Topic: Housing

A building painted with the phrase 'Welcome to the ONE Love'

El ONE sigue en pie

Lecciones de un gran compromiso que asumió una ciudad pequeña con la capacidad de pago en los barrios
Por Julie Campoli, October 31, 2023

Este otoño, el Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo está lanzando un video y caso de estudio sobre un esfuerzo de décadas de trayectoria para crear y preservar la vivienda asequible en el barrio de Old North End de Burlington, Vermont, un barrio que algunos residentes llaman con afecto “el ONE” (el [número] UNO).

Desde principios de la década de 1800, un entramado estrecho de calles en el extremo norte de Burlington, Vermont, ha albergado a obreros, trabajadores de servicio y a quienes necesitaban un lugar asequible donde vivir. Old North End ha sido un lugar de llegada, y también de permanencia. Sus departamentos modestos y viviendas pequeñas ofrecen un punto de apoyo para quienes recién llegan y una oportunidad de quedarse por generaciones. Cuarenta años atrás, todo pudo haber cambiado.

Las fuerzas de la economía global de la década de 1980 habían generado una caída del barrio. La pobreza y el crimen estaban creciendo, junto con el desempleo. Unas décadas antes, en un esquema de renovación urbana desacertado, los dirigentes de la ciudad habían condenado y demolido varios edificios en un barrio colindante, lo que desplazó a su tan unida comunidad ítaloestadounidense. Los residentes y defensores de la vivienda temían que Old North End fuera la próxima víctima del redesarrollo a gran escala.

“Los especuladores compraban y reservaban propiedades”, dijo Brenda Torpy, exdirectora de políticas de vivienda para la ciudad. No estaban interesados en generar valor por medio de la mejora de las propiedades o el fomento de los negocios: “Su objetivo era agrupar una manzana donde pudieran tirar todo abajo y hacer una gran jugada”.

Cuando el mercado local se intensificó, los residentes de Old North End empezaron a sentir la presión. Los alquileres subían a medida que las propiedades cambiaban de mano. No existía ninguna ley de protección de inquilinos, y las administraciones previas de la ciudad habían mostrado muy poco interés en hacer cumplir el código. La situación estaba creando una sensación de desasosiego entre los residentes, y, a la vez, creó una sensación de urgencia en una administración dirigida por un alcalde recién votado, un joven progresista llamado Bernie Sanders.

La administración de Sanders quería prevenir el desplazamiento de los residentes de la clase obrera. Eso engendró una idea que se convirtió en un experimento, y con el tiempo y por medio de un esfuerzo sostenido, en un método confiable para preservar y producir una masa significativa de viviendas que fueran asequibles permanentemente.

Una sección del Old North End, el barrio más antiguo y con mayor densidad poblacional de Burlington. Crédito: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

 

Si bien la vivienda era el eje central de este esfuerzo, el objetivo era mejorar la vida de muchas otras formas y ofrecer la oportunidad de prosperar. El dinámico alcalde y su personal joven, talentoso e incansable promovieron el apoyo público de la seguridad de la vivienda universal e implementaron un abanico de programas y políticas para alcanzarlo. A lo largo de los años, la ciudad hizo mejoras en el paisaje urbano, e invirtió en escuelas, parques y programas recreativos. La cultura de compromiso cívico de Burlington demostró ser terreno fértil para las organizaciones sin fines de lucro, que surgieron para brindar servicios (capacitación laboral, atención sanitaria, ayuda legal, recreación, cuidado infantil, asistencia alimentaria) y apoyo emocional para personas que enfrentan muchos desafíos que van más allá de pagar el alquiler.

Muchas ciudades han abordado los problemas de desplazamiento e inseguridad de la vivienda. Pero pocas intentaron una estrategia tan ambiciosa y multifacética durante un período tan extenso. Los dirigentes de Burlington adoptaron un enfoque creativo para problemas que parecían no tener solución. Trabajaron desde las bases populares, con confianza en las organizaciones barriales para comunicar las necesidades y generar apoyo público. Se mantuvieron flexibles, y fueron ajustando sus métodos para que se amoldaran a las condiciones cambiantes. Además, establecieron los cimientos para un sistema de entrega de viviendas que continuaría por años, más allá de los cambios de dirigentes políticos y las condiciones económicas.

Hoy en día, los residentes de Old North End viven en una ciudad con buenas escuelas, una tasa de desempleo del condado del 1,3 por ciento, muchos espacios verdes y una red de seguridad social confiable. Los servicios que antes solo podían encontrarse en barrios más adinerados ahora se encuentran en los márgenes. El lugar sigue cambiando: muchas personas ancianas se fueron, y personas pudientes se mudaron al barrio. Pero, gracias a una generosa oferta de vivienda subsidiada, sigue siendo un refugio seguro para las personas trabajadoras y una puerta de entrada para la gente refugiada y quienes necesitan mejores oportunidades.

Identificar la necesidad

Las investigaciones demuestran cada vez más que los niños que crecen en ambientes con abundancia de recursos tienen mejores resultados en sus vidas (Opportunity Insights). Además de familias comprensivas, los niños necesitan la infraestructura física y social que se encuentra en las comunidades prósperas y cohesivas. Definidos por los investigadores y los legisladores como “áreas de grandes oportunidades”, estos lugares ofrecen escuelas, espacios de encuentro comunitario, opciones laborales y servicios vitales como transporte público, atención médica, servicios de guardería y comida saludable. Sus fuertes redes sociales fomentan la resiliencia y amortiguan los desafíos de la vida.

Desafortunadamente, las personas que más necesitan estos lugares no pueden afrontar el costo de mudarse a ellos. Y, en general, no tienen suficiente dinero para permanecer en los barrios que se están transformando en áreas de grandes oportunidades.

En las metrópolis prósperas, una marea creciente de riqueza que emana de los centros de la ciudad genera calles más atractivas y más seguras y muchos servicios para los barrios urbanos que se han descuidado por mucho tiempo. Pero la marea de inversión rara vez produce viviendas de asequibilidad permanente. Los alquileres cada vez más altos expulsan a los residentes de ingresos bajos hacia los lugares que pueden costear, que ofrecen menos de la calidad que propicia la movilidad ascendente. La vivienda de asequibilidad permanente, restringida por los ingresos, prevendría dicho desplazamiento y, en otros contextos, brindaría acceso a los barrios prósperos. Pero solo el 7 por ciento de 74.000 unidades de vivienda subsidiadas en los Estados Unidos se encuentran en áreas de grandes oportunidades (Freddie Mac 2022). El resto se encuentra en lugares con pocos recursos.

Cuando la demanda de vivienda aumenta y se filtra en los barrios que sufrieron falta de inversión, los primeros signos no son evidentes. Los inversores compran las propiedades relativamente económicas, pero no hacen las mejoras de inmediato, lo que ejerce presión sobre el mercado de viviendas para que suban los precios sin un signo visible de cambio. Para el momento en el que los significantes de aburguesamiento (construcciones renovadas y negocios de lujo) aparecen, los precios del mercado ya aumentaron a un nivel que hace más desafiante la preservación y la producción de viviendas asequibles.

Por suerte, los dirigentes en Burlington reconocieron el riesgo de desplazamiento antes de que sea demasiado tarde, para prevenirlo en una escala significativa. Pero, en seguida, enfrentaron otra pregunta: ¿cómo podían pagar los esfuerzos para combatir el desplazamiento que tenían en mente?

La década de 1980 ya había dejado una reducción significativa en el gasto del gobierno cuando la administración de Reagan recortó los presupuestos, lo que reveló que sería el mercado y no el gobierno quien resolvería los problemas sociales persistentes. El alcalde Sander tenía otra opinión, pero la realidad fiscal (los programas de asistencia federal drásticamente reducidos) requirió un enfoque alternativo al financiamiento.

En búsqueda de financiamiento

En 1984, Sanders destinó US$ 200.000 en fondos excedentarios para operar el Fideicomiso de Suelo Comunitario de Burlington (BCLT, por su sigla en inglés), como iniciativa destinada a expandir la propiedad. Préstamos de dos millones de dólares del fondo de jubilaciones de los empleados de la ciudad y un préstamo de un banco local pusieron el trabajo de la organización en marcha. En los años que siguieron, la ciudad obtuvo fondos de los programas federales como los programas de Subsidio en Bloque de Desarrollo Comunitario y HOME.

Muchos residentes de la clase obrera de Old North End aseguraron su tenencia comprando una vivienda de equidad compartida del BCLT. Por medio del modelo de fideicomiso de suelo comunitario (CLT, por su sigla en inglés), que fue pionero en Georgia en la década de 1960 y se adoptó desde entonces en todo el país, las personas compran viviendas en tierras que son propiedad del CLT. Los propietarios aceptan vender la propiedad a un precio restringido para que siga siendo asequible, pero pueden generar equidad mientras dure la posesión.

Alcalde, Bernie Sanders, a la derecha, con Alderman Terry Bouricius en un centro electoral de Burlington en 1983. Sanders ejerció como alcalde de 1981 a 1989. Crédito: AP Photo/Donna Light.

 

Otros que no estaban listos o no eran capaces de poseer una casa encontraron departamentos asequibles en construcciones que eran propiedad de Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation (LCHDC). Al igual que el BCLT, LCHDC fue creado por la administración de Sanders y lanzado como una organización sin fines de lucro, pero su misión fue brindar viviendas para alquilar. Estas instituciones, junto con muchas otras organizaciones sin fines de lucro, programas y políticas que surgieron en la década 1980 y 1990, fueron parte de una multitud de esfuerzos realizados por funcionarios, activistas y otros, con el objetivo de ayudar a generar riqueza individual y comunitaria en Old North End.

La Oficina de Desarrollo Económico y Comunitario (CEDO, por su sigla en inglés) que se había creado recientemente en la ciudad orquestó estos esfuerzos. Con los precios de las viviendas en alza al doble que el índice de ingresos, el foco de la CEDO estuvo en la vivienda, en particular, en proteger a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad, preservar la vivienda asequible existente y crear viviendas que las personas de ingresos bajos y moderados pudieran pagar. CEDO produjo una gran cantidad de ordenanzas de protección de inquilinos, fomentadas por los defensores de la vivienda de BCLT y LCHDC, y aprobadas por un concejo municipal cada vez más progresista (Davis 1990).

En 1984, el concejo aprobó una Ordenanza de Vivienda Justa para prevenir la discriminación de los inquilinos. A esto le siguió una ley que ponía un freno a las exorbitantes comisiones de depósito de seguridad. El código de vivienda mínima, que estaba desactualizado y apenas se cumplía, se repensó en 1986. El mismo año, los votantes de Burlington aprobaron un impuesto antiespeculación (pero la legislatura lo rechazó con posterioridad). A esto le siguió una ordenanza de conversión de condominios en 1987, que impuso un tasa de impacto a los desarrolladores que desplazaban a los inquilinos a la vez que convertía la vivienda para alquiler en condominios o cooperativas.

Los dirigentes de Burlington utilizaron un modelo de financiación flexible para apoyar sus esfuerzos por preservar la vivienda asequible. Crédito: Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

 

Las personas que integraban la CEDO se convirtieron en solicitantes de subsidios persistentes y creativas, y obtuvieron fondos de los Subsidios de Acción de Desarrollo para la Vivienda, Sección 8, y los programas de asistencia para alquileres. Además, lograron recaudar rápidamente un presupuesto para mantener en movimiento los esfuerzos del BCLT hasta que el flujo estable de dinero surgiera en la década siguiente. En 1989, los votantes de Burlington acordaron un aumento de centavos en su tasa de impuestos inmobiliarios, que se destinaría a la vivienda asequible. El dinero se depositaría en un Fondo de Fideicomiso para la Vivienda y la ciudad lo usaría para aumentar la oferta de viviendas de asequibilidad permanente.

Inspirado por lo que estaba sucediendo en Burlington y preocupado por la especulación en torno a la vivienda y la tierra en todo el país, la entonces gobernadora Madeleine Kunin instó a la legislatura a que creara un fondo de fideicomiso estatal para la vivienda. En 1988, estableció la Junta de Conservación y Vivienda de Vermont (VHCB, por su sigla en inglés). Fundada con un porcentaje del impuesto de transferencia de la propiedad estatal, la VHCB empezó a distribuir millones de dólares a organizaciones sin fines de lucro a lo largo de Vermont, con el objetivo combinado de preservar el espacio abierto y la vivienda asequible. La VHCB compartió el compromiso con la asequibilidad permanente. De hecho, el énfasis en la permanencia se había filtrado en un número cada vez mayor de leyes y planes estatales, con la ayuda de la administración de Kunin.

Si bien el BCLT necesitaba dinero para sus operaciones, también necesitaba convencer a las instituciones de financiamiento para que prestaran dinero a sus compradores de viviendas. En ese entonces, el modelo de fideicomiso de suelo comunitario de condominio era un producto hipotecario nuevo y no probado. No quedaba claro si existía un mercado para viviendas de equidad compartida, lo que confundía a los valuadores e inquietaba a las entidades crediticias. El BCLT presionó a la Agencia de Financiamiento de la Vivienda de Vermont (VHFA, por su sigla en inglés), a quien se le encomendó la tarea de permitir que los residentes de ingresos bajos y medios pudieran acceder a la propiedad de la vivienda, a fin de desbloquear el atolladero. Un acuerdo inicial elaborado por la VHFA permitió que los bancos tomaran la tierra y la vivienda en caso de incumplimiento.

El BCLT aceptó estos términos para que el proyecto se pusiera en marcha, y con el paso del tiempo, dado que resultó evidente que las viviendas de equidad compartida eran una apuesta segura (no hubo ninguna ejecución hipotecaria en los primeros cuatro años), la VHFA y los bancos locales se convirtieron en entidades crediticias entusiastas, y, como consecuencia, se crearon productos mucho más favorables. Para el 2015, la VHFA había otorgado más de US$ 80 millones en hipotecas para propietarios de fideicomisos de suelo, y los bancos de todo el estado siguieron el ejemplo (Torpy 2015).

Responder a la comunidad

Una fortaleza fundamental del Fideicomiso de Suelo Comunitario de Burlington fue su habilidad de reconocer las barreras para la vivienda garantizada e improvisar formas de superarlas. Según Brenda Torpy, directora de la organización durante muchos años, la pregunta no fue “¿Cuál es el plan de negocio?”, sino “¿Cuál es la necesidad?”. El BCLT se esforzó para reunirse con la comunidad donde estaba y encontrar una forma de satisfacer sus necesidades (Torpy 2015).

Cuando fue claro que nadie quería o podía costear una vivienda unifamiliar, incluso a un precio subsidiado, el BCLT se sumergió en el desafío de ofrecer a los habitantes de departamentos la posibilidad de ser propietarios. De la misma forma en que habían abierto un camino para el condominio de viviendas, el personal del BCLT buscó una forma de hacer posible la propiedad dentro de la estructura de una construcción multifamiliar. La estrategia factible fue crear una cooperativa, en la que los residentes compartieran la propiedad de sus edificios de departamentos, en tierras del BCLT. Al igual que con el modelo de vivienda unifamiliar, sus pagos mensuales generarían equidad.

En ese momento, los condominios eran un concepto nuevo, en Vermont no había una legislación que habilitara las cooperativas de equidad limitada. Con el tiempo, el BCLT persuadió a los legisladores estatales para que legalizaran las cooperativas. Creó un puñado de cooperativas en el barrio, pero quedaba claro que el modelo no tenía mucha aceptación. A las personas les parecía que la posibilidad de coordinar con los vecinos la gestión y el mantenimiento de una construcción era demasiado abrumadora. Preferían un propietario responsable.

A pesar de que la organización no había propuesto actuar como un propietario, para la década del 1990, el BCLT poseía un gran número de propiedades para alquiler; de esta forma, complementaba los esfuerzos de Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation y brindaba los departamentos que los residentes de Old North End necesitaban.

En los últimos años, los proyectos de vivienda inclusiva y asequible han incluido el Bright Street Co-op, un complejo de 40 unidades construido en un ex terreno abandonado. Crédito: cortesía del Fideicomiso de Vivienda de Champlain.

 

Al mismo tiempo, se movió en otra dirección necesaria. Durante la crisis de ahorros y préstamos de la década de 1990, los bancos y propietarios de edificios industriales salieron de sus hipotecas, y dejaron una franja de Old North End vacante. Las leyes medioambientales estatales que atribuían la responsabilidad de limpieza de los terrenos abandonados a las entidades crediticias prevenían todo tipo de inversión privada en las propiedades, que estaban decrépitas y atraían comportamientos delictivos (Torpy 2015). Esto no fue un problema de vivienda, pero tuvo un impacto directo en la calidad de vida en Old North End.

El BCLT movilizó a los dirigentes locales y los defensores del fideicomiso del suelo para que ejercieran presión sobre la legislatura para eliminar las leyes de responsabilidad de los terrenos abandonados. Entonces, se pasó los años que siguieron redesarrollando las áreas contaminadas, restaurando las propiedades abandonadas y arruinadas para su uso comunitario, y alquilando los espacios a organizaciones sin fines de lucro que operaban un banco de alimentos, una guardería infantil y un centro para personas ancianas. El redesarrollo de los terrenos abandonados también dio lugar a una cooperativa de vivienda de 40 unidades y un parque pequeño. El fideicomiso de suelo siguió desarrollando más usos no residenciales cuando reconoció un beneficio claro para el barrio. Su último proyecto, completado en sociedad con muchas otras organizaciones locales, fue la creación del Centro Comunitario de Old North End.

Foco en la permanencia

En 2006, el Fideicomiso de Suelo Comunitario de Burlington y Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation se fusionaron para formar el Fideicomiso de Vivienda de Champlain (CHT, por su sigla en inglés). Estas entidades pudieron preservar y proteger una masa crítica de unidades en Old North End porque cada propiedad que compraban y mejoraban permanecería asequible por siempre. Las restricciones de reventa que protegían a los compradores de ingresos bajos y a los inquilinos no desaparecerían en 15, 30 o incluso 50 años.

En el mundo de la vivienda asequible, la permanencia es la excepción en lugar de la regla. Según el programa, las regulaciones federales permiten que las restricciones basadas en ingreso venzan después de 20 o 30 años. Muchas jurisdicciones locales y estatales no las exigen pasados los 15 años. Cuando los proyectos de Crédito Fiscal para Viviendas de Bajos Ingresos (LIHTC, por su sigla en inglés) creados en la década de 1990 alcanzan el fin de su período de asequibilidad, los alquileres ascienden a las tasas del mercado y los inquilinos enfrentan el desalojo, los proveedores de vivienda se ven forzados a pedir dinero público para comprar o reemplazar dichas propiedades. Cuando la asequibilidad se esfuma en unas pocas décadas, es extremadamente difícil mantener el statu quo, y ni hablar de construir unidades nuevas para el número creciente de personas abrumadas por los costos de las viviendas.

Con la intención de lograr el máximo retorno de las inversiones de los contribuyentes en viviendas asequibles, en 1989, la Junta de la Ciudad de Burlington había estipulado que ningún proyecto con financiamiento del Fondo de Fideicomiso para la Vivienda que se hubiera creado recientemente sería asequible de forma perpetua. En términos fiscales, los republicanos conservadores encontraron valor en pagar una sola vez, en vez de en repetidas ocasiones, por cada unidad de vivienda asequible. En el futuro, el BCLT no necesitaría recurrir a los Fondos de Fideicomiso para la Vivienda para comprar propiedades previamente subsidiadas a fin de mantener su asequibilidad. La política también existe a nivel estatal. Todos los proyectos que se construyan en Vermont con dinero público quedarán por fuera del mercado privado para siempre (Libby 2006).

Este nuevo desarrollo de construcción en espacios vacíos cuenta con unidades dedicadas con precios más bajos que los del mercado, tal y como exige la ordenanza de zonificación inclusiva de la ciudad. Crédito: Julie Campoli.

 

Durante el transcurso de una década, los conceptos de preservación de la vivienda, dominio compartido y asequibilidad permanente ganaron adhesión pública y se normalizaron para los funcionarios locales y los legisladores estatales. En 1990, la ciudad aprobó una ordenanza de zonificación inclusiva que exige que los desarrolladores que construyen proyectos con cinco o más unidades destinen un 15 o 20 por ciento del total a alquileres o venta a tasas inferiores a las del mercado. El desarrollador puede subsidiar esas unidades de varias formas: cobrando precios más altos para las unidades a precio de mercado, utilizando fondos federales o estatales, o asociándose con una fundación sin fines de lucro para la vivienda. A cambio, el desarrollador puede hacer más denso el proyecto y esperar alguna exención de comisiones. Entre 1990 y 2019, 141 de las 551 unidades de vivienda construidas en Old North End fueron asequibles bajo la ordenanza de zonificación inclusiva.

Una cultura de apoyo

Esta situación trajo aparejada una creencia de que las inversiones en las personas, en su vivienda, salud y bienestar, eran esenciales. El interés en la prosperidad compartida creó un terreno fértil para muchas otras organizaciones sin fines de lucro que trabajan para dar un techo y asistencia a residentes de ingresos bajos. Antes de que el BCLT existiera, la Cathedral Square construía y gestionaba viviendas asequibles para alquilar a personas ancianas, y ofrecía servicios como Comidas sobre ruedas (Meals on Wheels). Hoy en día, 74 de sus unidades se encuentran en Old North End, donde ofrece departamentos independientes para que vivan personas ancianas, casas para adultos que viven con desafíos de salud mental, departamentos para personas que están saliendo del estado de sinhogarismo y viviendas para familias cuyos padres están terminando sus estudios. El Howard Center, un proveedor de servicios para la salud mental, la discapacidad en el desarrollo y el consumo de sustancias, con 158 años de antigüedad, que se extiende a lo largo de todo el país, se asocia con Cathedral Square para ofrecer viviendas colectivas con asistencia.

El Comité de Refugio Temporal (COTS) se lanzó durante la administración de Sanders para ayudar a las personas sin hogar. Hoy en día, ofrece 29 habitaciones transicionales para residentes únicos y departamentos de una cama, un refugio para cinco familias en tres ubicaciones diferentes, y una estación de día que ofrece almuerzos calientes, duchas, servicios de lavandería, talleres, asesoramiento para el trabajo y la vivienda, y acceso a computadoras.

En 1988, la organización sin fines de lucro Housing Vermont, empezó a crear viviendas para alquilar por medio de asociaciones con comunidades y el sector privado. Como el BCLT, expandió su misión en respuesta a la necesidad: redesarrolló edificios históricos de uso mixto ociosos y vacantes en el centro de Vermont, realizó inversiones de capital, y otorgó préstamos para el desarrollo comunitario y servicios de energía. Si bien su área de servicios ahora se extiende a todo el norte de New England (como Evernorth), aún contribuye con el grupo de viviendas de asequibilidad permanente de Old North End.

Muchas otras organizaciones se centran en apoyar la salud y la seguridad de los residentes de Old North End, entre ellas, Feeding Chittenden, que opera un banco de alimentos, un programa de comidas calientes y un programa de formación laboral culinaria; el Centro de Salud Comunitario, que brinda atención médica y dental sin costo o a una escala variable; y Vermont Legal Aid, que brinda asistencia sin costo para quienes enfrentan situaciones de desalojo, discriminación, bancarrota u otro problema legal.

Los residentes de ingresos bajos pueden acceder a transporte a bajo costo por medio de los programas Everybody Bikes o Good News Garage, que reacondicionan y revenden bicicletas o autos donados. Pathways Vermont brinda apoyo de pares para problemas de salud mental. Outright Vermont, una organización estatal que apoya a jóvenes del colectivo LGTBQ+, tiene su sede en el barrio. Steps to End Domestic Violence (Pasos para terminar la violencia doméstica) ofrece refugio, una línea de crisis, asesoramiento legal y educación. El centro comunitario Sara Holbrook Community Center brinda un espacio seguro y educativo en Old North End desde 1937, con servicios de guardería a la salida del colegio, campamentos de verano, un centro para adolescentes, un banco de alimentos y otros programas.

Estas políticas junto con las organizaciones ayudan a garantizarles a los residentes de Old North End el acceso no solo a la vivienda sino también a alimentos, atención sanitaria, asistencia legal y financiera, apoyo emocional, enriquecimiento, y al sentido de comunidad que los ayudará a superar los desafíos diarios y mejorar sus expectativas.

Priorizar a las personas frente a las ganancias

En las décadas de 1980 y 1990, antes de que Old North End se volviera atractivo para los no locales, la mayoría de las viviendas eran “viviendas asequibles que aparecían de forma natural”. Por lo general, esto significa propiedades multifamiliares de clase B y C para alquilar a precios de mercado adecuados para personas de ingresos medios y bajos. En Old North End, esto significó viviendas para trabajadores construidas en el siglo anterior que no eran lujosas ni modernas.

La mayoría de los propietarios eran residentes locales que poseían solo algunas propiedades (Quigley 2019). Una excepción fue Stu McGowan, que generó un vínculo muy profundo con Old North End después de mudarse allí en 1984 y quiso ayudar a prevenir el desplazamiento. Hasta 2019, McGowan poseía 78 unidades de vivienda en 31 propiedades de Old North End, por un valor de US$ 10,4 millones. Logró generar una ganancia ordenada vendiendo a inversores externos que se comunican con él al menos una vez a la semana. Se hicieron cálculos sobre la escasez de viviendas en Burlington y la popularidad de Old North End, y se descubrió lo que McGowan ya sabía: también podía hacer mucho más dinero si aumentaba los alquileres.

Pero no lo hizo ni lo hará. Tiene una política estricta en contra de esto, a pesar de renunciar a unos US$ 100.000 de ganancia por año. Su modelo de negocio es altamente inusual en un mercado inmobiliario con alta demanda. Invierte lo suficiente en sus departamentos para que sean seguros y limpios (aislamiento, un sistema nuevo de calefacción, una capa de pintura nueva), pero no lo suficiente como para forzar un aumento sustancial del alquiler. Excepto por este portfolio amplio, la ética de McGowan no es diferente a la de muchos otros propietarios locales que invirtieron en algunas propiedades cerca de su vivienda y “las cuidaron bastante, pero no se pasaron con nada”, dijo. “Existen muchos propietarios con consciencia. Y hay dos razones: una, quieren hacer las cosas bien, y otra es que no quieren perder a los inquilinos buenos, porque los propietarios pequeños no pueden lidiar con las rotaciones de inquilinos”.

Lo más importante es caer en el momento oportuno. Si McGowan hubiera llegado a Old North End 20 años más tarde, probablemente no se hubiese vuelto el propietario local de 78 viviendas. Casi con certeza, su cartera estaría en manos de inversores externos. Incluso no hubiese podido afrontar el costo de vivir allí. “Compramos un dúplex en 1989”, explica. “Pagamos US$ 130.000 por él. Y ahora vale US$ 750.000. No soy pobre, pero aún no soy rico. No podría pagar la hipoteca de esta vivienda en este momento si tuviera que comprarla”.

La vivienda asequible que aparece naturalmente depende de un mercado con poca demanda. E incluso si está en manos de propietarios con una mentalidad comunitaria como McGowan, no es permanente. Dura siempre y cuando estos se comprometan con priorizar a las personas frente a las ganancias.

¿Qué es suficiente?

Old North End parece estar creciendo y cambiando. Los datos del censo muestran que la población es más diversa en términos raciales, el ingreso promedio creció, los números de viviendas por debajo de la línea de pobreza bajaron y los niveles de delincuencia se redujeron. Lo que es más difícil de medir es si los niveles reducidos de pobreza se deben a la llegada de residentes adinerados al barrio o a que los residentes actuales tienen una mayor seguridad económica.

El urbanista jubilado David White, quien ejerció en este oficio por más de dos décadas, ha observado las tendencias demográficas. “Muchas personas jóvenes e idealistas con medios se están mudando al barrio”, destaca. “Pueden afrontar el precio de adquirir una propiedad”.

De hecho, los datos del censo también indican un aumento del nivel educativo entre los residentes de Old North End. En 2010, el 30 por ciento tenía un título universitario; para el 2016, la cifra era del 39 por ciento. De acuerdo con White, los graduados universitarios se ven atraídos al barrio por los negocios eclécticos y la cultura creada por inmigrantes de Vietnam, África, Nepal y otras partes, y ambos grupos aprovechan la oportunidad que encuentran en el barrio.

¿El esfuerzo de varias décadas ha evitado el triunfo del desplazamiento? Una gran cantidad de observaciones informales sugieren que a las personas les está resultando más caro vivir allí, pero no existen datos que indiquen cuántos residentes se fueron del barrio porque se los desalojó o sus alquileres eran muy costosos. Los hogares se reubican por muchas razones aparte de las financieras, como un cambio en la circunstancia familiar o una oportunidad laboral. Debido a que no existe una autoridad que registre sistemáticamente dichas causas, es imposible confirmar si el cambio en la población se debe al desplazamiento o a una elección.

A woman smiling in the doorway of a blue house
El modelo de dominio compartido del Fideicomiso de Vivienda de Champlain facilita a los compradores de ingresos medios y bajos la compra de viviendas. Crédito: Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

 

Lo que queda claro es que más de 480 hogares de Old North End o próximos al barrio hoy en día tienen un riesgo ampliamente reducido de ser desalojados. Si alquilan un departamento que es propiedad del Fideicomiso de Vivienda de Champlain, Cathedral Square, la Autoridad de la Vivienda de Burlington o Evernorth, sus alquileres mensuales están vinculados a sus ingresos. Si viven en una casa de dominio compartido, sus probabilidades de quedarse en el mismo lugar o mudarse a una vivienda a precio de mercado más costosa son buenas.

El Fideicomiso de Vivienda de Champlain analizó en qué grado está cumpliendo su meta de generar riqueza individual y comunitaria. Un estudio de 2003 concluyó que, si bien los vendedores de viviendas de fideicomiso del suelo obtuvieron menos ganancias de las que podrían con una vivienda a precio de mercado sin restricciones, es considerablemente mejor que la alternativa más probable de alquiler, que no genera retornos. Entre 1988 y 2003, los vendedores de viviendas gozaban de una tasa anualizada de retorno de alrededor del 17 por ciento, recuperaban el pago del anticipo original y luego obtenían una ganancia neta en capital.

En un estudio más reciente, que examina las ventas de 150 viviendas entre 2016 y 2020, se observó que la ganancia de capital promedio fue de US$ 38.300. El CHT también observó que la propiedad de dominio compartido tiende un puente entre alquilar y poseer una vivienda a precio de mercado. Sesenta y ocho por ciento de quienes venden una vivienda de dominio compartido compran su próxima vivienda en el mercado abierto. El dominio que obtuvieron les permite ingresar a un mercado que no estaba disponible para ellos antes, y le ofrece al comprador de su vivienda de fideicomiso de suelo lo mismo.

Brian Pine observó un cambio en Old North End desde varias perspectivas. Se unió a la Oficina de Desarrollo Económico Comunitario cuando se acababa de recibir de la universidad en la década de 1980, trabajó en torno a problemas de la vivienda allí por décadas, dirigió una organización de defensa de la vivienda asequible a nivel nacional, representó al barrio como concejal de la ciudad, y ahora es director de CEDO. Vio prosperar a sus vecinos que compraron viviendas de fideicomiso de suelo en la década de 1980, y cree que el porcentaje elevado de viviendas de asequibilidad permanente ayudó a los residentes de la clase trabajadora a quedarse en el barrio, si así lo deseaban.

Pero para los residentes de ingresos moderados y bajos que ya no viven en una vivienda de asequibilidad permanente, el riesgo de desplazamiento es mayor. Para el 2000, el Fideicomiso de Suelo Comunitario de Burlington había reducido su adquisición de propiedades en Old North End ya que expandió su alcance a otros barrios. Su fusión con Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation en 2005 aportó un alcance programático y geográfico incluso mayor. Hoy en día alberga a más de 2.500 familias en departamentos para alquilar y viviendas colectivas en tres condados del noroeste de Vermont. En los últimos pocos años, ha iniciado proyectos para construir 560 unidades adicionales. Cincuenta y dos familias compraron una vivienda de fideicomiso de suelo en 2022 y otras recibieron préstamos con un interés bajo o sin interés del CHT para hacer mejoras en viviendas para mano de obra agrícola temporarias o permanentes.

A pesar de que el fideicomiso de suelo continúa administrando sus propiedades en Old North End, no está produciendo viviendas asequibles nuevas allí. El modelo de negocio que funcionó para las organizaciones sin fines de lucro en las décadas pasadas no tiene sentido con precios inmobiliarios más altos y un déficit de parcelas construibles. A pesar del porcentaje relativamente alto de unidades asequibles, estas no están ni cerca de ser suficientes. Aún es posible mudarse a un departamento del CHT, pero las listas de espera son largas y lleva aproximadamente unos 15 meses obtener uno.

Así que, la respuesta a “¿Ha sido suficiente?” depende de con quién se hable. El vecindario está enfrentando una escasez de viviendas dentro de un mercado inmobiliario con alta demanda, se está observando el fenómeno de aburguesamiento, y las necesidades básicas de vivienda y económicas aún son grandes (Jickling 2018). Pero los esfuerzos que se desplegaron por décadas marcaron una enorme diferencia para muchas personas individuales, transformaron una cultura barrial e influenciaron la manera en la que los residentes locales, los dirigentes de la ciudad y los legisladores estatales ven sus responsabilidades relacionadas con el desplazamiento y la asequibilidad.

 


Julie Campoli es una diseñadora urbana, editora y autora que escribe sobre la forma urbana y el paisaje cambiante. Es autora de Made for Walking: Density and Neighborhood Form (Hecho para caminar: formas de vecindarios y densidad) (Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo 2012) y coautora de Visualizing Density (Visualizar la densidad) (Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo 2007).

Imagen principal: Old North End, Burlington, Vermont. Crédito: Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo

 

REFERENCIAS

Davis, John Emmeus, ed. 1990. Building the Progressive City: Third Sector Housing in Burlington. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Freddie Mac. 2022. “Spotlight on Underserved Markets: Affordable Housing in High-Opportunity Areas.” Washington, DC: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

Jickling, Katie. 2018. “Ready or Not: Is Gentrification Inevitable in Burlington’s Old North End?Seven Days. January 17.

Libby, James M. Jr. 2006. “The Policy Basis Behind Permanently Affordable Housing: A Cornerstone of Vermont’s Housing Policy Since 1987.” Montpelier, Vermont: Vermont Housing and Conservation Board.

Opportunity Insights. “Neighborhoods Matter: Children’s Lives Are Shaped by the Neighborhoods They Grow Up In.” Online research collection. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.

Quigley, Aidan. 2019. “Who Owns Burlington? The Largest Holdings Are in the Hands of a Few.” VTDigger. November 3.

Torpy, Brenda. 2015. “Champlain Housing Trust.” Case study. Center for Community Land Trust Innovation.

A building painted with the phrase 'Welcome to the ONE Love'

Still the ONE: Lessons from a Small City’s Big Commitment to Affordability

By Julie Campoli, October 18, 2023

 

This fall, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy is releasing a video and case study about a decades-long effort to create and preserve affordable housing in the Old North End of Burlington, Vermont—a neighborhood some residents affectionately refer to as “the ONE.”

Since the early 1800s, a tight grid of streets in the north end of Burlington, Vermont, has been home to laborers, service workers, and anyone else needing an affordable place to live. The Old North End has been a place of arrival, and also permanence. Its modest apartments and small houses offer both a foothold to newcomers and the chance to stay for generations. Forty years ago, it all could have changed.

The global economic forces of the 1980s had brought the neighborhood low. Poverty and crime were rising, along with unemployment. A few years earlier, in an ill-advised urban renewal scheme, city leaders had condemned and demolished several blocks in an adjacent neighborhood, displacing its tight-knit Italian-American community. Residents and housing advocates feared the Old North End would be the next victim of large-scale redevelopment. “Speculators were buying or optioning properties,” said Brenda Torpy, former director of housing policy for the city. They weren’t interested in building value by improving properties or nurturing businesses: “Their goal was assembling a block where they could tear everything down and make a big move.”

As the local market intensified, Old North End residents were feeling the pressure. Rents were rising as properties changed hands. No tenant protection laws were in place, and previous city administrations had shown little interest in code enforcement. The situation was creating a sense of unease among residents—and it also created a sense of urgency for an administration led by a newly elected mayor, a young progressive named Bernie Sanders.  

The Sanders administration wanted to prevent displacement of working-class residents. That spawned an idea that became an experiment—and eventually, through sustained effort, a reliable method for preserving and producing a critical mass of permanently affordable housing.

While housing was the centerpiece of this effort, the goal was to make life better in many other ways, offering the opportunity to thrive. The dynamic mayor and his young, talented, and tireless staff nurtured public support for universal housing security and implemented a range of programs and policies to achieve it. As the years passed, the city made streetscape improvements and invested in schools, parks, and recreation programs. Burlington’s culture of civic engagement proved fertile ground for nonprofits, which emerged to provide both services—job training, health care, legal aid, recreation, child care, food relief—and emotional support to people facing many challenges beyond paying the rent.


A section of the Old North End, Burlington’s oldest and most densely populated neighborhood. Credit: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Many cities have addressed the problems of displacement and housing insecurity. But few have attempted such an ambitious and multifaceted strategy over such a long period of time. Leaders in Burlington took a creative approach to seemingly intractable problems. They worked at the grassroots level, relying on neighborhood organizations to communicate needs and build public support. They remained flexible, adjusting their methods to accommodate changing conditions. And they laid the foundation for a housing delivery system that would keep going for years, through changing political leadership and economic conditions.

Today, residents of the Old North End live in a city with good schools, a county unemployment rate of 1.3 percent, a wealth of green space, and a reliable social safety net. Amenities that could typically only be found in wealthier neighborhoods are now embedded within its borders. The place continues to change: many old-timers have left, and well-off newcomers have moved in. But thanks to a generous supply of subsidized housing, it continues to be a safe haven for working people and a gateway for refugees and those in need of greater opportunity.

Identifying the Need

Children who grow up in resource-rich environments have better outcomes in life, research increasingly indicates (Opportunity Insights). Along with supportive families, children need the social and physical infrastructure found in prosperous and cohesive communities. Defined by researchers and policymakers as “high-opportunity areas,” these places offer excellent schools, community gathering spaces, job options, and vital services like public transportation, medical care, daycare, and healthy food. Their strong social networks nurture resilience and provide a cushion for life’s challenges.

Unfortunately, the people who need these places the most can’t afford to move into them. And they often can’t afford to stay in neighborhoods that are transforming into high-opportunity areas. In booming metros, a rising tide of wealth emanating from city centers brings safer, more attractive streets and many services to long-neglected urban neighborhoods. But the tide of investment rarely brings permanently affordable housing. Rising rents push low-income residents out to the places they can afford, which offer fewer of the qualities that boost upward mobility. Income-restricted, permanently affordable housing would prevent that displacement and, in other contexts, provide access to already prosperous neighborhoods. But only 7 percent of the 74,000 subsidized housing units in the United States are located in high-opportunity areas (Freddie Mac 2022). The rest are in under-resourced places.

When the demand for housing rises and spills into neighborhoods that have suffered from disinvestment, the early signs are not obvious. Investors buy the relatively inexpensive properties but don’t immediately make improvements, putting upward pressure on the housing market without a visible sign of change. By the time the signifiers of gentrification—renovated buildings and upscale businesses—appear, market prices have risen to a level that makes preserving and producing affordable housing more challenging.

Luckily, leaders in Burlington recognized displacement risk before it was too late to prevent it at a meaningful scale. But they soon faced another question: how could they pay for the anti-displacement efforts they had in mind?

The 1980s had already brought a significant reduction in government spending as the Reagan administration slashed budgets, proclaiming that the market rather than the government would solve persistent social problems. Mayor Sanders believed otherwise, but the fiscal reality—radically reduced federal assistance programs—required an alternative approach to funding.

Finding Funding

In 1984, Sanders directed $200,000 in surplus funds to operate the newly formed Burlington Community Land Trust (BCLT), an initiative intended to expand homeownership. Two million-dollar loans from the city’s employee retirement fund and a loan from a local bank got the organization’s work underway. In the coming years, the city obtained funds from federal programs such as the Community Development Block Grant and HOME programs.

Many working-class residents of the Old North End secured their tenure by buying a BCLT shared-equity home. Through the community land trust (CLT) model—which was pioneered in Georgia in the 1960s and has since been adopted nationwide—individuals buy homes on land that is owned by the CLT. The homeowners agree to sell the property at a restricted price to keep it permanently affordable, but can build equity during the time they own it.


Burlington Mayor Bernie Sanders, right, with Alderman Terry Bouricius at a polling place in 1983. Sanders served as mayor from 1981 to 1989, working with Bouricius and others to implement policies intended to ensure long-term affordability. Credit:  AP Photo/Donna Light.

Others who weren’t ready or able to own a home found affordable apartments in buildings owned by the Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation (LCHDC). Like the BCLT, the LCHDC was created by the Sanders administration and launched as a nonprofit, but its mission was to provide rental housing. These institutions, along with many other nonprofits, programs, and policies that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, were part of a multitude of efforts by officials, activists, and others to help build community and individual wealth in the Old North End.

The city’s newly created Community and Economic Development Office (CEDO) orchestrated these efforts. With housing prices rising at twice the rate of incomes, CEDO’s focus was on housing—more specifically, protecting the vulnerable, preserving existing affordable housing, and creating homes that low- and moderate-income people could afford. CEDO crafted a flood of renter protection ordinances that were promoted by the housing advocates at BCLT and LCHDC, and approved by an increasingly progressive city council (Davis 1990).

In 1984, the council passed a Fair Housing Ordinance to prevent renter discrimination. This was followed by a law curbing exorbitant security deposit fees. The minimum housing code, which was outdated and sparsely enforced, was overhauled in 1986. That same year, Burlington voters approved an anti-speculation tax (although it was later rejected by the legislature). This was followed in 1987 by a condominium conversion ordinance, which imposed an impact fee on developers who displaced tenants while converting rental housing to condos or cooperatives.

CEDO staffers became creative and persistent grant applicants, obtaining funds from Housing Development Action Grants, Section 8, and rental assistance programs, and cobbling together a budget to keep BCLT efforts moving until a steady stream of money emerged in the next decade. In 1989, Burlington voters agreed to a penny increase on their property tax rate, to be dedicated to affordable housing. The money would be deposited into a Housing Trust Fund and used by the city to add to the supply of permanently affordable homes.


Leaders in Burlington used a flexible funding model to support their efforts to preserve affordable housing. Credit: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Inspired by what was happening in Burlington, and concerned about land and housing speculation statewide, then-Governor Madeleine Kunin urged the legislature to create a state housing trust fund. In 1988, it established the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board (VHCB). Funded with a percentage of the state property transfer tax, VHCB began to disperse millions of dollars to nonprofits throughout Vermont with the combined goal of preserving both open space and affordable housing. VHCB shared the commitment to permanent affordability. In fact, the emphasis on permanence had seeped sinto a growing number of state laws and plans, helped along by Kunin’s administration.

While BCLT needed money for its operations, it also needed to convince financial institutions to lend money to its homebuyers. At the time, the community land trust model of dual ownership was a new and untested mortgage product. It was not clear that a market for shared-equity homes existed, which made appraisers confused and lenders uneasy. BCLT pushed the Vermont Housing Finance Agency (VHFA), which was tasked with enabling homeownership for moderate- and low-income residents, to help break the logjam. An early agreement crafted by VHFA allowed banks to take both land and house in the event of a default.

BCLT accepted these terms to get things started, and over time, as it became apparent that shared-equity homes were a safe bet—there was not a single foreclosure in the first four years—VHFA and local banks became enthusiastic lenders, creating much more favorable products. By 2015, VHFA had written more than $80 million in mortgages for land trust owners, with banks throughout the state following their lead (Torpy 2015).

Responding to the Community

A major strength of the Burlington Community Land Trust was its ability to recognize the barriers to secure housing and improvise ways to overcome them. According to Brenda Torpy, longtime director of the organization, the question was not, “What’s the business plan?” but, “What is the need?” BCLT strove to meet the community where it was and find a way to fulfill its needs (Torpy 2015).

When it became clear that not everyone wanted or could afford a single-family house, even at a subsidized price, BCLT dove into the challenge of offering ownership to apartment-dwellers. Just as they had pioneered a model for dual ownership of single-family homes, BCLT staff sought a way to make ownership possible within the structure of a multifamily building. The likely strategy was to create a cooperative, in which residents share ownership of their apartment building, on land owned by BCLT. As with the single-family home model, their monthly payments would build equity.

At the time, condominiums were a new concept, and there was no enabling legislation in Vermont for limited equity cooperatives. BCLT eventually persuaded state lawmakers to make cooperatives legal. It created a handful of cooperatives in the neighborhood, but it became apparent that the model was not popular. People found the prospect of coordinating with fellow residents on the management and maintenance of a building too daunting. They preferred a responsible landlord. Although the organization hadn’t set out to act as a landlord, by the 1990s BCLT owned a growing number of rental properties, complementing the efforts of the Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation and providing the apartments Old North End residents needed.

At the same time, it moved in another necessary direction. During the savings and loan crisis of the 1990s, banks and landlords of industrial buildings walked away from their mortgages, leaving a swath of the Old North End vacant. State environmental laws assigning liability for cleanup of brownfield sites to lenders prevented any private investment in the properties, which were decrepit and attracting criminal behavior (Torpy 2015). This was not a housing issue, but it had a direct impact on quality of life in the Old North End. BCLT rallied local leaders and land trust supporters to lobby the legislature to remove brownfield liability laws. Then it spent the next several years redeveloping the polluted sites, returning the abandoned and blighted properties to community use, and renting spaces to nonprofits who operated a food shelf, a child-care center, and a senior center. The brownfield redevelopment also yielded a 40-unit housing cooperative and a small park.


The Bright Street Co-op, a 40-unit affordable housing complex built on a former brownfield. Credit: Courtesy of Champlain Housing Trust.

The land trust went on to develop more nonresidential uses when it recognized a clear benefit to the neighborhood. Its latest project, completed in partnership with many other local organizations, was the creation of the Old North End Community Center.

Focusing on Permanence

The Burlington Community Land Trust and Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation merged in 2006 to form the Champlain Housing Trust (CHT). These entities were able to preserve and protect a critical mass of units in the Old North End because every property they purchased and improved would remain affordable forever. Resale restrictions protecting low-income buyers and tenants would not disappear in 15, 30, or even 50 years.

In the world of affordable housing, permanence is the exception rather than the rule. Depending on the program, federal regulations allow income-based restrictions to expire after 20 or 30 years. Many state and local jurisdictions do not require them beyond 15 years. As Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) projects built in the 1990s reach the end of their affordability period, rents jump to market rates, and low-income tenants face eviction, housing providers are forced to seek public money to buy or replace those properties. When affordability vanishes within a few decades, it’s extremely difficult to maintain the status quo, let alone build new homes for the growing number of people burdened by housing costs.

Wanting to achieve maximum return on the taxpayers’ investment in affordable housing, the Burlington City Council had stipulated in 1989 that any projects financed from the newly formed Housing Trust Fund would be affordable in perpetuity. Fiscally conservative Republicans saw the value in paying once, not repeatedly, for each affordable housing unit. In the future, BCLT would not need to dip into Housing Trust funds to purchase previously subsidized properties in order to maintain their affordability. The policy is in place at the state level as well. Every project built in Vermont using public money will stay out of the private market forever (Libby 2006).

Over the course of a decade, the concepts of housing preservation, shared equity, and permanent affordability gained public support and became normalized for local officials and state policymakers. In 1990, the city passed an inclusionary zoning ordinance requiring developers who build projects with five or more units to dedicate 15 to 20 percent of the total to rent or sell at below-market rates. The developer can subsidize those units in various ways, charging higher prices for the market-rate units, tapping state or federal funds, or partnering with a housing nonprofit. In return, the developer can make the project denser and expect some fee waivers. Between 1990 and 2019, 141 of the 551 housing units built in the Old North End were made affordable under the inclusionary zoning ordinance.


This new infill development has dedicated below-market units, as required by the city’s inclusionary zoning ordinance. Credit: Julie Campoli.

A Culture of Support

Alongside this came a belief that investments in people—in their housing, health, and wellbeing—were essential. The interest in shared prosperity created fertile ground for many other nonprofits working to shelter and support low-income residents. Before the BCLT existed, Cathedral Square was building and managing affordable rental housing for seniors, and offering services like Meals on Wheels. Today, 74 of its units are located in the Old North End, where it provides senior independent living apartments, homes for adults living with mental health challenges, apartments for individuals transitioning out of homelessness, and housing for families whose parents are completing their education. The 158-year-old Howard Center, a provider of mental health, developmental disability, and substance abuse services throughout the county, partners with Cathedral Square to offer supportive group housing.

The Committee on Temporary Shelter (COTS) was launched during the Sanders administration to serve people without homes. Today it provides 29 transitional single-resident rooms and one-bedroom apartments, a shelter for five families at three different locations, and a day station that offers hot lunches, showers, laundry facilities, workshops, job and housing counseling, and access to computers. In 1988, the nonprofit Housing Vermont began creating rental housing through partnerships with communities and the private sector. Like BCLT, it expanded its mission in response to need, redeveloping vacant and underused historic mixed-use buildings in Vermont’s downtowns, as well as providing equity investing, community development lending, and energy services. While its service area now extends to all of northern New England (as Evernorth), it still contributes to the pool of permanently affordable homes in the Old North End.

Many other organizations focus on supporting the health and safety of Old North End residents, including Feeding Chittenden, which operates a food shelf, a hot meal program, and a culinary job training program; Community Health Centers, which provides free or sliding-scale medical and dental care; and Vermont Legal Aid, which provides free assistance to those facing eviction, discrimination, bankruptcy, and other legal problems.

Low-income residents can access low-cost transportation through Everybody Bikes and Good News Garage, which refurbish and resell donated bicycles and cars. Pathways Vermont provides peer support for mental health challenges. Outright Vermont, a statewide organization supporting LGBTQ+ youth, is based in the neighborhood. Steps to End Domestic Violence provides shelter, a crisis line, legal advocacy, and education. The Sara Holbrook Community Center has provided a safe and educational space in the Old North End since 1937 with after-school care, summer camps, a teen drop-in center, a food pantry, and other programs.

Together these policies and organizations help ensure that Old North End residents can access not only housing but also food, health care, legal and financial assistance, emotional support, enrichment, and the sense of community that will help them overcome daily challenges and improve their prospects.

Putting People Before Profits

In the 1980s and 1990s, before the Old North End became attractive to outsiders, most of the housing was “naturally occurring affordable housing.” Typically this means older Class B and Class C multifamily rental properties with market-rate rents suitable for low- and moderate-income people. In the Old North End, this meant worker housing built in the previous century that was neither fancy nor up to date.

The majority of landlords were local residents who owned only a few properties (Quigley 2019). One exception was Stu McGowan, who became deeply attached to the Old North End after moving there in 1984 and wanted to help prevent displacement. As of 2019, McGowan owned 78 housing units in 31 properties in the Old North End, at a value of $10.4 million. He could make a tidy profit by selling to the outside investors who contact him at least once a week. They have run the numbers on Burlington’s housing shortage and the Old North End’s popularity, and discovered what McGowan already knows: he could also make a lot more money by raising rents.

But he hasn’t and he won’t. He has a strict policy against it, despite leaving about $100,000 on the table every year. His business model is highly unusual in a hot real estate market. He invests enough in his apartments to make them safe and clean—insulation, a new heating system, a fresh coat of paint—but not enough to force a substantial rent increase. Except for his large portfolio, McGowan’s ethic isn’t different from many other local landlords who invested in a few properties around their home and “took good care of them, but didn’t go overboard with any of it,” he said. “There’s a lot of conscientious landlords out there. And there’s two reasons: one, they want to do the right thing, and the other thing is, they don’t want to lose good tenants, because small landlords can’t deal with tenant turnover.”

Timing is everything. If McGowan had arrived in the Old North End 20 years later, he likely would not have become a local landlord to 78 households. His portfolio would almost certainly be in the hands of outside investors. He might not even have been able to afford to live there himself: “We bought a duplex back in ’89,” he explains. “We paid $130,000 for it. And it’s worth $750,000 now. I’m not poor, but I’m not rich yet. I could not afford the mortgage on this house right now if I had to buy it.”

Naturally occurring affordable housing depends on a cool market. And even when it’s owned by community-minded landlords like McGowan, it’s not permanent. It lasts only as long as the individual is committed to putting people before profits.

Was It Enough?

The Old North End appears to be growing and changing. Census data show that the population is more racially diverse, median incomes have grown, numbers of households below the poverty line shrank, and crime levels dipped. What’s harder to gauge is whether the lower poverty levels are a result of wealthier residents moving in or current residents enjoying more economic security.

Retired city planner David White, who served in that office for over two decades, has watched the demographic trends unfold. “Many young, idealistic folks with means are moving in,” he notes. “They can afford to acquire property.”

In fact, Census data also indicate an increasing educational level among Old North End residents. In 2010, 30 percent had a college degree; by 2016, that figure was 39 percent. According to White, college graduates are drawn to the neighborhood by the eclectic businesses and culture built by immigrants from Vietnam, Africa, Nepal, and other places, with both groups taking advantage of the opportunity they are finding in the neighborhood.

Has the decades-long effort to prevent displacement succeeded? Plenty of anecdotal evidence suggests that people are finding it more expensive to live there, but there’s no data indicating how many residents moved out because they were evicted or their rent was too high. Households relocate for many reasons other than financial, such as a change in family circumstance or a job opportunity. Because there is no authority systematically recording those reasons, it’s impossible to confirm whether the changing population is a result of displacement or choice.

What’s clear is that over 480 households in or next to the Old North End now have a vastly reduced risk of being forced out. If they rent an apartment owned by the Champlain Housing Trust, Cathedral Square, the Burlington Housing Authority, or Evernorth, their monthly rents are tied to their income. If they live in a shared-equity home, their odds of staying put or moving to a more expensive market-rate home are good.

A woman smiling in the doorway of a blue house
The shared-equity model has made it possible for residents like this Champlain Housing Trust homeowner to remain in the Old North End. Credit: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Champlain Housing Trust has evaluated how well it is meeting its goal of generating community and individual wealth. A 2003 study concluded that while the sellers of land trust homes earned less profit than they might with an unrestricted, market-rate home, it’s considerably better than the most likely alternative of renting, which yields no returns. Between 1988 and 2003, home sellers enjoyed an annualized rate of return of about 17 percent, recouping their original down payment and then realizing a net gain in equity.

A more recent study, looking at sales of 150 homes between 2016 and 2020, found the average equity gain to be $38,300. CHT has also found that shared-equity homeownership provides a bridge between renting and owning a market-rate home. Sixty-eight percent of those selling a shared-equity home buy their next home on the open market. The equity they’ve earned allows them to enter a market that was not available to them earlier, and offers the buyer of their land trust home the same.

Brian Pine has observed change in the Old North End from several perspectives. He joined the Community Economic Development Office fresh out of college in the 1980s, worked on housing issues there for decades, led a statewide affordable housing advocacy organization, represented the neighborhood as a city councilor, and is now the director of CEDO. He has watched his neighbors who bought land trust homes in the 1980s thrive, and he believes the high percentage of permanently affordable housing helped working-class residents remain if they chose to.

But for low- and moderate-income residents who do not already live in a permanently affordable home, the risk of displacement is higher. By 2000, the Burlington Community Land Trust had slowed its acquisition of properties in the Old North End as it expanded its reach into other neighborhoods. Its merger with the Lake Champlain Housing Development Corporation in 2005 brought an even greater geographic and programmatic scope. It now houses over 2,500 families in rental apartments and group homes throughout the three counties of northwestern Vermont. In the past few years, it has initiated projects to build an additional 560 units. Fifty-two families bought a land trust home in 2022 and others received no- or low-interest loans from CHT to make improvements to manufactured and farm labor housing.

Although the land trust continues to steward its properties in the Old North End, it is not producing new affordable housing there. The business model that worked for nonprofits in past decades doesn’t make sense with higher real estate prices and a shortage of buildable parcels. Despite the relatively high percentage of affordable units, there is not nearly enough. It’s still possible to move into a CHT apartment, but the waitlists are long and it takes approximately 15 months to get one.

So the answer to “has it been enough?” depends on who you talk to. The neighborhood is facing a housing shortage within a hot real estate market, gentrification is occurring, and basic housing and economic needs are still great (Jickling 2018). But the efforts that unfolded over decades made a huge difference for many individual people, transformed a neighborhood culture, and influenced the way local residents, city leaders, and state policymakers view their responsibilities related to displacement and affordability.

 


 

Julie Campoli is an urban designer, editor, and author who writes about urban form and the changing landscape. She is the author of Made for Walking: Density and Neighborhood Form (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 2012) and coauthor of Visualizing Density (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 2007).

Lead image: Old North End, Burlington, Vermont. Source: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

 

REFERENCES

Davis, John Emmeus, ed. 1990. Building the Progressive City: Third Sector Housing in Burlington. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Freddie Mac. 2022. “Spotlight on Underserved Markets: Affordable Housing in High-Opportunity Areas.” Washington, DC: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

Jickling, Katie. 2018. “Ready or Not: Is Gentrification Inevitable in Burlington’s Old North End?Seven Days. January 17.

Libby, James M. Jr. 2006. “The Policy Basis Behind Permanently Affordable Housing: A Cornerstone of Vermont’s Housing Policy Since 1987.” Montpelier, Vermont: Vermont Housing and Conservation Board.

Opportunity Insights. “Neighborhoods Matter: Children’s Lives Are Shaped by the Neighborhoods They Grow Up In.” Online research collection. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.

Quigley, Aidan. 2019. “Who Owns Burlington? The Largest Holdings Are in the Hands of a Few.” VTDigger. November 3.

Torpy, Brenda. 2015. “Champlain Housing Trust.” Case study. Center for Community Land Trust Innovation.

Other Events

2023 Journalists Forum

November 17, 2023 - November 18, 2023

Cambridge, MA United States

Offered in English

The Lincoln Institute’s 2023 Journalists Forum, held November 17–18 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, explored innovations in housing affordability. Access to affordable housing has become a central issue of our times, with overburdened renters, yawning gaps in ownership rates between minority and white households, and a demand for housing that far outstrips the supply. Journalists covering housing were invited to step back and consider the often-underreported fundamental elements driving the affordability crisis, especially as they relate to land use management and fiscal and financial systems. Over the course of two days, participants explored current policy interventions, innovative solutions, and emergent debates that go to the root causes of the current housing crisis. The Journalist Forum resources are available as an online library.

Media Coverage

Welcome and Opening

Friday, November 17

Speakers

  • George W. “Mac” McCarthy, CEO and president, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Monté Foster, retail market president New England, TD Bank
  • Keynote: Arthur Jemison, director, Boston Planning & Development Agency

Setting the Stage with an Interactive Discussion: State of the Nation’s Housing

Speakers

  • Daniel McCue, Joint Center for Housing Studies

Further Reading

Interventions: Zoning Reform

As more states from California to Connecticut pursue statewide zoning reform and face backlash by local governments seeking to retain control over land use, it is important to explore: What are the challenges facing states that seek to implement statewide land use reform? What do we know about the effects of changing land use regulations on housing supply and housing prices? When can we realistically expect to observe the results of these policies on the ground?

Speakers

  • Jessie Grogan, associate director, Reduced Poverty and Spatial Inequality, Lincoln Institute
  • Patrick Condon, University of British Columbia
  • Jenny Schuetz, Brookings Institution
  • David Garcia, Terner Center at UC Berkeley
  • Journalist moderator: Diana Lind 

Further Reading

Interventions II: Tax Policy

Cities are considering the effects of their tax systems on housing affordability. In Detroit, a land value tax has been proposed to lower residential taxes and encourage development. A well-functioning property tax based on market value might play a similar role in other jurisdictions. The design of property tax relief programs and homestead exemptions also has important implications for affordability.

Speakers

  • Jay Rising, chief financial officer, City of Detroit
  • Nick Allen, MIT
  • Joan Youngman, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Ron Rakow, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Journalist moderator: Liam Dillon 

Further Reading

Interventions III: Institutional Investors

Private sector actors are purchasing residential properties at significant rates, especially in cities with traditionally weak real estate markets. Affordable housing advocates seek to analyze who is buying up local properties, when, where, and over what period, to inform a series of real estate, capital, and other interventions. This session looks at attempts to manage institutional investors who are buying, flipping, or charging often-high rents for properties in legacy cities and elsewhere, using data available through new mapping tools; with special attention to the case study of Cincinnati, where bond financing was used to purchase nearly 200 fixer-uppers, outbidding outside investors.

Speakers

  • Aftab Pureval, Mayor of Cincinnati (on video)
  • Robert J. McGrail, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Jeff Allenby, Center for Geospatial Solutions, “Who Owns America” initiative
  • David Howard, CEO, National Rental Home Council
  • Journalist moderator: Loren Berlin 

Further Reading

 

Welcome and Opening

Saturday, November 18

 

Speakers

  • Chris Herbert, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University

State of the Nation’s Housing Design

Speakers

  • Dan D’Oca, Harvard University Graduate School of Design–Joint Center for Housing Studies

Innovations in Financing

After the Community Reinvestment Act and the financial crisis of 2008, a reset has been in the works for both individuals and neighborhoods to access capital, to help close the racial homeownership gap. Should homeownership be so actively encouraged? Will tweaks to the home financing system really have impact? What role can mortgage markets play in facilitating access to housing for households with lower incomes?

Speakers

  • Jim Gray, senior fellow, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Underserved Mortgage Markets Coalition and Innovations in Manufactured Homes Network (I’m HOME) program
  • Chrystal Kornegay, MassHousing
  • Majurial (MJ) Watkins, community mortgage sales manager, TD Bank
  • Chris Herbert, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University
  • Journalist moderator: Chris Arnold 

Further Reading

Proposals and Provocations: A Discussion with the Lincoln Institute

This session synthesizes the approaches the Lincoln Institute is currently taking to help address the housing affordability crisis in the United States. Lincoln Institute staff present key ideas of our work at the intersection of land and housing, and provoke a conversation by asking the audience: What will it take to cover these issues? How do we make them accessible to large and diverse audiences? What topics or angles might be missing in our work?

Speakers

  • Equity and Opportunity for Affordable Housing—Jessie Grogan and Semida Munteanu
  • The Federal Government’s Role: Underserved Mortgage Markets Coalition, I’m HOME (manufactured homes)—Arica Young
  • Capital Absorption as a Platform in Housing for Racial Equity and Health—Omar Carrillo Tinajero, director of partnerships and initiatives, Center for Community Investment
  • Greening Without Displacement—Amy Cotter, director, Climate Strategies
  • Moderator: David Luberoff, Joint Center for Housing Studies

Further Reading

Practicing the Craft

Traditional concluding roundtable of journalists talking about the challenges of covering housing; looking ahead to new frameworks and narratives, storytelling methods, and better use of data and graphics.

Facilitators

  • Paige Carlson-Heim, TD Charitable Foundation
  • Shelley Silva, TD Bank
  • Anthony Flint, Lincoln Institute

Details

Date
November 17, 2023 - November 18, 2023
Location
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
113 Brattle Street
Cambridge, MA United States
Language
English

Keywords

Community Development, Housing, Land Banking, Land Trusts, Land Use, Land Use Planning, Land Value, Land Value Taxation, Land-Based Tax, Local Government, Mapping, Planning, Property Taxation, Reuse of Urban Land, Spatial Mismatch, Stakeholders, Sustainable Development, Transport Oriented Development, Urban Design, Urban Development, Urban Revitalization

Fellowships

China Program International Fellowship 2024-25

Submission Deadline: November 30, 2023 at 11:59 PM

The Lincoln Institute’s China program invites applications for the annual International Fellowship Program. The program seeks applications from academic researchers working on the following topics in China:  

  • Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the future of cities; 
  • Climate change and cities; 
  • Urban development trends and patterns; 
  • Urban regeneration; 
  • Municipal finance and land value capture; 
  • Land policies; 
  • Housing policies; 
  • Urban environment and health; and 
  • Land and water conservation. 

The fellowship aims to promote international scholarly dialogue on China’s urban development and land policy, and to further the Lincoln Institute’s objective to advance land policy solutions to economic, social, and environmental challenges. The fellowship is provided to scholars who are based outside mainland China. Visit the website of the Peking University–Lincoln Institute Center for Urban Development and Land Policy (Beijing) to learn about a separate fellowship for scholars based in mainland China.  

Application period: September 29 to November 30, 2023, 11:59 p.m. EST. 


Details

Submission Deadline
November 30, 2023 at 11:59 PM


Downloads

Buildings and blue sky in a New England town

Four New Projects Will Use Scenario Planning to Explore Housing Affordability

By Jon Gorey, August 10, 2023

 

New England’s “Knowledge Corridor,” a ribbon of college towns and legacy cities running through the Connecticut River Valley of Connecticut and Massachusetts, is home to more than 200,000 students. As enrollments have risen at the region’s 42 colleges and universities—including Amherst College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Smith College, University of Connecticut, and Yale University—housing development hasn’t kept pace, and has mostly been confined to single-family homes. That’s pushed rents and home prices past the bounds of affordability for many of the region’s residents, especially seniors and low-income families, and put students and residents in competition for available housing. 

In rural Hatfield, Massachusetts, for example, residents have opted to preserve the town’s pastoral landscape, but that means the community’s aging population has few affordable options for downsizing; the only age-restricted affordable housing complex in town has 44 one-bedroom units, and nearly 10 times that many seniors on its waiting list. And in nearby Amherst, where nearly 60 percent of the town’s 39,000 residents are students, and more than half the land is protected from development, young families have had a harder time finding an affordable place to live: despite a rising population, the number of adults aged 25–44 plunged by 45 percent between 1990 and 2010.

In what has become a familiar narrative, residents seem to acknowledge the need for more housing—and even embrace smart-growth concepts that would contain sprawl—but many still instinctively push back when their communities try to loosen zoning and encourage density. 

To help residents and planners learn from each other, share their visions for their communities, and identify some acceptable parameters of change, Camille Barchers, an assistant professor at University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Janelle Franklin, assistant planner for the town of Hatfield, are designing a series of exploratory scenario planning workshops this fall. Members of each community will be invited to participate in a role-playing simulation, where they can change zoning rules or locate different housing types on a map and consider the varied impacts. 

“We want to provide an opportunity for folks to think creatively about what changes could be made to their local zoning that minimize tradeoffs between the conservation of land and rural character and providing affordable housing,” Barchers says. “We’re hoping that, after participating in the workshop, community members might see a variety of futures that align with their visions of the community.” 

The project is one of four selected for support by the Lincoln Institute’s Consortium for Scenario Planning (CSP) in response to an RFP issued in January. Each project will use exploratory scenario planning to address housing affordability challenges in communities from San Diego to Pittsburgh. The awardees will describe their work in February 2024 at the annual Consortium for Scenario Planning conference in Portland, Oregon.

“Housing availability and affordability are issues that unite communities large and small across the United States. Many of these communities have already begun the difficult work of resolving these problems, but we at the Lincoln Institute are interested in seeing how scenario planning, a type of community vision process, can offer unique solutions,” says Ryan Handy, policy analyst at the Lincoln Institute. “Exploratory scenario planning in particular can bring diverse voices, lived experiences, and community buy-in to planning processes that have often struggled to be inclusive and meet a variety of needs.” 

In addition to the exploratory scenario planning workshops that Barchers and Franklin will design and conduct in the towns of Amherst and Hatfield, Massachusetts—two in each community—CSP selected three other proposals:

  • Cascadia Partners, a Portland, Oregon–based consulting firm, will design a housing choices game that uses exploratory scenario planning to guide planning practitioners, elected officials, municipal staff, and residents through discussions about housing solutions and tools. 
  • Evolve Environment and Architecture, a Pittsburgh-based consulting firm, will conduct two exploratory scenario planning workshops in Pittsburgh’s Triboro Ecodistrict—home to the cities of Millvale, Sharpsburg, and Etna—and develop a scenario planning toolkit based on the workshops. 
  • Marcel Sanchez Prieto and Adriana Cuellar, associate professors at the University of San Diego, along with Tyler Hanson, adjunct faculty member at Woodbury University, and Kalin Cannady, principal of architecture practice KCA&D, will use a series of exploratory scenario planning workshops in San Diego to explore housing solutions, such as community-based developers, tax incentives, loan strategies, affordable housing mandates, and zoning changes.  

All of the projects, which will be completed by May 2024, were selected through an RFP issued annually by the Consortium for Scenario Planning. Past projects have focused on changing food systems (2022), climate strategies (2021), and equity and low-growth scenarios (2020).    

To learn more about all Lincoln Institute RFPs, fellowships, and research opportunities, visit the research and data section of our website.  

 


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Amherst, Massachusetts. Credit: Denis Tangney Jr. via iStock/Getty Images Plus.

 

Housing
A color-coded property map

Who Owns America: The Geospatial Mapping Technology That Could Help Cities Beat Predatory Investors at Their Own Game

By Jon Gorey, July 18, 2023

With sophisticated market research powered by prodigious profits, corporate real estate investors have long had the upper hand over vulnerable homeowners and the groups trying to protect them.

Investors can identify distressed homes in otherwise gentrifying neighborhoods, snap them up at a discount, and leave them empty for years waiting for nearby home values to rise. They can target longtime, elderly homeowners who may need to sell at a discount. And with plenty of cash on hand—and a new playbook that includes renting out houses rather than just flipping them—they can outbid individual homebuyers as they turn bedrooms into balance sheet items.

Now, a new data mapping tool from the Lincoln Institute’s Center for Geospatial Solutions (CGS) can help equip nonprofits, advocates, and local governments with similarly powerful technology to help identify and defend affordable housing stock threatened by real estate speculators and absentee landlords.

“It’s a very uneven playing field between private investors, who have the capital and are willing to invest the capital to get this market intelligence, and nonprofits that are struggling to keep the doors open, let alone invest in platforms like this,” says Jeff Allenby, CGS director of Geospatial Technology. “What you see is governments and nonprofits continuously trying to play catch up.”

Down-to-the-Parcel Data

In the wake of the Great Recession, corporations increasingly started purchasing and then renting out not just apartment buildings, but also single-family homes—especially in Sun Belt metro areas and postindustrial legacy cities, where rents remained stable despite lower property prices. Often, that’s had a cascade of negative impacts on low-income communities.

For one thing, it leaves more renters dealing with absentee corporate landlords, who can be quick to force an eviction and raise rents, but slow to fix a leaky roof or resolve code violations. It also reduces the supply of affordable housing stock available to would-be homebuyers, robbing local renters of opportunity.

In Baltimore’s Harlem Park neighborhood, for example, just 53 of the 464 homes sold since 2017—12 percent—were purchased by owner occupants. In 2022, one of every five homes sold in the neighborhood (19.2 percent) was purchased by an out-of-state business, and nearly half were bought by in-state corporations with multiple-property portfolios.

Rowhouses in Baltimore, Maryland
Rowhouses in Baltimore’s Harlem Park neighborhood slated for demolition in 2018 as part of an urban redevelopment effort by the city. The area has now become a target for institutional investors seeking to convert housing into rental properties. Credit: Baltimore Heritage via Flickr CC BY 2.0.

“You just saw this backfill of corporate ownership come into this neighborhood, and it’s going to take years to come back from that,” Allenby says. Where real estate investors once focused on flipping houses for a quick buck, they now see rental properties as a long-term moneymaker. “These houses are just gone, likely in perpetuity, from a homeownership perspective.”

This grim, granular data is courtesy of a CGS initiative called “Who Owns America?” Starting with Baltimore, CGS used a variety of public data sources to map every parcel in the city by its ownership characteristics, cross-checking postal information with deeds and other records to distinguish owner-occupied properties from those owned by private landlords and large or out-of-state businesses.

After coding city-owned residential parcels, Allenby explains, CGS filters for all properties where the owner’s mailing address doesn’t match the physical address—meaning it isn’t owner-occupied. After that, CGS can differentiate between private, off-site owners—local “mom-and-pop” landlords who may own one or two properties, for example—and more formal corporations, checking the names against a series of business-related keywords and acronyms, such as LLC, LLP, incorporated, and so on. Further filtering reveals whether a business is based in or out of state, and whether it owns multiple properties in the city.

The resulting color-coded maps make it clear where owner occupancy is more prevalent and where corporate landlords are most active. Empowered with this intuitive, down-to-the-parcel data, communities can identify housing stock likely to be targeted by speculators. Then they can take steps to defend (or even reclaim) affordable housing before it’s lost to corporate ownership.

The Right to Fight Back 

One policy cities can employ to thwart predatory investors is a right of first refusal rule, which gives tenants the option to purchase their home before it’s sold to a corporation. Knowing where such investors are active can help community leaders support the rollout of such a program with more targeted public outreach, says Senior Research Fellow Robert “R.J.” McGrail, director of the Lincoln Institute’s Accelerating Community Investment initiative.

“That’s the neighborhood you do flyers in, where you have some community organization go knock on doors to tell people, ‘Just so you know, if the out-of-state company that you write your rent check to ever sells your house, you have the first chance to buy it,’” McGrail says. “The ‘just-so-you-know’ conversation can be incredibly agency building and empowering for an individual, in a way that I think is another downstream potential benefit from this tool.”

Allenby is quick to point out that the formalization of property ownership isn’t in itself a bad thing. For example, if a local landlord dies and his children inherit his three rental properties and put them all into an LLC, that doesn’t fundamentally alter the local real estate landscape. And true investment—companies that buy vacant, dilapidated buildings, restore them to good condition, and get them back into the housing market—is almost always welcome.

“Investor owner doesn’t necessarily mean bad owner,” McGrail agrees. But by overlapping additional layers of parcel-level datasets, CGS can provide more context and reveal bad actors. For example, mapping where corporate ownership coincides with code violations—reports of broken deck railings, lack of heat, leaky toilets, and so on—“tells a dramatically more nuanced, useful story around what is happening and what to do about it,” he says.

In that case, McGrail notes, mapping might offer chronically understaffed inspectional departments a better way to prioritize their code enforcement. Similarly, layering vacancy data over out-of-state ownership maps can inform discussions around land use policies such as a split-rate tax.

“So many times, policy discussions happen in a vacuum of data,” Allenby says. “You’re talking about theoreticals, abstract numbers, abstract concepts, and you don’t really have a good handle on the scale of the issue that you’re talking about. And these tools allow you to frame that conversation very specifically.”

Beyond Baltimore 

CGS can provide a granular data map customized to an organization’s or community’s needs in just a couple of weeks, Allenby says. And it’s not just a tool for cities. CGS has also mapped the entire state of Massachusetts for a housing nonprofit, and is currently documenting timberland ownership across Alabama.

CGS also partnered with the International Land Conservation Network to combine the research of multiple conservation organizations in search of “Consensus Landscapes”—areas that meet not just one conservation priority, such as biodiversity, habitat connectivity, or carbon storage potential, but many such goals, all at once. The goal of this collaborative mapping framework, according to CGS, is to identify “places that everyone can agree are important, and should be the immediate focus of collective conservation efforts” as the United States works to protect 30 percent of its land by 2030.

Map of US conservation land priorities

The Center for Geospatial Solutions created a framework for mapping “consensus landscapes” by assessing and integrating the research of several conservation organizations. Credit: Center for Geospatial Solutions.

Jim Gray, senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute, is now working with CGS to study ownership trends among manufactured housing communities, which have also garnered the attention of real estate investors in recent years for their relatively low costs and reliable rents. Gray calls CGS’s work “invaluable” for its ability to transform a largely anecdotal challenge into real data.

“Knowing the extent of the problem, who is responsible, and where the problem is most acute will help inform and target which communities need to prioritize preserving this affordable housing stock, and how to go about that,” he says.

To learn more or to work with the Center for Geospatial Solutions, visit the CGS website or contact cgs@lincolninst.edu.


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: This Center for Geospatial Solutions image combines spatial analysis with land parcel data to illustrate different types of property ownership, part of a project intended to help communities better understand how institutional investors are affecting local land markets. Credit: Center for Geospatial Solutions.

Fellowships

Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático

Submission Deadline: September 17, 2023 at 11:59 PM

El Lincoln Institute of Land Policy convoca a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar del concurso “Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático”, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. El premio está dedicado a la memoria de Tim Lopes, periodista brasileño asesinado mientras hacía investigación para un reportaje sobre las favelas de Rio de Janeiro. 

Convocamos a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar de este concurso, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. Recibimos postulaciones para el premio hasta el 17 de septiembre de 2023. Para ver detalles sobre la convocatoria vea el botón "Guía/Guide" o el archivo a continuación titulado "Guía/Guide".


Details

Submission Deadline
September 17, 2023 at 11:59 PM


Downloads


Keywords

Adaptation, BRT, Bus Rapid Transit, Climate Mitigation, Community Development, Community Land Trusts, Conservation, Development, Dispute Resolution, Eminent Domain, Environment, Favela, Growth Management, Housing, Inequality, Informal Land Markets, Infrastructure, Land Reform, Land Speculation, Land Use, Land Use Planning, Land Value, Land Value Taxation, Local Government, Municipal Fiscal Health, Natural Resources, Planning, Poverty, Public Finance, Public Policy, Resilience, Security of Tenure, Segregation, Slum, Stakeholders, Sustainable Development, Transport Oriented Development, Transportation, Urban Development, Urban Revitalization, Urban Sprawl, Urban Upgrading and Regularization, Urbanism, Value Capture, Water, Water Planning, Zoning

Rendering of apartment building in Kingston

Finding Common Ground: Land Trusts and CLTs Explore New Collaborations

By Audrea Lim, July 10, 2023

 

In his three decades leading the Scenic Hudson Land Trust, Steve Rosenberg saw waves of people moving from cities to the Hudson Valley following major events: 9/11, Hurricanes Sandy and Irene, even Chelsea Clinton’s wedding in Rhinebeck. So when another wave arrived during COVID-19, part of the great migration of urban office workers to rural America, it wasn’t exactly novel.

But this time, things were different in the Hudson Valley, which runs along the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. Land and real estate prices were skyrocketing, due to the influx of new residents and the broader pressures of the market. In the region’s cities and villages, gentrification had begun sweeping areas long marred by disinvestment, displacing low-income residents, posing a threat to Black and Brown communities, and making it hard to preserve and create affordable housing.

This “intense pressure on the land,” Rosenberg says, was also making the job of conservation harder. Just a decade earlier, land trusts could more easily assemble three or four parcels of land to create a contiguous protected area that would help preserve wildlife habitat and build climate resilience. Now it would take 10 or 12 purchases to assemble a comparable amount of acreage, and conservation groups were more frequently being outbid. As they vied with outside buyers for land, the region’s conservation and housing organizations faced similar challenges, and some began to wonder if they could accomplish more by working together. At the same time, some conservation organizations, prompted largely by the Black Lives Matter movement, were exploring how they might better address racial justice, public health, and climate equity as part of a more community-centered type of land conservation. But housing and conservation groups also seemed to exist in parallel worlds, with different missions, goals, funding models, and governance structures.

Still, Rosenberg saw potential. When he retired from Scenic Hudson in 2021, he teamed up with Rebecca Gilman Crimmins, a Hudson Valley native and affordable housing professional in New York City, to convene a working group of five conservation land trusts and five affordable housing organizations in the region. The groups began learning about each other’s work, identifying where that work intersects, and mapping potential places where they might partner. They combined census, biodiversity, and climate data with their knowledge about local officials, planning policies, and land use regulations. “Healthy communities need to have both” open space and affordable housing, Rosenberg said. “They shouldn’t be seen as mutually exclusive or in opposition to one another.”

As real estate prices spike, the climate unravels, and America undergoes a racial reckoning, conservation and affordable housing groups are beginning to explore how they can work together. In 2022, the Lincoln Institute convened practitioners and advocates, including Rosenberg and Crimmins, to discuss the potential for collaboration by conservation land trusts and community land trusts. Through a series of virtual and in-person discussions supported by the 1772 Foundation, participants from national, regional, and local groups explored the barriers that have gotten in the way of partnership—and the opportunities ahead.

Shared Concerns, Separate Roots

America’s first conservation land trust, The Trustees of Reservations, was dreamed up in the late 1800s by landscape architect Charles Eliot, whose father was president of Harvard. Eliot saw the nation’s cities yellowing with industrial pollution, and envisioned wild green pockets of open space in every city and town. The state enabled The Trustees to begin acquiring and protecting land in 1891. Today, America has 1,281 land trusts that have protected more than 61 million acres. Mostly operating in rural and suburban settings and often run by volunteers, land trusts protect wildlife habitats, critical ecosystems, and natural, historical, and cultural sites by buying and managing parcels outright or by holding conservation easements—voluntary legal agreements with landowners that limit development and other defined uses on a property.

Community land trusts (CLTs), by contrast, have more recent beginnings. In 1969, a group of civil rights activists led by Charles Sherrod set out to build collective wealth and power among Black farmers in southwest Georgia. They created New Communities, an undertaking that combined community ownership of land with individual homeownership, serving as a model for today’s CLTs. The organization was forced to foreclose on its land in 1985, after the USDA’s discriminatory practices deprived it of crucial grants and aid in the wake of a devastating drought. But it’s still operating as an educational organization, and it ignited a movement: today there are more than 300 CLTs in the country. CLTs are still oriented toward serving marginalized communities, and typically own land while giving individuals the opportunity to own the homes and businesses on top. Despite their rural origins, most CLTs now focus on providing permanently affordable housing in urban settings.

Charles Sherrod (right)
Charles Sherrod, right, canvassing for SNCC in 1963. Sherrod would later cofound New Communities, which inspired the nation’s community land trust (CLT) movement. Credit: Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University.

These distinct origins have led to an array of differences, as Katie Michels and David Hindin describe in a working paper prepared for the Lincoln Institute convening. Land trusts have tended to focus on and be led by wealthier, whiter, and more rural constituencies, while CLTs are more often geared to and governed by people of color. The resources available to the groups are also different.

“Compared to CLTs, land trusts may be wealthier organizations with greater access to political power and financial resources,” Hindin and Michels write, noting that public and private funding is usually dedicated to conservation or housing, but not both. Because both groups need land to fulfill their mission, they add, “some local conservation and community land trusts have had negative experiences with each other and may view the other as competitors.”

But that’s beginning to change. “We’re starting to see some conservation land trusts and CLTs really trying to figure out how to work together,” said Beth Sorce, vice president of sector growth at Grounded Solutions Network, a national nonprofit that promotes affordable housing solutions and grew out of a network of CLTs. As cities metastasize and affordable parcels grow scarce, conservation and affordable housing organizations are beginning to see past their differences, says Sorce, who participated in the Lincoln Institute convening: “We have a common goal of a really healthy, livable place. Maybe instead of everyone trying to acquire land individually, we could work together to figure out how to do this in a way that makes our community green.”

Land trusts across the country “are providing so many benefits to our environment and to people’s lives and well-being,” said Forrest King-Cortes, director of community-centered conservation at the Land Trust Alliance (LTA), a national coalition of conservation land trusts. LTA hired King-Cortes—who also participated in the Lincoln Institute convening—to lead its efforts to put people at the center of conservation work, and he sees “more opportunity to have dialogue with other movements like the affordable housing movement.”

As these conversations continue, participants are identifying many possible forms of collaboration, from exchanging ideas and information to jointly pushing for policy reform. In some cases, groups are taking action on the ground. In Ohio, the Western Reserve Land Conservancy, which has long worked with local land banks to acquire properties for public green space, is beginning to partner with CLTs on community-led, joint planning that will include affordable housing. On Mount Desert Island in Maine, where housing constraints and costs lead 54 percent of workers to live off-island, the Island Housing Trust, a CLT, is partnering with the Maine Coast Heritage Trust on a 60-acre project that combines wetland conservation with the development of affordable workforce housing. And in a rapidly developing, predominantly Black suburb of Seattle, the Homestead Community Land Trust and community-led Skyway Coalition are partnering with the support of the Community Land Conservancy to protect affordability and green space as they stave off gentrification.

US map of land trust and CLT collaborations

A Collaborative Model in Athens, Georgia

While conservation and affordable housing advocates explore opportunities for collaboration, they can learn from organizations that have built both goals into their mission. The Athens Land Trust is considered by many to be the shining light at the intersection of these worlds.

Athens (Ga) Land Trust homeowners
Athens Land Trust homeowners. The organization operates as both a land trust and a CLT. Credit: Athens Land Trust.

In the early 1990s, Nancy Stangle and Skipper StipeMaas were developing a rural intentional community, Kenney Ridge, on 132 acres in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia—about 200 miles north of Albany, where the CLT movement was born. The plan was for Kenney Ridge to consist of private lots for homeowners, a community farmhouse and gardens, and common, conserved open space. But as they laid out the development, they realized that setting aside more land for conservation also made the private lots more expensive, because the costs of building roads, water lines, and sewer lines were divided between the lots, and more conservation amounted to fewer lots—and fewer lot owners to bear the costs. “They were seeing this tension between environmental-type development and affordability,” said Heather Benham, the Athens Land Trust’s executive director. And it was pricing out some of their friends.

Around this time, Stangle was taking her kids to the zoo in Atlanta when her car broke down. A woman pulled over and offered to take Stangle to her office, where she could use the phone. The woman worked at a community land trust, the Cabbagetown Revitalization and Future Trust. After reading up on the CLT model, Stangle and StipeMaas decided to create an organization that would function as both a land trust and a CLT, and the Athens Land Trust was born.

For the first few years, the Athens Land Trust functioned mostly as a conservation land trust. Then in 1999, one of its board members bought a vacant lot in a historically Black neighborhood of Athens and donated it to the group. The local government provided an affordable housing grant, and the organization built its first house.

The two wings of the organization continued to grow—the trust came to hold over 20,695 acres of conservation easements, from farms outside Athens to pine plantations and mountains in north Georgia, and it built and rehabbed homes inside the city—but they remained practically separate. “Basically, when we answered the phone, it was pretty clear if somebody was calling for one thing or the other,” said Benham. The callers were typically either low-income Black families interested in housing, or white farmers wanting to protect land they had owned for generations.

In the early 2000s, these parallel strands of work began to intersect. A board member mentioned that drug activity was taking place on a vacant lot in their neighborhood. Could the land trust turn it into a community garden?

“It didn’t seem like such a far leap to do gardens when you’re protecting farms,” said Benham. “That became a project, and then it just kept growing.” Other neighborhoods began reaching out about starting similar projects. The group partnered with the local university to create a network of community gardens, and an urban farm where neighbors could grow food to sell, supplementing their income. A USDA grant provided funds, and the city also offered some land. To maximize the community’s benefit from the land, the Athens Land Trust began running gardening classes and farm workdays, youth programming around agricultural skills, and a farmers market in a low-income Black neighborhood. These activities support the Athens Land Trust’s goals of fostering economic development and community empowerment, Benham says. “The economic opportunity around the farmers market and the small business development,” she says, weaves the parcels into the “neighborhood ecosystem and economy.”

Athens Land Trust Youth Conservation Stewards
As part of its community-building work, the Athens Land Trust operates youth programming including the Youth Conservation Stewards. Credit: Athens Land Trust.

Where Conservation and Justice Meet

As the urban work of the Athens Land Trust grew, its leaders began applying an equity lens to their rural conservation work too, identifying populations underserved by previous efforts to protect farmland. In April 2023, the land trust was close to reaching a deal for the first conservation easement on a Black-owned farm in Georgia. Throughout the United States, 97 percent of farms and 94 percent of farm acreage belongs to white farmers. Many Black landowners lack clear title—a legacy of unjust property inheritance rules—and are unable to donate or sell easements on their land, while those who have fought to gain clear title may be understandably hesitant to sign over any rights. Benham adds that the scoring mechanisms used by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service to determine whether to conserve a parcel tend to favor farms located on prime agricultural soils. “Well, surprise, surprise—most Black farmers didn’t get the most prime lands,” she notes.

Benham believes the Athens Land Trust has managed to straddle both worlds because its fundamental goal is to give the community control over lands and development. Eschewing tunnel vision toward either housing or conservation, the trust and other similarly minded organizations “might have more shared framework, vocabulary, practices, and ways of engaging” with the environmental justice movement than conservation land trusts do, she said.

That’s reflected in philanthropy too: the funders who seem to understand how the trust’s conservation and housing work align are the ones who recognize their environmental justice–like “sustainability work in low-income neighborhoods.”

In the South Bronx, New York, a community land trust launched in 2020 operates with a similar hybrid model, working to preserve housing affordability and protect open space, including the neighborhood’s network of community gardens. The South Bronx Community Land and Resource Trust grew from the work of local community development corporation Nos Quedamos (We Stay), which started in the 1990s as grassroots resistance to an urban renewal plan that would have displaced a low-income, mostly Latino community. Committed to “development without displacement”—development driven and controlled by the community—Nos Quedamos now has a portfolio of affordable housing. It launched the CLT to “create and support a healthier community by bringing into balance land use, affordability, accessibility to services and open space, environmental sustainability and resilience, community scale and character.” It is designed to be a centralized, community-owned entity.

Nos Quedamos volunteers, South Bronx
Volunteers with Nos Quedamos, a community development corporation in the South Bronx that recently launched a CLT. Credit: Imani Cenac/Nos Quedamos.

Julia Duranti-Martínez, who works with CLTs at the national community development organization LISC and is a board member on the East Harlem/El Barrio CLT in New York City, recommends that conversations about collaboration “defer to the groups who come out of environmental justice organizing.” In a real estate market where land is expensive and scarce, housing and conservation group vie for parcels, and new parks are often seen as harbingers of gentrification, the community development projects that have navigated these tensions most successfully have been driven by the same fundamental goal as the environmental justice movement, she says: ensuring that “Black, Indigenous, and communities of color are really the ones in a decision-making role.”

Duranti-Martínez adds that the framework of CLTs has historically shared more in common with environmental justice groups than with the conservation movement. “They are promoting these community stewardship models not in opposition to affordable housing,” she said, but simply because “a healthy community” has “all kinds of different spaces: dignified and affordable housing, affordable commercial space, green space, and community and cultural spaces.”

Moving Forward

Despite promising ideas for collaboration and enthusiasm for these initiatives, ideological and cultural hurdles remain. Success, for land trusts, has historically been measured in the number of acres protected and dollars leveraged, but these conventional measures “don’t really capture the full impact” of smaller or more complex projects, said Michels. Protecting green space and building housing on five acres could take the same time, effort, and resources as conserving 10,000 rural acres, she notes, which means there are some ideological frameworks on the conservation side that have to shift.

Potential collaborators also need to proceed purposefully and thoughtfully; meaningful and inclusive community engagement will be key to the success of combining affordable housing and open space goals, say many involved in this work, whether that effort is happening inside a single organization or as part of a collaboration between groups. “Conservation has a lot to learn about building community stakeholders in as decision-makers within our organizations,” says King-Cortes of LTA. Despite growing interest in broadening the movement’s work, “many of us are not ready, I would say, to jump into partnership with affordable housing groups until we’ve done our homework: until we’ve learned about the roots of the affordable housing movement, the ties to the civil rights movement.”

Yet conservation groups also have a wealth of resources and expertise to offer. For CLTs, “by far the biggest inhibitor to being able to scale is access to land and money,” said Sorce of Grounded Solutions Network. Partnerships often help fill that gap, and conservation groups could help with this too. “They could team up to acquire a larger parcel, some of which is going to be conservation, some of which is going to be housing.”

In fact, this kind of partnership could benefit both sectors. “Everyone’s struggling to fundraise,” said King-Cortes. “Everyone’s trying to make the most of what we’ve got. But by working together on planning, I think both movements can get more done and maximize resources.”

Succeeding at that will take some effort, because most funding for conservation and housing has historically been separate, as Michels and Hindin noted. “All of the public policy-supported programs and funding are totally siloed,” Rosenberg confirmed. A housing group that wants to build a development with trails, parks, or community gardens can typically only get funding to build the housing, while on the flip side, conservation groups can’t get funding to do anything besides conserve land.

However, there are exceptions to that rule. In Vermont, housing and conservation groups organized in 1987 to create a single public funding source, the Vermont Housing and Conservation Trust Fund, administered by the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board (VHCB). Michels, who worked at VHCB for several years, says it demonstrates a potential model for collaboration. It has nurtured relationships and understanding between the two communities, and both practitioners and policymakers have come to see the dual goals as complementary, not competitive—reinforcing an almost 100-year-old land use tradition of compact settlement surrounded by a working landscape.

Every year, a coalition of affordable housing and conservation groups lobbies the state legislature for VHCB funding. The result is “a lot of relationship building across those communities of practice, and they each know what the other is working on,” Michels said. VHCB has invested in projects with both elements in many towns, ensuring that affordable housing and open space are both available. “There’s a version of collaboration that doesn’t involve working together on a single parcel,” but pulling for the same outcomes, Michels said; when an opportunity does present itself on one parcel, it is widely embraced.

Wentworth Housing, White River Junction, Vermont
With funds including a bond administered by the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board, Twin Pines Housing Trust built an energy-efficient, mixed-income housing complex in White River Junction, Vermont, that includes community gardens and transit access. Credit: Twin Pines Housing Trust.

Back in the Hudson Valley, Rosenberg’s working group is also eyeing Massachusetts’ Community Preservation Act as a model. Voters in Massachusetts can opt for their municipality to apply a surcharge on property taxes, which can then be used to fund conservation, affordable housing, outdoor recreation, and historic preservation. New York’s legislature has authorized some municipalities to vote for a local real estate transfer fee to create a community preservation fund, but the proceeds can only support conservation, not housing.

Identifying policy reforms that could help accomplish its work and agreeing on a statement of shared purpose have been priorities for the Hudson Valley group, which has continued its explorations with support from Regional Plan Association, the project’s fiscal sponsor, and the Consensus Building Institute. “There are actually some collaborations that are already beginning,” said Rosenberg. The Kingston Land Trust, which has been studying and promoting the community land trust model since 2017, has partnered with the regional affordable housing group RUPCO to launch a CLT as part of its Land for Homes initiative. The organization also worked with graduate students at Columbia University and Bard College to develop a regional housing vision and a guide for collaboration between conservation and housing groups. The Chatham, New York–based Columbia Land Conservancy, meanwhile, is serving as the fiscal sponsor for another new CLT.

And within the working group, one of the conservation land trusts identified a 113-acre farm parcel for sale in the town of Red Hook that “defines the gateway to the community,” Rosenberg said. Red Hook has a community preservation fund to support conservation, and Scenic Hudson and other groups have long been active there. But having recently expanded its public sewer system, Red Hook was also looking to develop more affordable housing—and, in the case of this property, to fend off private buyers who were interested in developing the whole parcel.

Conditions seemed favorable. So two of the working group’s housing organizations and two of the land trusts met with local officials to discuss collaborating with the town on a project that would achieve both goals: conserving farmland and building some affordable housing. The town now plans to purchase the land, working with one of the land trusts to place a conservation easement on most of it and setting aside the rest for homes to be built by one of the affordable housing groups. “That project is not done, but it is moving forward,” said Rosenberg. “That’s really exciting.”

 


 

LINCOLN INSTITUTE COLLOQUIUM ON CONSERVATION AND COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS

During 2022, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy led a yearlong research effort on the potential for collaboration between conservation land trusts and community land trusts (CLTs). With the support of Peter Stein of Lyme Timber Company and a grant from the 1772 Foundation, the institute convened a core group of experts in conservation and affordable housing for a series of meetings, culminating with a colloquium and working paper.

The colloquium has informed ongoing efforts to advance land conservation and affordable housing priorities. In February, working paper coauthors Katie Michels and David Hindin advised the Connecticut Land Conservation Council’s summit for advocates and leaders in the conservation and housing sectors to consider shared agendas and future policy goals. In March, Jim Levitt, director of Sustainably Managed Land and Water Resources at the Lincoln Institute, moderated a keynote panel titled “Affordable Housing and Land Conservation: Not an Either/Or” at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Land Trust Coalition; the panel included a colloquium participant.

“To thrive, communities need permanently affordable housing and permanently conserved land that provides green space, natural infrastructure, and biodiversity-friendly habitat,” says Chandni Navalkha, associate director of Sustainably Managed Land and Water Resources at the Lincoln Institute. “By working in greater collaboration, these communities of practice have unique potential in leveraging their decades of success and experience to implement multigoal, multibenefit projects that address communities’ most pressing challenges.”

 


 

Audrea Lim is a writer in New York City whose work has appeared in the New York Times, Harper’s, and the Guardian. Her book Free the Land, on the commodification of land and alternatives in the United States, will be published by St. Martin’s Press in 2024.

Lead image: Graduate students from Columbia University worked with the Kingston Land Trust on a project that envisions new affordable housing models on communally owned property, including medium-density apartments. Credit: “(E)CO-Living: Towards a More Affordable and Green Kingston” by Yiyang Cai, Kai Guo, Lingbei Chen, Wenyi Peng. Urban Design Studio II, Spring 2021, Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation, Columbia University. Faculty: Kaja Kühl coordinator, with Lee Altman, Anna Dietzsch, Shachi Pandey, Thaddeus Pawlowski and Associates, Zarith Pineda, Victoria Vuono. Local Partner: Kingston Land Trust.

President Jimmy Carter signs the Community Reinvestment Act into law in 1977.

President’s Message: Equity, Affordability, and the New Lending Landscape

By George W. McCarthy, July 10, 2023

 

It might not be instantly obvious how housing finance could be considered a land policy, and even less obvious why pundits like me describe national financial regulation like the Community Reinvestment Act as one of the most important land policies of the 20th century. How in the world could national financial regulation influence local land use, and what does the lending and investment activity of banks have to do with land?

As I’ve noted here before, discriminatory federal lending maps devised by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and adopted by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in the 1930s had enduring impact. Some 90 years later, a 2022 review by the Federal Reserve reported on research that definitively linked these maps to contemporary inequities in economic opportunity, health outcomes, access to green space, heat island effects, COVID mortality, and life expectancy.

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) was one of three congressional actions following the 1964 Civil Rights Act that were designed to undo the damage inflicted on communities by federal housing finance policies. Decades of capital starvation and discrimination-by-design had hollowed out American cities and immiserated millions of Americans and their communities.

Passed in 1977 on the heels of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which prohibited discrimination in real estate transactions, and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, which required lenders to report on their activities with geographic precision, the CRA imposed an affirmative obligation on federally regulated banks to serve the credit needs of all communities in their service areas. It did not tell banks what they could not do, but rather what they needed to do to reverse decades of bad behavior.

Three federal agencies—the Federal Reserve, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)—were tasked with ensuring that banks complied with this new regulation. Interestingly, the law was only fully enforced a dozen years later, when regulators were asked to approve banks’ geographic expansion, primarily through mergers or acquisitions.

The CRA has been revised many times to respond to the evolving banking industry. Most recently, in 2020, the OCC proposed a modernization rule to address the shift from “bricks and mortar” to digital banking, but the rule was opposed by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and thousands of community groups. The proposal was rescinded in 2021, but few observers would argue that the CRA does not need modernizing. Even more pressing than digital banking are concerns about the huge shift in mortgage lending away from regulated banks to nonbank lenders.

According to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, 10 of the top 12 mortgage lenders in 2021 (and four of the top five) were independent mortgage companies. These nonbank lenders have no affirmative obligation to address historic discrimination. Beyond Home Mortgage Disclosure Act compliance, their lending activity is very weakly regulated. They are not, however, beyond the reach of land policy qua financial regulation.

Nonbank lenders rely on industry giants for capital. According to the Urban Institute, the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, purchased around 60 percent of mortgages originated in the United States in 2021. The FHA and the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) accounted for an additional 16 percent. Importantly, nonbanks originated around 70 percent of the loans purchased by the GSEs and more than 90 percent of the government-backed loans in 2021. So, if one wanted to continue affirmative efforts to serve the housing finance needs of historically underserved markets, the pathway is fairly obvious: look for existing or new policy frameworks that provide opportunities, by way of regulating the GSEs, to affect the lending behavior of nonbanks.

As luck would have it, the housing finance giants are publicly controlled. Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed in federal conservatorship by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) in 2008 when they became insolvent during the foreclosure crisis. In 2017, the FHFA implemented the Duty to Serve program, which imposed statutory requirements on the GSEs to serve three specific underserved markets: manufactured housing, affordable housing preservation, and rural housing. Under Duty to Serve, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are required to submit three-year plans that describe how they will better serve those markets. The plans are finalized based on public input and reported on annually to Congress.

In 2021, the FHFA imposed additional obligations on the GSEs to expand access to safe, decent, and affordable housing opportunities; they are now required to prepare, implement, and report annually on Equitable Housing Finance plans that describe how they will “meaningfully address the racial and ethnic disparities in homeownership and wealth that have persisted for decades.”

The decade following the first enforcement of the CRA in 1989 was a golden era for community development as advocates mobilized to pressure banks to meet CRA obligations. Almost immediately, hundreds of billions of dollars of new lending flowed to CRA service areas. The national homeownership rate rose from 64 percent to 68 percent, with growth in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods double the national rates. Community development corporations prospered, and the community development finance industry was incubated.

We are at a similar moment for the Duty to Serve and Equitable Housing Finance plans—something I’ve taken to calling “the New CRA.” The FHFA is building more muscular regulatory oversight, and with the Lincoln Institute’s help, the civic sector is again mobilizing to ask for better plans, better enforcement, and better results.

Last year, we convened 20 of the largest nonprofit affordable housing developers to launch the Underserved Mortgage Markets Coalition (UMMC). Its objective is to speak with one voice to push, and collaborate with, the GSEs to meet their mission under the Duty to Serve and Equitable Housing Finance plans. Together we are working with the GSEs to design better lending products to finance the purchase of manufactured homes, build the capacity of Community Development Financial Institutions to originate new mortgages in hard-to-reach markets, and persuade the FHFA to support new pilot lending programs to test new products and processes to better serve these markets.

The UMMC is demystifying the secondary mortgage market—where lenders and investors buy and sell loans and servicing rights—and proposing realistic solutions to make real systems change. In its first full year as a coalition, the UMMC notched an important victory when the FHFA rejected new Duty to Serve plans submitted by the GSEs, asking for more ambitious plans with more specific goals like those reflected in a comprehensive blueprint the coalition had prepared. Recent UMMC efforts include a scorecard showing how well the GSEs followed the blueprint and a dashboard that will provide accessible, detailed quantitative data on their performance.

The Duty to Serve and Equitable Housing Finance plans are not a substitute for the Community Reinvestment Act. The CRA remains the most important land policy in our national arsenal of financial regulation, and is responsible for huge amounts of new credit that flowed back to communities that were denied access for decades. But times have changed. When the CRA was passed, there were an estimated 18,000 banks insured by the FDIC. Today, there are 4,844. On top of that, many banks are closing or shrinking their retail mortgage business, ceding the space to nonbank lenders. We can try to reform the CRA to reflect this new market reality, or we can meet the market where it is.

Racial and ethnic homeownership gaps remain distressingly high, as does an unacceptable and stubborn racial wealth gap. If we hope to make a dent in either, we’ll need to find a way to expand homeownership in unprecedented ways. Nobody expected the CRA to redress all the shameful impacts of misguided lending policies. The Duty to Serve and Equitable Housing Finance plans are wonderful supplements to the CRA. Perhaps a portfolio of lending regulations is a better approach than one size fits all. It is our hope that the UMMC will empower practitioners and advocates to ask the GSEs and the FHFA for what they need to take on these immense challenges.

 


 

George W. McCarthy is president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Image: President Jimmy Carter signs the Community Reinvestment Act into law in 1977. Credit: Federal Reserve.