El Lincoln Institute of Land Policy convoca a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar del concurso “Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático”, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. El premio está dedicado a la memoria de Tim Lopes, periodista brasileño asesinado mientras hacía investigación para un reportaje sobre las favelas de Rio de Janeiro.
Convocamos a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar de este concurso, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. Recibimos postulaciones para el premio hasta el 17 de septiembre de 2023. Para ver detalles sobre la convocatoria vea el botón "Guía/Guide" o el archivo a continuación titulado "Guía/Guide".
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A medida que la lluvia caĂa a cĂĄntaros sobre la tierra que se habĂa vuelto impermeable a causa del incendio, el barro y el agua bajaban en cascada por las pendientes de las sierras de la Sangre de Cristo y desembocaban en las vĂas fluviales, los campos, las rutas y las viviendas. Sin haberse recuperado aĂșn del incendio, los residentes se vieron forzados a lidiar con un desastre nuevo, y en muchos casos, tuvieron que abandonar sus viviendas otra vez.
âSus viviendas se inundaron, perdieron los corrales, los graneros se quemaronâ, relatĂł Veronica Serna, comisionada del condado de Mora, una de las ĂĄreas mĂĄs afectadas por el incendio y las inundaciones. âUna roca se desmoronĂł y le bloqueĂł todo el acceso a una familiaâ. No tenĂan nada de agua y ningĂșn camino para salir a conseguirla. Imagina no poder ducharte en tu propia casa ni lavarte las manos o usar el inodoro. Fue devastadorâ.
Serna recuerda otra familia âcuya casa se siguiĂł inundando una y otra vez. Un dĂa pasamos a ver cĂłmo seguĂan, y estaban quitĂĄndose el barro del calzado y sacando el barro de la habitaciĂłn con una pala. Es tan duro ver esoâ.
El nombre de la Sierra de la Sangre de Cristo, que se extiende desde Colorado hasta las proximidades de Santa Fe, es acertado. Las cadenas, valles y cuencas que habrĂan tenido un aspecto mĂĄs pequeño desde el punto de vista de Vigil en el helicĂłptero conforman la mayor parte de dos cuencas que son la fuente de vida de las comunidades y tierras agrĂcolas rĂo abajo. Unas 23.000 personas de los condados de San Miguel y Mora dependen de estas cuencas para obtener agua potable y para la agricultura.
Mientras las inundaciones posteriores al incendio afectaron a muchas comunidades alrededor del ĂĄrea quemada, en general, los daños mĂĄs graves se produjeron en el condado de Mora. En el condado, uno de los mĂĄs pobres del paĂs, hay alrededor de 2.130 viviendas distribuidas en unos 3.200 kilĂłmetros cuadrados. Serna estima que 200 de esas viviendas se incendiaron, y otra cantidad incontable se vio afectada por las cenizas, el agua y los sedimentos que llegaron hasta las comunidades de Mora, Holman, Chacon y Guadalupita. âEs triste, porque muchas de las viviendas de nuestras comunidades eran de adobeâ, explica. âNuestra gente ha vivido aquĂ por generaciones, heredaron estas construcciones de adobe de sus tatara, tatara, tatarabuelosâ.
A pesar de la entrada de financiamiento, âDe verdad, no creo que [US$ 3.900 millones] vayan a ser suficientesâ, dijo Serna. âÂżCĂłmo reemplazas ĂĄrboles que tenĂan mĂĄs de 100 años?â ÂżCĂłmo recuperas todo eso? Es decir, Âżexiste un importe en dĂłlares que pueda compensar eso? ÂżCĂłmo recuperas el tiempo?â.
Si bien los esfuerzos de recuperaciĂłn continĂșan, el riesgo de mĂĄs daños por inundaciones persiste, con una dependencia vertiginosa en la intensidad de las futuras lluvias y deshielos. Los funcionarios del condado de Mora empezaron a desarrollar un plan de mitigaciĂłn de riesgos para los impactos potenciales de incendios e inundaciones futuros. Este tipo de planificaciĂłn es una de las muchas medidas que las comunidades deben implementar para volverse mĂĄs resilientes ante desastres cada vez mĂĄs graves y frecuentes.
Las decisiones sobre la planificaciĂłn y el uso del suelo pueden minimizar el riesgo antes de que los incendios ocurran. En el terreno, las comunidades pueden instalar infraestructura que ayude a contener o redireccionar el flujo de residuos, acondicionar las viviendas con materiales menos inflamables, e identificar y mejorar las rutas de evacuaciĂłn. AdemĂĄs pueden disminuir los combustibles peligrosos en los bosques y podar los ĂĄrboles y la vegetaciĂłn alrededor de las estructuras para crear espacios de defensa. Parte del trabajo de reducciĂłn de combustibles, que es una herramienta esencial de la gestiĂłn forestal, implica ciertos riesgos. El incendio del Hermits Peak y el Calf Canyon fue el resultado de dos incendios de los Servicios Forestales de los Estados Unidos que se desviaron: una quema programada y un proyecto de quema de pila. Los incendios se combinaron y se esparcieron a causa de los fuertes vientos. Pero en las condiciones correctas, las quemas programadas pueden reducir el riesgo de incendios y ayudar a mantener el ecosistema saludable.
En el plano de las polĂticas, las comunidades pueden tomar medidas, como prohibir o limitar el desarrollo en ĂĄreas vulnerables a incendios e inundaciones. En lugares donde se permite el desarrollo, pueden exigir el uso de ciertos materiales de construcciĂłn, como un recubrimiento exterior resistente no inflamable. AdemĂĄs, los funcionarios regionales y locales pueden mapear los riesgos de incendios forestales y de flujo de residuos para ayudar a determinar cuĂĄndo y dĂłnde construir; desarrollar planes previos a los desastres, que permitan a las comunidades considerar cĂłmo enfrentarĂĄn los desafĂos de recuperaciĂłn, como restaurar la electricidad; proveer viviendas temporales o gestionar la reconstrucciĂłn a largo plazo; y presupuestar proyectos de forma proactiva, como mejoras de infraestructura para el tratamiento del agua pluvial, que ayuden a las comunidades a sobrellevar mejor las inundaciones. Las comunidades pueden involucrarse en la planificaciĂłn de escenarios, un proceso que puede ayudarlas a identificar y planificar varios futuros posibles.
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PlanificaciĂłn de escenarios para la resiliencia ante incendios forestales
La planificaciĂłn de escenarios puede ayudar a las comunidades a prepararse para un futuro incierto. La prĂĄctica guĂa a los planificadores, los integrantes de la comunidad y otras partes interesadas, al poner en consideraciĂłn diversos futuros y maneras de responder a ellos de forma eficaz, y planificar en funciĂłn de estos. En el caso de los incendios forestales, las comunidades pueden considerar los efectos de un clima cambiante sobre factores como la salud pĂșblica, la vivienda, la equidad, la economĂa, la disponibilidad de agua y la calidad de vida. ÂżCĂłmo podrĂan sequĂas mĂĄs intensas y frecuentes afectar los esfuerzos de erradicaciĂłn de incendios forestales? ÂżCĂłmo pueden las polĂticas climĂĄticas regionales coordinadas reducir el riesgo de incendios forestales y mejorar la calidad de vida? Al hacer preguntas como estas y explorar mĂșltiples resultados posibles, las comunidades pueden prepararse mejor para los desafĂos futuros. Para obtener mĂĄs informaciĂłn sobre esta prĂĄctica de planificaciĂłn o asistencia para ejecutar un proceso de planificaciĂłn de escenarios, visite el sitio del Consorcio para la PlanificaciĂłn de Escenarios del Instituto Lincoln.
En 2022, el estado de OregĂłn creĂł un mapa de riesgo de incendios forestales de todo el estado, y lo distribuyĂł a 150.000 residentes que vivĂan en ĂĄreas que enfrentaban un riesgo alto o extremo. De inmediato, surgiĂł una controversia: los propietarios de viviendas sospecharon que el mapa podrĂa afectar los valores de los bienes inmobiliarios y las tasas de seguro, y a algunos les preocupĂł que esto pudiera generar nuevos cĂłdigos de edificaciĂłn o exigencias para el fortalecimiento de las viviendas (un enfoque de acondicionamiento que implica medidas que van desde el reemplazo de ventanas hasta la poda de ĂĄrboles y arbustos cercanos). El Departamento de Silvicultura de OregĂłn retirĂł el mapa para continuar con su desarrollo, pero la respuesta fue una reflexiĂłn clara de los desafĂos relacionados con adelantarse al riesgo.
Barrett dijo que algunas comunidades en California han implementado exigencias mĂĄs allĂĄ de los requisitos estatales ya existentes para los estĂĄndares de resistencia a la igniciĂłn. Portola Valley, por ejemplo, adoptĂł una ordenanza de fortalecimiento de viviendas para complementar el cĂłdigo de edificaciĂłn del estado que requiere materiales de construcciĂłn no inflamables para los desarrollos nuevos en ĂĄreas de alto riesgo. En 2020, los residentes del condado de Marin aprobaron una medida que aplica un impuesto a los bienes inmobiliarios de diez centavos cada 930 centĂmetros cuadrados para apoyar los esfuerzos de prevenciĂłn de incendios forestales. Se espera que la medida, que incluye excepciones para la ciudadanĂa de la tercera edad de bajos ingresos, genere alrededor de US$ 20 millones al año por un perĂodo de 10 años.
El FWPP es una asociaciĂłn entre el estado, la ciudad y el Bosque Nacional Coconino, que busca ayudar a reducir el riesgo de incendios forestales y las inundaciones posteriores a los incendios. âResultĂł ser uno de los mejores ejemplos que he visto de una asociaciĂłn que realmente surgiĂł como resultado de un evento bastante devastador que se relacionĂł con otro posterior a un incendioâ, dijo Barrett. âEs un muy buen ejemplo de lo que puede suceder cuando estĂĄn presentes los actores correctos, y de comunidades y socios locales que reconocen un riesgo y actĂșan en consecuenciaâ. El año pasado, el electorado de Flagstaff mostrĂł un apoyo constante para continuar la extinciĂłn de los incendios forestales de la ciudad y los esfuerzos de gestiĂłn del agua pluvial, con un 76 por ciento de votos a favor de una propuesta para emitir US$ 57 millones en bonos para invertir en infraestructura relacionada con los incendios y el agua.
En Montecito y otras comunidades, McCabe dice que, âlas personas estĂĄn usando de forma voluntaria los subsidios y otras sumas de dinero para construir sus viviendas sobre bases con tres metros de elevaciĂłn, asĂ, si estas llegan a encontrarse en medio del trayecto del barro, este correrĂĄ por los costados. Pero no vi ninguna polĂtica que exija eso para las construcciones nuevas, mucho menos para las construcciones existentesâ.
Aun asĂ, la polĂtica local y regional puede apoyar dichas acciones individuales. Pueden ofrecerse subsidios e incentivos para seguros a propietarios de viviendas que creen espacios de defensa alrededor de sus casas, o a quienes acondicionan sus viviendas con materiales no inflamables. Los programas como FireWise USA, una iniciativa de la AsociaciĂłn Nacional de ProtecciĂłn contra Incendios, pueden ayudar a los vecinos a organizar proyectos colectivos de mitigaciĂłn de incendios y responsabilizar a los residentes para que mantengan las propiedades a lo largo del tiempo.
En 2012, un incendio forestal enorme quemĂł 35.200 hectĂĄreas cerca de Fort Collins, Colorado. Durante los meses posteriores al incendio, las cenizas y el barro obstruyeron el rĂo Poudre, que provee agua potable para 135.000 residentes rĂo abajo. Los sedimentos taparon las tuberĂas de la planta local de tratamiento de agua, lo que demandĂł tareas adicionales de limpieza y tratamiento e hizo que la ciudad tuviera que instalar sensores para la supervisiĂłn de sedimentos en el rĂo. âĂramos privilegiados y, en cierta forma, probablemente dimos por sentado que estas cuencas siempre nos brindarĂan agua limpia y fresca todo el tiempoâ, contĂł la gerenta de calidad del agua de la ciudad, Jill Oropeza, a una estaciĂłn de radio local (Runyon 2020). âPara muchos de los que trabajĂĄbamos allĂ, esa fue la primera vez que tuvimos que enfrentar la realidad de que nuestras cuencas se encuentran bajo presiĂłnâ.
SegĂșn el Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos, las cuencas forestadas del paĂs proveen agua potable a 180 millones de personas. Noventa y nueve por ciento de la gente que depende de los sistemas hĂdricos pĂșblicos en los Estados Unidos obtienen, al menos, parte de esta agua de los ecosistemas forestados (USFS 2022). La investigaciĂłn sugiere que, entre 2017 y 2020, inundaciones posteriores a incendios forestales contaminaron el agua potable de cientos de miles de personas del oeste (Romero 2022).
En respuesta a situaciones como estas, organizaciones como Coalition for the Poudre River Watershed, en Fort Collins, y Greater Santa Fe Fireshed Coalition, que se centra en un ĂĄrea de riesgo alto justo al sur de la zona del incendio del Hermits Peak y el Calf Canyon, estĂĄn reuniendo a partes interesadas para entender mejor los riesgos que presentan los incendios forestales para el suministro y la calidad del agua. Muchas comunidades del oeste se enorgullecen de los lugares de donde proviene el agua. Es fĂĄcil persuadir a las comunidades que dependen de los recursos que proveen estos ecosistemas para que se protejan las cuencas contra incendios forestales (y, por ende, de flujos de residuos) de mucha gravedad, y, al generar resiliencia en las cuencas, inherentemente, se genera resiliencia para las comunidades rĂo abajo.
Amanda Monthei es escritora autĂłnoma, productorade pĂłdcasts y exbombera de humedales. Su trabajo sobre adaptaciĂłn y resiliencia ante incendios forestales se expuso en The Atlantic y The Washington Post, asĂ como en su pĂłdcast Life with Fire. Vive en Bellingham, Washington.
Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos (USFS). 2022. âQuantifying the Role of National Forest System and Other Forested Lands in Providing Surface Drinking Water Supply for the Conterminous United Statesâ. Washington, DC: Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/64978.
Futuros Inciertos
CĂłmo integrar la planificaciĂłn del agua y el suelo en una era de volatilidad climĂĄtica
Mientras estos efectos azotan a todos los rincones del paĂs, los planificadores y gestores del agua buscan nuevas formas de enfrentarlos, trabajando de forma colaborativa para generar resiliencia frente a un clima cada vez mĂĄs volĂĄtil.
La planificaciĂłn para un futuro que podrĂa incluir una combinaciĂłn impredecible de sequĂas, inundaciones, contaminaciĂłn y otros problemas relacionados con el agua exige un cambio significativo, explica Bill Cesanek de la Red de Agua y PlanificaciĂłn de la AsociaciĂłn Estadounidense de PlanificaciĂłn. âHistĂłricamente, las comunidades de los Estados Unidos han lidiado con la planificaciĂłn del uso del suelo y la gestiĂłn del agua por separadoâ, comenta Cesanek. âPero ahora sabemos que tenemos que gestionarlos usando un enfoque integradoâ.
Tradicionalmente, explica, los planificadores y departamentos hĂdricos, a menudo, han trabajado dentro de diferentes lĂmites geopolĂticos, estructuras de gestiĂłn y lĂneas de tiempo, incluso cuando su trabajo se superponĂa en el terreno. Pero las comunidades crecen rĂĄpido, sobre todo en el sur, y el cambio climĂĄtico exacerba los riesgos relacionados con el agua, por lo que la planificaciĂłn se complejiza y la necesidad de colaboraciĂłn se vuelve mĂĄs urgente.
âNecesitamos un enfoque multidisciplinario e integradoâ, admite Brenda Bateman, directora del Departamento de ConservaciĂłn y Desarrollo del Suelo de OregĂłn. Bateman es directora de la Conferencia Especializada sobre el Agua y el Suelo de la AsociaciĂłn Estadounidense de Recursos HĂdricos, un evento que se centra en conectar el suelo y el agua para lograr comunidades saludables. âEstos problemas son tan complicados que si intentamos resolverlos uno por uno, o por cuenta propia, terminamos obteniendo soluciones o resultados que no son eficaces. EstĂĄn unidos, sin importar cĂłmo funcionen nuestros presupuestos y burocraciasâ.
El objetivo de mejorar la planificaciĂłn y los procesos de gestiĂłn de recursos para que se integren mĂĄs y sean mĂĄs resilientes, flexibles y creativos es complicado debido a las diferencias regionales: âLo que funciona en California, no funcionarĂĄ necesariamente en Nueva Jerseyâ, explica Cesanek. Y, como la naturaleza de la volatilidad climĂĄtica implica que lo que funciona en California hoy en dĂa no necesariamente funcionarĂĄ en el futuro, los planificadores y gestores del agua deben prepararse para diferentes escenarios posibles. âEn el mundo de la planificaciĂłn, se solĂa pensar, âimaginemos el futuro mĂĄs deseado y construyamos con eso en menteââ, dice Jim Holway, director del Centro Babbitt para PolĂticas de Suelo y Agua del Instituto Lincoln. âAhora tenemos que implementar polĂticas que se mantengan firmes en los diferentes futuros, no solo los deseables, e incorporar programas que sean mĂĄs adaptables. Este es un cambio de enfoqueâ.
Anticiparse a potenciales futuros y cambiar prĂĄcticas para tener en cuenta la incertidumbre es complejo, pero no imposible. A pesar de la naturaleza local de la planificaciĂłn y la gestiĂłn de recursos, las prĂĄcticas y estrategias compartidas pueden funcionar en todo el paĂs. AquĂ podemos ver cĂłmo tres comunidades que enfrentan diferentes desafĂos estĂĄn adaptando sus enfoques y prĂĄcticas para prepararse para un futuro cambiante.
Nueva Orleans: convivir con el agua
Pocas ciudades han dedicado tanto tiempo y energĂa a luchar contra el agua como Nueva Orleans. La ciudad se construyĂł sobre un dique natural a lo largo del RĂo Mississippi, una ubicaciĂłn valorada que ofrece beneficios econĂłmicos y medioambientales. Pero siglos de esfuerzos para diseñar el rĂo y drenar los pantanos circundantes condujeron a una subsidencia del suelo tan grave que algunos barrios se encuentran tres metros por debajo del nivel del mar, lo que los hace propensos a inundaciones frecuentes. AdemĂĄs, Nueva Orleans es uno de los lugares mĂĄs lluviosos del paĂs, con 1,5 metros de precipitaciones anuales, y es vulnerable a huracanes cada vez mĂĄs potentes que frecuentan la costa del golfo.
Cuando el huracĂĄn Katrina azotĂł en 2005, e inundĂł el 80 por ciento de la ciudad, revelĂł de forma explĂcita una verdad que poco a poco venĂa saliendo a la luz: Nueva Orleans no pudo usar sus enfoques histĂłricos para combatir las tormentas mĂĄs fuertes y las crecidas de agua que genera el cambio climĂĄtico. Tuvo que pensar diferente.
âKatrina fue el punto de inflexiĂłnâ, explica Ed Blakely, un experto en polĂticas urbanas globales que dirigiĂł los esfuerzos de recuperaciĂłn de la ciudad. Blakely dice que el enfoque anterior que la ciudad adoptĂł para los asuntos relativos al agua (con la intenciĂłn de dominarla en lugar de planificar en torno a los patrones de inundaciones y el flujo de las corrientes naturales) reflejĂł un patrĂłn urbano comĂșn en los Estados Unidos. âNo hemos usado la historia para planificar los asentamientosâ.
âEl plan hĂdrico nos facilitĂł una nueva forma de abordar el agua, local y regionalmenteâ, explica Robin Barnes, una asesora sobre resiliencia y recuperaciĂłn econĂłmica radicada en Nueva Orleans que es la ex vicepresidenta ejecutiva y directora general de GNO, Inc. âNos brinda informaciĂłn, esquemas e instrucciones sobre todo, desde materiales hasta proyectos de demostraciĂłn especĂficos, e ilustra cĂłmo funciona Living with Waterâ.
Al igual que muchas ciudades, Nueva Orleans, a medida que trabaja para implementar estas ideas, ha enfrentado desafĂos, como la pandemia y transiciones polĂticas. AĂșn hay mucho trabajo para hacer, pero otros lugares del paĂs propensos a inundaciones han empezado a adoptar el modo de pensar de Nueva Orleans: Sternad y sus colegas de Waggonner & Ball introdujeron el enfoque Living with Water en ciudades como Houston, Miami, Charleston, Hampton, Virginia, y Bridgeport, Connecticut.
âEstamos dispuestos a guiar soluciones climĂĄticas futuras, en parte porque las cosas que experimentamos aquĂ brindan enseñanzas valiosas para otras ciudadesâ, expresa Sternad. âEstĂĄ bien vivir en un lugar que a veces se inunda, siempre que la cultura y, con el tiempo, la infraestructura puedan adaptarseâ.
âEstamos camino a un perĂodo donde tenemos una demanda creciente de agua, pero cada vez queda menos pastelâ, comenta Anne Best Johnson, exdirectora de desarrollo comunitario de Evans. âUna cosa es repartir un pastel que crece, pero se hace cada vez mĂĄs difĂcil repartir un pastel que se encogeâ.
En 2019, la ciudad completĂł un Plan Municipal de Eficiencia HĂdrica, una guĂa para sus medidas de conservaciĂłn del agua (Ciudad de Evans 2019). Dicho plan identificĂł 34 actividades de conservaciĂłn del agua cuya implementaciĂłn la ciudad priorizarĂĄ. Estas van desde ordenanzas para paisajismo y riego al aire libre, hasta requisitos para cosas como sensores de viento y lluvia para los nuevos desarrollos, y acondicionamiento de aparatos con uso eficiente del agua para las construcciones existentes. Si se adoptan todas estas medidas, las proyecciones sugieren que la ciudad podrĂa experimentar ahorros totales de agua de hasta el 17 por ciento para el 2028, en comparaciĂłn con la demanda proyectada.
Johnson, quien renunciĂł a su cargo en Evans a principios de 2023 para asumir un cargo similar cerca de Berthoud, dice que los funcionarios de la ciudad fueron capaces de consolidar principios del Plan Municipal de Eficiencia HĂdrica en el plan integral, que incluye un capĂtulo sobre la conservaciĂłn y la administraciĂłn del agua, asĂ como instrucciones para la incorporaciĂłn de principios de conservaciĂłn del agua dentro de la planificaciĂłn (Ciudad de Evans 2022).
Estos desafĂos han aumentado a medida que el cambio climĂĄtico agrava las tormentas en la regiĂłn. âNuevas elevaciones de inundaciones debido a lluvias mĂĄs fuertes generaron desafĂos para los bienes inmobiliarios de ĂĄreas bajasâ, dice Zimmerman, y destaca que los planificadores evalĂșan con cuidado aspectos como la nivelaciĂłn al revisar los planes de los lugares, teniendo en cuenta las mayores escorrentĂas que provocan las condiciones climĂĄticas extremas.
Mientras Golden Valley sigue ajustando sus prĂĄcticas para satisfacer necesidades cambiantes, una agencia de planificaciĂłn regional habilitada por el estado, la Metropolitan Council, estĂĄ ayudando a la ciudad a enfrentar la contaminaciĂłn, planificar para las inundaciones y proteger la calidad de sus arroyos y lagos, pensando mĂĄs allĂĄ de los lĂmites.
Golden Valley le compra su agua a la ciudad de MineĂĄpolis, como parte de un acuerdo conjunto con otros dos suburbios cercanos, Cristal y New Hope. Â Metropolitan Council supervisa la infraestructura para la recolecciĂłn y el tratamiento de aguas residuales y la planificaciĂłn del suministro de agua en el ĂĄrea, una modalidad casi Ășnica que ayuda a las comunidades a aprender unas de otras. âEstamos trabajando con nuestros socios de la regiĂłn para asegurarnos de contar con suministros sostenibles para el crecimiento que se planificĂłâ, dice Judy Sventek, gerenta de recursos hĂdricos de Met Council. âLas personas piensan en Minnesota como un estado rico en agua con 10.000 lagos, pero tenemos limitaciones en el suministro del aguaâ, incluidas las diferencias en el tipo y la cantidad de agua que las comunidades pueden obtener.
Lanya Ross, analista medioambiental de la Met Council, dice que la visiĂłn regional del consejo puede ayudar a las comunidades como Golden Valley a hacer planes a largo plazo con respecto al suministro de agua, de cara al cambio climĂĄtico y las dinĂĄmicas demogrĂĄficas. AdemĂĄs, sirve como un centro de datos sobre asuntos como el modelado de aguas subterrĂĄneas regionales y los efectos de las inundaciones, a los que las comunidades individuales podrĂan no tener acceso o que no suelen considerar. En Golden Valley, donde Bassett Creek es una vĂa fluvial crĂtica, los dirigentes pueden usar esta informaciĂłn compartida para ver dĂłnde pueden ser mĂĄs Ăștiles los proyectos de gestiĂłn de agua pluvial, y cĂłmo pueden ayudar los proyectos de redesarrollo con el control de las inundaciones.
âPodemos observar a la totalidad de la regiĂłn: cĂłmo planificamos para el conjunto de recursos hĂdricos sostenibles y cĂłmo se dan esas interaccionesâ, dice Ross. Ante el cambio climĂĄtico, la comunicaciĂłn entre las comunidades vecinas puede ser de particular importancia desde el punto de vista de la oferta. Puede conducir al uso compartido de herramientas y recursos para proteger el agua de origen, supervisar los niveles acuĂferos y combatir la contaminaciĂłn causada por sustancias como el fĂłsforo y el nitrĂłgeno que vienen de la escorrentĂa agrĂcola.
La necesidad de un pensamiento global, a largo plazo por parte de los gestores de polĂticas de todo el paĂs es clara. âNo existe un lugar que no sea susceptible a algĂșn tipo de desastre en los Estados Unidos, ya sean sequĂas, ciclones o tornados. Hemos visto inundaciones año tras añoâ, expresa Blakely, quien dirigiĂł los esfuerzos de recuperaciĂłn tras el huracĂĄn Katrina en Nueva Orleans. âDebemos estar a la altura de las circunstancias, no sumar a la destrucciĂłnâ.
Para obtener mĂĄs informaciĂłn sobre cĂłmo las comunidades estĂĄn incorporando el agua en sus procesos de planificaciĂłn, consulte Integrating Land Use and Water Management: Planning and Practice (IntegraciĂłn de la gestiĂłn del agua y del suelo: planificaciĂłn y prĂĄctica), un enfoque en polĂticas de suelo del Instituto Lincoln elaborado por Erin Rugland.
Heather Hansman es periodista autĂłnoma, columnista medioambiental de la revista Outside y autora del libro Downriver: Into the Future of Water in the West.
Grid Locked: How Land Use Battles Are Hindering the Clean Energy Transition
By Anthony Flint, June 12, 2023
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One emerging consensus to combat climate change is increasingly clear: electrify everything, and make that power come from renewable sources, like wind, solar, and hydro power. Removing fossil fuels from electricity generation can be surprisingly smooth, as clean power facilities have rapidly become more cost-efficient. Renewables are currently 20 percent of US power generation and steadily growing.
But thereâs a sprawling and daunting land use task that is necessary to make that clean energy transition happen: not only the siting of solar arrays and wind farms, but the construction and improvement of transmission lines and substations and pipelines, across thousands of acres of land.
Researchers at Princeton University have estimated that if manufacturing capacity for turbines and photovoltaics continues to ratchet up as it has been for the last several years, up to 400,000 square miles will be needed in the US to harvest wind energy alone. That means much more visible renewable energy infrastructure on hilltops, in suburban neighborhoods, and in what may feel like peopleâs backyards.
Battles over the siting of wind and solar installations, and opposition to the key upgrades and expansion of the grid that will allow clean power to plug in, are occurring on a state-by-state basis, in the absence of federal authority or oversight. In many cases, renewable energy facilities have been cleared through the permitting process to start operating, but remain in limbo because they canât plug in to the existing, antiquated grid.
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Power lines in California. Credit: pgiam via E+/Getty Images.
A crazy quilt of local land use regulationsâincluding bylaws restricting solar fields and wind farmsâhas amplified the voices of opposition from neighbors and organized groups, including, in what many climate advocates consider a profound irony of the times, some environmental organizations. In addition, land use conflicts are hindering another critical component of the clean energy transition: the mining of metals such as lithium to make high-capacity rechargeable batteries, for electric vehicles and storing power from renewable sources when the sun doesnât shine or the wind doesnât blow (see sidebar).
Those targeting net-zero emissions by mid-century hoped for a high-level wave of renewable energy that would transform the way everyone gets their power. Instead, there are standoffs and bottlenecks, at the state and local level, as the execution of this extraordinary transition gets bogged down, literally, on the ground.
âI would agree things arenât going well right nowâthough I would suggest that we also have way more shots on goal than in previous years, so there are more stories of projects getting blocked because there are just more project proposals,â said Sarah Banas Mills, senior project manager at the Graham Sustainability Institute and lecturer at the School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan.
As frustration mounts at what many see as a fumbling of the ball at a key moment in the fight against climate change, Mills, who has been tracking battles over renewable energy all over the US and coauthored a paper on the topic, says a more nuanced analysis is required about each and every site, now that installations are ramping up. Wind projects in places with more people or higher scenic amenities are more likely to be opposed; neighbors may also be more likely to balk at large solar arrays on farmland, which many clean-energy advocates thought would be an easier sell.
âRenewables present one of the biggest economic opportunities rural communities have seen in decades,â she said. âBut with all opportunities, there are trade-offs. That we have so many communities saying no suggests to me that in many places communities are finding that the positivesâeconomic benefitsâdonât outweigh the negatives. Changes may need to be made to project characteristics, like size, location within the community, and distribution of economic benefits . . . to get more communities to âyes.ââ
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It wasn’t always this way. In the past, there was little to no veto power exercised at the local level, as industrialization advanced and critical infrastructure was deemed necessary, whether canals, railroads, and telegraph lines in the 19th century, or the interstate highway system in the 1950s.
A common thread for infrastructure is the intensive use of land, which is necessary to complete networks and distribute benefits across large expanses. This was especially true in the development of the grid. Power plants were built at whatever location was required, whether near a coal mine or on a river. Then, a decentralized but highly connected system of substations, transformers, and transmission and distribution lines got the power to the end userâhomes and businesses. The flow of power is from point to point and as it happens, since large amounts of electricity are not stored; the power is used as it is produced, and vice versa.
Although the construction, organization, and regulation of the grid started out in a patchwork state-by-state and regional framework, the federal government established oversight with the Federal Power Act of 1920, which Congress passed to coordinate the development of hydroelectric projects such as the Hoover Dam. Major new agencies like the Tennessee Valley Authority, established in 1933, helped create a sense of intention and purpose; bringing electricity to rural areas was part of a national mobilization in economic development during the Great Depression (and, also intentionally, a fountainhead of jobs). Among other federal agencies, what is now known as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) took the lead in managing power generation and the grid, although generally oversight of utilities, and the prices they charge in particular, remains a state responsibility.
A photo by Dorothea Lange of electrification work in California’s San Joaquin Valley in 1938. Credit: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, LC-DIG-fsa-8b32664.
In terms of the extraordinary accomplishment of the grid, the ultimate result of planning and coordination is the familiar landscape of today: 160,000 miles of high-voltage power lines draped on shiny metal stanchions up to 200 feet tall, with forest and brush cleared away underneath, crisscrossing the countryside, whisking electricity generated by 7,300 power plants to nearly 150 million customers across the US, according to the USÂ Energy Information Administration (EIA). The North American gridâthree grids, technically, called the Eastern, Western, and Texas Interconnectâis completed by millions of miles of low-voltage power lines and distribution transformers.
To date, most electricity is produced using conventional sources such as natural gas, oil, coal, and nuclear. But at least 20 percent of the nationâs power is now generated by renewable energy facilitiesâwind, solar, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermalâand that proportion is growing, as coal-fired power plants, for example, are steadily phased out. Over the past decade, 290 coal-fired plants were decommissioned in the US, leaving 224 in operation.
The Biden administration has pledged to eliminate fossil fuels as a form of energy generation in the US by 2035, setting the goal of 80 percent carbon-free electricity by 2030. Wind, solar, and hydroelectric power have been the fastest-growing segment of the energy sector, and will be further fueled by some $370 billion in funding under the Inflation Reduction Act. Wind and solar projects, steadily improving in their technology and efficiency, are ready to roll.
But therein lies the current land use challengeânot only in the siting of renewable energy installations, but also in the all-important upgrade to the grid to carry and distribute all that clean power. On both fronts, the development of renewable energy has been stymied in recent years.
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The U.S. power grid comprises three sections: the Eastern, Western, and Texas (ERCOT) Interconnects. The circles represent the system’s 66 balancing authorities, which ensure the balance between supply and demand. Credit: US Energy Information Administration.
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Opposition to offshore wind farms, notably the Cape Wind project off Cape Cod, was perhaps the first and most infamous example of affluent homeowners objecting to clean-energy infrastructure because they claimed it spoiled the view. But wind farms on land, whether atop ridges or on farmland, have also ignited fierce opposition, even in remote areas.
In Northern California, Shasta County supervisors rejected a proposal by Connect Wind/Fountain Wind for 48 turbines on rural land after hearing concerns about impacts on wildlife habitat, Indigenous lands, and even whether the turbines would interfere with fighting wildfires from the air. A local ordinance passed shortly afterward banning large wind projects outright. The California Energy Commission is allowing the developers a second chance under a provision of Assembly Bill 205, which can override local veto power over clean energy projects.
In Iowa, a judge ordered developers to dismantle three 450-foot turbines on farmland after neighboring landowners complained about the noise they made. The victorious opponents, who successfully argued that the zoning board shouldnât have issued the permits, hope their battle âwill empower other rural landowners and small towns to take on wind,â according to the Des Moines Register.
A typical concern as well is the danger posed by wind turbines to birdsâalthough pesticides, buildings, and housecats kill many times more birds than the slowly rotating blades, and clean-tech researchers, using artificial intelligence, have come up with ways to keep birds away anyway.
Solar installations have not fared much better. While more than 2,500 solar farms are up and running in the United States, solar projects are increasingly running into blockades, in Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, and elsewhere. Neighbors often get in an uproar when they see how large, visible, and land-intensive some of the solar arrays are, describing them in alarming fashion, as in one battle over a Midwest proposal, as filling up thousands of football fields with shiny, deep blue panels.
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Solar array in western Massachusetts. Credit: Jerry and Marcy Monkman/EcoPhotography.
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Researchers in a 2021 Michigan study found that despite readily acknowledged benefits such as economic development, tax payments, and compensation for the landowner and community, âprojects have increasingly faced local resistance . . . [due to] aesthetics, noise, and negative impacts to rural and Tribal culture, values, and community energy sovereignty, along with . . . risk to wildlife, productive farmland, biodiversity, and human health.â Additional perceived risks included lowered home and property values, increased electricity rates, impacts to tourism, and the toxicity of materials used in construction and operation, the study says.
A team at MIT studied 53 American renewable energy projects that were paused, delayed, or canceled between 2008 and 2021 in 28 states because of local opposition. The researchers identified seven common drivers of conflict: environmental impact; financial viability; quality of public engagement; Tribal rights; health and safety concerns; and concerns related to land and property values.
âWe found overwhelming evidence to suggest that federal, state, and local regulators need to rethink the design and operation of their facility siting processes,â the researchers conclude. âA fast and fair transition to renewable energy will not be achieved in the US if policymakers and energy developers do not anticipate and respond proactively to the full array of sources of local opposition.â
High-profile standoffs have the effect of scaring off partners worried about bad publicity. In Queensland, Australia, the tech company Apple withdrew from an agreement to buy power from a proposed 80-turbine windfarm on nearly 2,000 acres, a project the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) had criticized for threatening koalas, wallabies, and red goshawks. A WWF spokesman applauded the move, saying it demonstrated âleadership and a commitment to renewables that are good for climate and nature.â
Opposition to transmission lines and the upgrades and expansion of the grid that are necessary to handle new clean power has been perhaps the most strenuous of allâleaving renewable energy installations that have already been built or permitted to remain in limbo, an untenable scenario for green-tech companies and investors.
A four-year legal battle over a 145-mile transmission line that would carry hydroelectric power from Quebec to Massachusetts has been representative of the bare-knuckle brawling over land use. Conservation groups said the pipeline threatened wilderness areas in Maine, where most of the line would be constructed, prompting a statewide vote against the project, though it had already been permitted. A judge recently ruled that construction could resume.
Proponents complained that the opposition had been financed and motivated by a rival natural gas utility seeking to block competition. Joseph Curtatone, president of the Northeast Clean Energy Council, said he hoped the court decision âmarks an end to the self-interested, corporate-funded attempts to sabotage this project.â Building the project as planned, he said, would remove more than 3 million metric tons of carbon annually and provide $200 million in desperately needed upgrades to the electric grid.
âThis is essential work in our effort to electrify everything in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change. Without grid upgrades we canât deliver power to heat pumps and electric vehicles. These are the kinds of big leaps we need to take after decades of minimal progress on climate action,â he said. âIf weâre fighting tooth-and-nail over removing 3 million tons of CO2 with lower-cost energy, weâre never going to reach net zero.â
In the book Superpower, the author Russell Gold chronicled the ultimately futile attempt by Houston businessman Michael Skelly to get approval for a transmission line to connect windfarms in Oklahoma to the grid in Tennessee, which became emblematic of community opposition paired with politics. But the same problem keeps recurring. It took 18 years before a 732-mile transmission line was approved by federal authorities to carry clean power from the proposed 700-turbine TransWest wind farm on ranchland in Wyoming to homes and businesses in California. The interstate project required multiple approvals under the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), with detailed examination of impacts on flora and fauna, including the sagebrush grouse.
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Wind turbines in Washington state. Credit: Ryan J Lane via E+/Getty Images.
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The objections to green infrastructure have evoked past battles over endangered species, sacred sites, and otherwise culturally valuable land. The Greenlink West project, a 470-mile transmission line through Nevada, is under fire because it might disturb woolly mammoth tusk fossils.
The irony is not lost on many that environmental laws passed in the 1970s to combat rampant pollution are now being used to fight renewable energy projects that will curb climate change. Environmental litigation is threatening a wide range of environmentally advantageous initiatives across the country, from dense housing to bike lanes to congestion pricing.
âIâm an environmentalist, which means Iâve got some practice in saying no. Itâs what we do,â wrote Bill McKibben in an essay for Mother Jones titled, âYes in Our Backyards.â McKibbenâs decades of activism include successfully fighting the Keystone XL fossil-fuel pipeline. âBut weâre at a hinge moment now, when solving our biggest problemsâenvironmental but also socialâmeans we need to say yes to some things. . . . One way may be to back up a little and think of the slightly longer term.â
Without any sense of a grand plan or rationale, and environmentalists dividedâone camp saying impacts on the environment must always be considered, the other that there will be no functioning wildlife habitats or thriving species if climate change isnât curtailedârenewable energy projects are increasingly being viewed as what Harvard professor Alan Altshuler called LULUs: âlocally unwanted land uses,â like prisons or landfills.
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An array of solutions for overcoming this impasse has emerged recently, including legislation introduced just this year. At least three steps are needed to adequately and effectively deploy clean energy infrastructure, says Patrick Welch, an analyst in the Climate Strategies group at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy: federal-level permitting reform, local regulatory changes, and more strategic and creative planning.
âIn many instances, there are genuine issues regarding the proposed siting of new solar, wind, and hydro projectsâwhether that is related to stormwater runoff issues, other impacts on important ecosystems, or new land grabs on Indigenous lands,â Welch said. âWe need to be more strategic and creative. Things like co-locating solar on parking lots and rooftops or interstate rights of way, rather than clearcutting forests, are good solutions.â
The Nature Conservancyâs Site Renewables Right initiative, which identifies suitable sites for wind and solar energy by mapping factors including environmental impact and agricultural production, is a good example of trying to find workable solutions, he said; another is Baltimore Countyâs study on solar siting, which identified nearly 34,000 acres of potential optimal solar sites on rooftops, parking lots, and degraded lands.
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Solar installer in Lowell, Massachusetts. Credit: Jerry and Marcy Monkman/EcoPhotography.
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But even with more appropriate siting, Welch said, permitting and local land use regulations can get in the way. âBoth sides of the aisle have known for decades that NEPA and the associated permitting spiderwebs are responsible for long, unnecessary delays. Now, the climate crisis has brought new urgency to that conversation. Local regulations must allow for the appropriate siting of renewable energy infrastructure, too.â
Federal coordinationâharkening back to the more intentional establishment of infrastructure in the first half of the 20th centuryâhas seemed to many the obvious first step. This spring, US Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) and US Representative Mike Quigley (D-IL) introduced the Streamlining Interstate Transmission of Electricity (SITE) Act, which would establish a new federal siting authority at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to ease the process of constructing long-range, high-voltage transmission lines.
âIf we donât build more long-range transmission lines, much of the low-cost clean energy that is coming online will simply not be able to get to the homes and businesses that need it,â Whitehouse said when unveiling the bill. The goal is better reliability, an upgrade of the nationâs creaky grid infrastructure, and lower emissions while âresponsibly balancing local needs and preferences,â he said.
There is action at the state and regional scale as well. After criticism that state regulatory authorities have been dragging their feet on the clean energy transition, Massachusetts Governor Maura Healey appointed climate-savvy commissioners to the state Department of Public Utilities, and established two new commissions, one to review clean energy siting and permitting, and another to coordinate offshore wind development.
In Washington State, Governor Jay Inslee recently signed a bill requiring longer-term planning by utilities and allowing bigger transmission projects to go through the stateâs streamlined siting process. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), which manages hydropower from 31 federal dams in the Northwest, has proposed some upgrades to its system, which, if completed, will help increase transmission capacity.
The electricity market is structured differently in the Pacific Northwest than in California and other states, making coordination and planning that much more difficult, said Emily Moore, director of the Climate and Energy program at the Sightline Institute. Washington and Oregon have assertive climate action plans to shift to clean energy, but even if all utilities agreed to switch tomorrow, the grid couldnât support the load, she said, so hundreds of wind and solar projects are languishing.
âIn an ideal world, we would have clarity on how much more transmission is needed . . . and where it would go, so we could then start building it before it is too late,â she said. âBut planning, at least in our region, is largely reactive, not proactive. Changing that here will require new levels of coordination between BPA, individual utilities, regulators, and policymakers.â
When renewable energy projects or transmission lines are first rolled out to the public, developers would do well to practice better stakeholder engagement, said Josh Hohn, a principle at the urban design firm Stantec. He urges project leaders to help people visualize whatâs actually being proposed âbefore imaginations run wild.â
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Building consensus about clean energy infrastructure is especially challenging in part because the land use issues are so local, but tie back to the global problem of climate change, requiring conceptualizing priorities in sometimes counterintuitive ways. For example, it seems outrageous to clear trees to make way for solar panels. But according to one forest ecologist, doing so actually reduces carbon emissions more after a period of time than leaving the trees in place.
Technology is also advancing so rapidly, the land use dimension of clean energy could become less onerous. Geothermal drills require less land, though are akin to the oil rigs that have dotted the landscape since the turn of the last century.
Batteries are getting better, allowing clean power to be stored. And there is the notion of the mega-solar project, consolidating arrays all in one or two large, out-of-the-way locations, like a corner of the Sahara desert. By one calculation, solar panels on a single parcel of 43,000 square milesâ1.2 percent of the Saharaâcould power the entire world.
At a more conceptual level, McKibbenâwho founded the organization Third Act to recruit aging boomers concerned about climate changeâcalled for a change in mindset when looking at clean energy infrastructure. Instead of viewing it as unsightly, he suggests, we could appreciate how itâs helping the planet wean off fossil fuels, and has great economic returns as well. âItâs a different kind of beauty,â he said in an interview, though he acknowledged people are used to judging landscapes by more conventional measures.
Whether such reconceptualization can happen remains to be seen. But the publicâs relationship with land has clearly become a key element of the clean energy transition. Above all, this is a moment for thoughtful land policy, with the future of the planet hanging in the balance, said the Lincoln Instituteâs Patrick Welch.
âGiven the scale and urgency needed for this massive rollout of new infrastructure, there is a significant risk that we do it in a way that leads to serious unintended consequences,â Welch said. âSo we need to be mindful and strategicâbut not to the point of inaction.â
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Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor to Land Lines.
Lead image:Â Protesters in Maine express their opposition to a planned hydroelectric corridor that will cut through the state as it carries energy from Quebec to Massachusetts. Credit: AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty
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Land Matters Podcast: How Costa Rica Became a Model for Climate Action
By many accounts, Costa Rica has been a unique Central American success storyââa beacon of Enlightenmentâ and âa world leader in democratic, sustainable, and inclusive economic growth,â according to the prominent economist Joseph Stiglitz.
A nation of about 5 million people roughly the size of West Virginia, Costa Rica has been punching above its weight particularly in the realm of sustainability and climate action: a pioneer in eco-tourism; successful in getting nearly all of its power from renewable sources, including an enterprising use of hydro; and a leader in fighting deforestation and conserving land with its carbon-soaking rainforests.
The Land Matters podcast welcomed two special guests recently who know a thing or two about this country: Carlos Alvarado Quesada and Claudia Dobles Camargo, the former President and First Lady of Costa Rica. They are both in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, area this yearâshe is a Loeb Fellow, part of a mid-career fellowship program based at Harvardâs Graduate School of Design, and he is a visiting professor of practice at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
Former Costa Rican President Carlos Alvarado Quesada and former First Lady Claudia Dobles Camargo at the Lincoln Institute offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in April 2023. Credit: Will Jason.
Also in the studio was Enrique Silva, vice president of programs at the Lincoln Institute, who oversees the organizationâs research and activities globally, and has years of experience in and familiarity with Latin America.
The conversation, recorded at the Podcast Garage in Allston after a visit by the couple to the Lincoln Institute, included reflections on leadership and climate action, and what itâs been like to take a year to decompress after an eventful time in office, from 2018 to 2022.
Costa Rica has much to show the world when it comes to the implementation of targeted sustainability practices, Quesada said. âWe’re not saying people have to do exactly the same [as we did], but we can say it’s possible, and it’s been done in a model that actually creates well-being and economic growth,â he said. âBack in the day, people would say it’s impossibleââif you’re going to create protected areas, you’re going to destroy the economy.â It turned out to be the other way around, it actually propelled the economy.â
After seeing big successes in the countryside, the interventions have turned to urban areas. âCosta Rica has done such an amazing job in nature-based solutions, not so much on urban sustainability,â said Dobles, noting the ambitious National Decarbonization Plan she launched with Quesada, which aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. âIn order to decarbonize, we really needed to focus also on our urban agenda.â
A big task was reinvigorating public transit, starting with a new electric train that would have spanned the city of San Jose. Quesadaâs successor shelved the $1.5 billion project, demonstrating the common mismatch between long-term projects and limited time in office. A pilot project to electrify buses was implemented, however, to rave reviews. The couple says they are hopeful the train will be revived.
âI know that this is eventually going to happen. Sometimes you have political setbacks,â said Quesada. âYour administration cannot own throughout time what’s going to happen, but you can plant positive seeds.â
Costa Rica has been nothing if not creative in addressing the many dilemmas inherent in climate action. Open-ore mining is banned, for example, but entrepreneurs figured out a way to extract lithium from recycled batteries.
âThat’s very linked to the discussion of the just energy transition, where the jobs are going to come from, where the exports are going to come from. While there’s a huge opportunity for many developing countries which are rich and are endowed with minerals and metals . . . we need to address those complexities,â said Quesada.
Dobles added, âWhen we talk about decarbonization, we cannot exclude from that conversation, the inequality conversation. This is supposed to provide our possibilities of survival as humankind, but also it’s a possibility for a new type of social and economic development and growth.â
Former First Lady Claudia Dobles Camargo makes a point as former President Carlos Alvarado Quesada looks on. The pair visited the Lincoln Institute office to discuss their climate and sustainability initiatives in April 2023 while spending a year at Harvard and Tufts universities, respectively. Credit: Anthony Flint.
Reflecting on being in the land of Harvard, MIT, and Mr. Bartleyâs Burger Cottage, Dobles said she has been immersed in âthe whole academic ecosystem that is happening here . . . just to be, again, in academia, sometimes just to receive information, not having the pressure of having the answers . . . . It’s been wonderful.â
âBeing a head of state for four years of a country, it’s an experience that I’m currently unpacking still,â said Quesada. âI’m doing a little bit of writing on that, but you get to reflect a lot, because it’s a period of time you live very intensely. In our case, we were not only working with decarbonization, with the projects we mentioned, we [were also working] with the fiscal sustainability of the country. We had COVID. We had [the legalization of same-sex marriage].
âWe tend to train ourselves for things that are outside of us, like methods, tools, knowledge,â he said. âThere’s a part of it that has to do with training ourselves, our feelings, our habits, our framing, our thinking . . . to address those hard challenges.â
Carlos Alvarado Quesada served as the 48th President of the Republic of Costa Rica from 2018 to 2022, when his constitutionally limited term ended. He won the 2022 Planetary Leadership Award from the National Geographic Society for his actions to protect the ocean, and was named to the TIME100 Next list of emerging leaders from around the world. Before entering politics, he worked for Procter and Gamble, Latin America.
Claudia Dobles Camargo is an architect with extensive experience in urban mobility, affordable and social housing, community engagement, climate change, and fair transition. As First Lady, she was co-leader of the Costa Rica National Decarbonization Plan. Her architecture degree is from the University of Costa Rica, and she also studied in Japan, concentrating on a sustainable approach to architecture.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
SegĂșn el grupo de comercio de madera WoodWorks, hasta septiembre de 2022, se construyeron o diseñaron mĂĄs de 1.500 proyectos multifamiliares, comerciales o institucionales con masa de madera en los 50 estados del paĂs. Esto representa un aumento de mĂĄs un 50 por ciento desde el 2020. El Wall Street Journal, en base a los datos del Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos, informa que desde el 2014, abrieron al menos 18 plantas de fabricaciĂłn de masa de madera en CanadĂĄ y los Estados Unidos.
TallWood llevĂł a cabo decenas de proyectos e iniciativas de investigaciĂłn aplicada, en los que se analizaron los mĂĄs diversos aspectos, desde problemas de codificaciĂłn hasta desafĂos de la cadena de suministro y maneras de mejorar el rendimiento, con el fin de promover el uso de madera con propiedades y diseños superiores. El instituto forma parte de la Oregon Mass Timber Coalition, una asociaciĂłn entre instituciones de investigaciĂłn y agencias estatales de OregĂłn que, en el Ășltimo tiempo, recibiĂł US$ 41,4 millones en becas del plan Build Back Better Regional Challenge de la AdministraciĂłn de Desarrollo EconĂłmico de los Estados Unidos. Este financiamiento tiene como objetivo respaldar iniciativas de investigaciĂłn vinculadas con el desarrollo del mercado para la masa de madera.
Sin duda, parte de la promesa medioambiental de este novedoso material depende de los detalles menos conocidos, en particular, cĂłmo y dĂłnde se extrae la madera. Los defensores del sector alegan que su expansiĂłn no causarĂĄ una presiĂłn indebida en los bosques, en parte porque los productos de masa de madera pueden fabricarse con madera de âpoco valorâ (como ĂĄrboles de diĂĄmetro pequeño que ya se sacrifican como parte de la mitigaciĂłn de los incendios forestales, ĂĄrboles enfermos y, posiblemente, incluso madera de descarte).
Los grupos conservacionistas y otros expertos estĂĄn actuando con mayor cautela. En 2018, The Nature Conservancy iniciĂł una evaluaciĂłn de varios años del impacto de la masa de madera a nivel global. Se investigaron los beneficios y riesgos potenciales de la mayor demanda de productos de masa de madera para los bosques, y se estĂĄ desarrollando un conjunto de principios orientativos mundiales para una âeconomĂa de los bosques inteligente desde el punto de vista del climaâ, buenas prĂĄcticas que ayudarĂĄn a proteger la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas a medida que el mercado de la masa de madera crece.
A menudo, los constructores y desarrolladores que, concretamente, desean pregonar el uso de materiales de masa de madera insisten en que la forma de obtenciĂłn se certificĂł como sostenible, segĂșn Stephen Shaler, profesor de materiales y tecnologĂas sostenibles en la Facultad de Recursos Forestales de la Universidad de Maine. âEn este momento, dicha demanda estĂĄ en el mercadoâ, afirmĂł.
El CĂłdigo Internacional de la EdificaciĂłn permite construcciones de madera de hasta 18 pisos. Los desarrolladores de Ascent lograron una variaciĂłn debido, en parte, a que el diseño final incluĂa dos nĂșcleos de hormigĂłn. Sheine y Sharler recalcaron que la mayorĂa de los proyectos de masa de madera siguen incluyendo al menos algo de hormigĂłn, acero y otros materiales. Y estĂĄ bien, añade Sharler: la masa de madera deberĂa verse como una opciĂłn relativamente nueva que puede ayudar a mejorar la huella de carbono, y no como un sustituto absoluto de los materiales tradicionales. AdemĂĄs, las opciones nuevas siempre son Ăștiles, incluso cuando provienen de la vieja escuela como la madera
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Rob Walkerperiodista; escribe sobre diseño, tecnologĂa y otros temas. Es el autor de The Art of Noticing. Publica un boletĂn en robwalker.substack.com.
El asediado sector comercial ofrece la mayorĂa de los elementos necesarios para hacer frente a la crisis actual de vivienda. Tiene suelo provisto de la infraestructura bĂĄsica (agua, cloacas, electricidad) y que, por lo general, es de fĂĄcil acceso para el transporte pĂșblico o, de no serlo, se encuentra rodeado de estacionamientos. En general, las ubicaciones son privilegiadas. Al mezclar los usos, ofrecemos dos beneficios enormes para el sector comercial: trabajadores y clientes. Pero los beneficios para la sociedad son aĂșn mĂĄs profundos. AsĂ que adoptemos esta estrategia, junto con la reforma de zonificaciĂłn unifamiliar y la preservaciĂłn de la vivienda asequible, y veamos si podemos resolver la crisis nacional de vivienda de una vez por todas.
The Second Wave: Why Floods Can Follow Wildfires, and How Communities Can Prepare
By Amanda Monthei, March 30, 2023
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Most people in the mountainous northeastern corner of New Mexico were looking forward to the arrival of the annual monsoon season last summer. The Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon wildfire had started in April, burning 340,000 acres and destroying hundreds of properties, and residents were hoping for a reprieve from the smoke and evacuations that had begun to define their lives. But then the monsoon arrived, both unseasonably early and with more intensity than normal.
As the rains pelted soil that had been rendered water-repellent by the fire, mud and water cascaded down the slopes of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains into the waterways, fields, roads, and homes below. Still reeling from the fire, residents were forced to deal with a fresh disasterâin many cases, needing to leave their homes once again.
âTheir homes were flooded, their corrals were taken out, their burnt barns were taken out,â said Veronica Serna, county commissioner in Mora County, one of the areas hardest hit by the fire and the floods. âOne family had a boulder come down and block their whole driveway. They didnât have any water and no way to go out and get waterâjust imagine not being able to shower in your own home or wash your hands or use a toilet. It was devastating.â
Serna recalls another family âwhose home kept getting flooded over and over and over. One day we stopped by to check on them, and they were scraping the mud out of their shoes, shoveling mud out of their bedroom. Itâs just so hard to see that.â
The flooding also affected San Miguel County just to the south, damaging homes and infrastructure, polluting wells, and threatening water supplies. âMost people are back within the community, but theyâre still stressed out about the future, because the flooding is not going to stop,â said Ralph Vigil II, a farmer and water commissioner who grew up in San Miguel County and runs a farmersâ cooperative there. âIâm afraid that weâre going to be dealing with this for years.â According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, flood risk remains elevated for up to five years after a wildfire, until vegetation is restored.
Vigil had the opportunity to take a helicopter flight over the burn scar in the fall, after the fire was fully contained and the worst of the flooding had subsided. âYou donât really understand the vastness of the damage until youâre up there,â he said. He was alarmed, and not just by the decimation of landscapes and communities that heâs long loved: âI also saw the risk for more fires, and really the signs of whatâs to come.â
As climate change contributes to longer, more intense wildfire seasons, fires are leaving burn scars across the U.S. West, putting nearby communities at risk of flooding. That flooding, which can be catastrophic, can occur long after the fire is over. In the face of these threats, communities can make land use decisions that help build their resilience.
After the Fire, the Deluge
Itâs apt that the name of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, which extend from Colorado to their terminus near Santa Fe, translates as âBlood of Christ.â The ridges, valleys, and bowls that would have been dwarfed from Vigilâs viewpoint in the helicopter make up the bulk of two watersheds that are the lifeblood of downstream communities and farmlands. Some 23,000 people in San Miguel and Mora counties rely on these watersheds for drinking water and agriculture.
Under the right conditions, naturally occurring and prescribed fires support ecosystem health. But the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon fire, the largest in New Mexicoâs history, got out of control and caused chaos. Twenty-four percent of the burn area was classified as high-severity fire, causing extensive tree mortality and profound impacts to soil. When trees and vegetation burn in high heat, they release gases that harden the soil into a water-repellent, concrete-like material. That allows rain to run over the forest floor like it would a sloped parking lot, picking up speed and sediment before flooding into the communities below.
A soil scientist from the federal Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team inspects conditions in the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon burn scar in June 2022. The fire rendered soil in the burn scar water-repellent, creating conditions for flooding and debris flow. Credit: U.S. Forest Service.
âPre-fire, these forested ecosystems and slopes work like a sponge, but post-fire, nothing is going to stop that rain,â says Micah Kiesow, a soil scientist for the Santa Fe National Forest and team lead for the fireâs Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team. BAER teams assess wildfire damage on federally owned lands. âWe saw a tremendous amount of erosion, sedimentation, and debris flows in the most severely burned areas, which eventually makes its way to the drainages and streams below.â
Credit: Federal Emergency Management Agency/FEMA.gov.
While post-fire flooding affected many communities around the burn area, some of the worst damage occurred in Mora County. The county, one of the poorest in the nation, has about 2,130 homes scattered across nearly 2,000 square miles. Serna estimates that 200 of those homes were burnt over and countless others impacted when ash, water, and sediment flowed into the communities of Mora, Holman, Chacon, and Guadalupita. âItâs sad, because our communities had a lot of adobe homes,â she said. âOur people have lived here for generations, they have inherited these adobes from their great-, great-, great-grandparents.â
Many of those affected were rural farmers. According to Serna, numerous residents had freezers full of high-quality cattle and game meat that had to be thrown away following power outages in the aftermath of the flooding. Meanwhile, the acequiasâsmall ditches or canals that divert water from creeks and rivers to provide water to farms and form the foundation of water access in this part of New Mexicoâwere clogged with wood, rocks, and mud. Over 40 acequias were destroyed in the aftermath of the fire, according to the New Mexico Acequia Association and reporting by Source New Mexico. The infrastructure that these remote communities rely on for everything from growing food to accessing critical services suffered profound damage.
In the immediate aftermath of the fire, it was difficult to access federal emergency funding. In later months, however, significant funding opened up for those affected by the firesâsome $3.9 billion total, including $2.5 billion from the federal Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon Fire Assistance Act passed in September and $1.4 billion allocated in the 2023 Omnibus Appropriations bill. Total damages for the fire have not been confirmed, but some estimates put it as high as $5 billion.
Despite the influx of funding, âI really donât think [$3.9 billion] is going to be enough,â Serna said. âHow do you replace trees that were over 100 years old? How do you get all that back? I mean, is there a dollar amount that could do that? How do you buy back time?â
Smoke from the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon looms behind the town of Mora, New Mexico. Fire and flooding destroyed many of the community’s traditional adobe structures. Credit: Reuters/Andrew Hay.Â
While the recovery effort continues, the risk for more flood damage persists, hinging precipitously on the intensity of future rain and snowmelt events. Mora County officials have begun developing a hazard mitigation plan for potential impacts from fires and flooding in the future. This kind of planning is one of many steps communities need to take to become more resilient in the face of increasingly frequent and severe disasters.
From Reactive to Proactive
In many cases, communities address the risk of flooding after a fire, but time isnât always on their side. âThe challenge in New Mexico is we have a fire season from April to June, immediately followed by a monsoon season,â said Brian Williams, director of emergency management in Santa Fe. âThat window of time between when the fire season ends and the flooding season begins is weeks, not months. Often it overlaps, and then itâs a mad scramble to mitigate those potential impacts as best you can. And the kinds of things that you can do are to some degree limited.â
When BAER teams assess the extent of damages in federally owned areas, part of their charge is to determine priorities for immediate mitigation measuresâideally before extreme precipitation arrives. These often-forested ecosystems are prime candidates for aerial seeding and mulching, which can help burned areas begin to recover; restoration of stream channels can also help address flood risk. To prepare for the New Mexico monsoons, the BAER team also recommended and oversaw a number of emergency interventions including installing obstructions in stream channels to redirect debris and sediment and making fixes to bridges and culverts to facilitate vehicle access. These measures likely helped minimize some of the most extreme impacts of the rains, but itâs difficult to quantify their effectâand the hard truth is that only so much can be done in the timeline between fire suppression and extreme rain events. Harder still is the fact that that timeline seems to be shrinking in many regions.
Flood control in the areas affected by the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon fire included the installation of temporary dams. Credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
A lot of the conversation around post-fire flooding focuses, understandably, on ecosystem recovery measures like those that BAER teams recommend and facilitate. But effectively preparing for the unique challenges of recovery and potential post-fire erosion events also requires significant forethought on the part of communities and homeowners.
Planning and land use decisions can minimize risk before fires occur. On the ground, communities can install infrastructure to help contain or redirect debris flows; retrofit homes with more ignition-resistant materials; and identify and improve evacuation routes. They can also reduce hazardous fuels in forests and create defensible space around structures by thinning trees and other vegetation Some fuel-reduction work, which is an essential forest management tool, comes with risks; the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon fire was the result of two U.S. Forest Service fires that went awry: a prescribed burn and a pile burning project. The fires combined and spread due to high winds. But under the right conditions, prescribed burns can reduce the risk of wildfire and help maintain ecosystem health.
On a policy level, communities can take steps including prohibiting or limiting development in areas vulnerable to fire and flooding. Where development is allowed, they can mandate the use of certain building materials, such as fire-resistant siding. Local and regional officials can also map wildfire and debris flow risks to help determine when and where to build; develop pre-disaster plans, which allow communities to consider how they will handle recovery challenges such as restoring electricity, providing temporary housing, or managing long-term rebuilding; and proactively budget for projects such as stormwater treatment infrastructure upgrades, which can help communities better cope with flooding. Communities can also engage in scenario planning, a process that can help them identify and plan for various possible futures.
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Scenario Planning for Wildfire Resilience
Scenario planning can help communities plan for an uncertain future. The practice guides planners, community members, and other stakeholders through considerations of various futures and how to effectively respond to and plan for them. In the case of wildfires, communities can consider the impacts of a changing climate on factors including public health, housing, equity, the economy, water availability, and quality of life. How could more frequent and intense drought affect wildfire suppression efforts? How can coordinated regional climate policies reduce wildfire risk and improve quality of life? By asking questions like this and exploring multiple possible outcomes, communities can better prepare for the challenges ahead. To learn more about this planning practice or to get assistance running a scenario planning process, visit the Lincoln Instituteâs Consortium for Scenario Planning.
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According to a report from the National Institute of Building Sciences, every $1 of public funding spent on hazard mitigation since 1995 is expected to save $6 in future disaster costs. After decades of focus on disaster recovery funding, the federal government has begun a shift toward funding pre-disaster planning and mitigation. FEMA has released a pre-disaster planning guide and has made limited funds available for disaster mitigation projects. Unfortunately, this kind of advance planning often hinges on the kind of political will and funding that are still much easier to come by after disaster has struck.
âI think the fundamental challenge with all of this, as with most natural hazards, is itâs very hard for us to plan ahead for things,â said Dr. Kimiko Barrett of Headwaters Economics, a Montana-based nonprofit research group that works to improve community development and land management decisions across the country. âWe are by nature reactive and responsive, in contrast to being anticipatory. Even after a wildfire occurs, we have a small window to actually mobilize and enact the transformative change needed before amnesia kicks in, or bias kicks in, where you feel that [because the fire] happened, it will never happen again.â
A Holistic Approach
As more areas are affected by increasingly destructive wildfires, the threat of erosion and flooding in these landscapes will also increaseâand should be factored into planning and land use decisions, Barrett says. She explains that the principles of holistic land use policy for wildfire resilience are inherently connected to planning for potential post-fire impacts like flooding. The measures typically used to build community resilience to wildfireâthings like reducing hazardous fuels near critical infrastructure, planning evacuation routes, considering home density and development patterns in new developments, and mapping riskâalso provide intrinsic benefits in the post-fire period.
â[Taking these actions] means communities have a greater chance of surviving a wildfireâtherefore, that rebuilding and recovery piece is inherently better situated, because youâve put that thought and that deliberate strategic planning in on the front end,â Barrett says. âSo [planning for wildfire and its impacts] have to be wedded together. The challenge is that federal funding and policy does not often address it in that nature, or within that holistic framing.â
Quantifying and addressing the highly localized hazard planning needs of individual communitiesâfrom mapping risk to implementing mitigation at a meaningful scaleâis also challenging when an area hasnât yet felt the impacts of a wildfire or post-fire disaster. Risk mapping, for example, makes it less challenging to predict where and how a wildfire might impact a landscape; yet it remains challenging to create comprehensive and accurate maps, not only because of the robust data needed to make such predictions, but also because of community resistance.
âThereâs a lot of pushbackâmuch like you see on sea-level rise and other things in Florida and elsewhereâwhere politicians, developers, and community leaders are like, âWe donât really want to knowâor we might want to know, but we really donât want it publicized,ââ said Molly McCabe, CEO of HaydenTanner, an investor advisory firm that focuses on social impact and sustainability in the built environment. âSo you have this tension between, âWe want to keep our people safe,â and âItâs also an economic risk.ââ
In 2022, the state of Oregon created a statewide wildfire risk map, distributing it to 150,000 residents who lived in areas facing high or extreme risk. Controversy arose quickly: homeowners suspected that the map might affect property values and insurance rates, and some worried that it could lead to new building codes or mandates for home hardeningâa retrofitting approach that involves steps ranging from replacing windows to trimming nearby trees and shrubs. The Oregon Department of Forestry withdrew the map for further development, but the response was a clear reflection of the challenges related to getting out ahead of risk.
Oregon’s Wildfire Risk Explorer tool maps risk factors ranging from flame length to susceptibility, using data from a 2018 assessment. The state released an updated map last year, but withdrew it for refinement based on the response from property owners. Credit: Oregon State University/Oregon Department of Forestry.
This problem grows even muddier when it comes to planning for erosion and flooding events after wildfiresâhow can you meaningfully quantify the potential impacts of a disaster that is the result of another disaster, which is also relatively difficult to predict? And how can you garner the essential buy-in of residents who could be financially affected by a better understanding of the risk in certain areas?
Despite these challenges, some communities are making progress, Barrett said: âI can tell you that there are communities that recognize their level of risk, and are addressing it in aggressive ways that go beyond what weâre seeing from federal mandates or state regulations.â
Communities Taking Action
Barrett said some communities in California have implemented mandates beyond existing state requirements for ignition resistance standards. Portola Valley, for example, adopted a home-hardening ordinance to supplement the state building code, which requires ignition-resistant building materials for new developments in high-risk areas. In 2020, residents in Marin County approved a measure that applies a property tax of 10 cents per square foot to support wildfire prevention efforts. The measure, which includes exemptions for low-income senior citizens, is expected to generate nearly $20 million per year over a 10-year period.
Both Barrett and McCabe mentioned that bond proposals have been a successfulâthough not yet widely utilizedâmeans for motivated communities to set aside funding for wildfire and post-fire resilience. One particularly notable example is the Flagstaff Watershed Protection Project (FWPP), initiated after the Schultz Fire burned 15,000 acres in the mountains north of the city in 2010. The fire itself had little impact on homes and private property in Flagstaff, but a month later heavy rains triggered debris flows and floods that swept into the valley, causing the death of a young girl and the loss of 85 homes. Two years later, residents approved a $10 million bond that would help protect the watershed and adjacent homes and properties against similar impacts.
Flagstaff residents contend with the effects of post-wildfire flooding in 2010. Two years later, the community passed a $10 million bond to support efforts to reduce wildfire and flood risks in the watershed. Credit: Josh Biggs/Arizona Daily Sun via AP Images.
FWPP is a partnership between the state, city, and Coconino National Forest intended to help reduce the risk of both wildfire and post-fire flooding. âThis has become one of the best examples Iâve seen out there of a partnership that has really resulted from a pretty devastating event that was post-fire related,â Barrett said. âItâs just a really good example of what can happen when the right players are there, and of communities and local partners recognizing a risk and acting on it.â Last year, voters in Flagstaff showed sustained support for continuing the cityâs wildfire suppression and stormwater management efforts, with 76 percent approving a proposal to issue $57 million in bonds to invest in water- and fire-related infrastructure.
McCabe mentioned Montecito, California, as another notable example of community resilience arising from tragedy. The 2017 Thomas Fire destabilized slopes above Montecito. When these slopes were subjected to a deluge of rain just a few weeks later, 23 people lost their lives and 130 homes were destroyed. Since then, Santa Barbara County officials have developed debris flow risk maps for the area, while a community-led nonprofit called the Project for Resilient Communities facilitated the installation of steel mesh netting to catch debris in drainages above the community.
Workers install a mesh net in San Ysidro Canyon above Montecito, California, in 2019. Credit: Christy Gutzeit.
In Montecito and other communities, McCabe says, âpeople are voluntarily using grants and other monies to build their homes up on 10-foot elevated pads, so that if theyâre in a path, the mud flows around them. But I havenât seen any policies that are requiring that for new construction, much less existing construction.â
Still, local or regional policy can support such individual actions. Grants or insurance incentives can be offered to homeowners who create defensible space around their home, or to those who retrofit their homes with ignition-resistant materials. Programs like FireWise USA, an initiative of the National Fire Protection Association, can help neighborhoods organize collective fire mitigation projects and hold residents accountable for maintaining properties over time.
Getting buy-in at the local level also hinges on communicating strategically. In Central Washingtonâs Chelan County, public information campaigns around wildfire risk reduction included translators who could engage Spanish-speaking communities. Engaging with non-English speaking and migrant communities, in addition to other communities that are at disproportionate risk of wildfire and post-fire flooding, is an important component of public information campaigns throughout the processâfrom preparing for wildfire to navigating the recovery stage.
A Watershed Moment
In 2012, a major wildfire burned 87,000 acres near Fort Collins, Colorado. In the months following the fire, ash and mud choked the Poudre River, which provides drinking water for 135,000 downstream residents. Sediment clogged the pipes of the local water treatment plant, requiring extra clean-up and treatment and leading the city to install sensors that monitor sediment in the river. âWe had been privileged and in some ways probably took for granted that these watersheds were providing us consistently clean, clear water, all the time,â the cityâs water quality manager, Jill Oropeza, told a local radio station. âThat was the first time, for many of us working there, that we had to grapple with the fact that our watersheds are under pressure.â
According to the U.S. Forest Service, the forested watersheds of the United States provide drinking water for 180 million people. Ninety-nine percent of people who rely on public water systems in the United States get at least some of that water from forested ecosystems. Research suggests that post-wildfire flooding contaminated the drinking water of hundreds of thousands of people in the West between 2017 and 2020.
In Mora County, âpeople sent me photos of turning their water on and having sludge come out,â said Serna, the county commissioner. Many wells were destroyed, with some residents only getting their water back online in October and November. The city of Las Vegas, in nearby San Miguel County, almost ran out of water for its 13,000 residents after debris from the fire found its way into the local reservoir. With only 20 daysâ worth of clean water remaining, the city used emergency state funding to convert a local lake into a short-term back-up water source. Longer-term relief came in the form of $140 million from the omnibus bill that will allow Las Vegas to invest in water treatment and filtration upgrades.
Maria Gilvarry, utilities director for Las Vegas, New Mexico, said the flooding caused by the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon fire was âbeyond anything we could have fathomed.â The city is using federal funds to invest in water treatment upgrades. Credit: Nadav Soroker/Searchlight New Mexico.
In response to situations like these, organizations including the Coalition for the Poudre River Watershed in Fort Collins and the Greater Santa Fe Fireshed Coalition, which focuses on a high-risk area just south of the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon fire area, are bringing stakeholders together to better understand the risks wildfire poses to water supply and water quality. Many communities in the West take great pride in the places where their water comes from. Protecting watersheds from high-severity wildfireâand, thus, debris flowsâis an easy sell to the communities that rely on the resources these ecosystems provide, and building resilience in watersheds inherently builds resilience for downstream communities.
Whether focused on making a watershed more resilient, guiding development to less vulnerable areas, or envisioning and preparing for multiple possible futures, communities can take many steps to build resilience to wildfire and post-fire flooding. The profound influence of past and present land management decisions on wildfire and flood outcomes makes it increasingly clear that we can better prepare for events that are exacerbated by human actionsâand, in some cases, inaction. Adequately planning for wildfires and subsequent debris flows or flooding in the West requires significantly more funding, resources, and creative policy solutions than are currently available, but taking action and making investments on the front end can lead to stronger communities that are better prepared to face future disasters.
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Amanda Monthei is a freelance writer, podcast producer, and former wildland firefighter whose work on wildfire adaptation and resilience has been featured in The Atlantic and The Washington Post, as well as on her podcast Life with Fire. She lives in Bellingham, Washington.
Lead image: Smoke from the Hermits PeakâCalf Canyon wildfire over Las Vegas, New Mexico, in May 2022. Credit: Robert Browman/Albuquerque Journal via AP Images.