, Land-Based Tax, Local Government, Mediation, Municipal Fiscal Health, Planning, Property Taxation, Public Finance, Public Policy, Regulatory Regimes, Resilience, Reuse of Urban Land, Urban Development, Urbanism, Value Capture, Zoning