Topic: Housing

Webinars

Heirs Property and Disaster Relief Preparedness

October 29, 2026 | 12:00 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. (EDT, UTC-4)

Offered in English

Heirs property is created when a landowner dies without a will, meaning all their heirs hold the property collectively as “tenants in common.” Over the course of generations, this property becomes one with a “tangled title,” whereby the legal ownership becomes difficult to nearly impossible to prove, even if families have lived on the land their entire lives for generations.

In 2025, the Lincoln Institute commissioned three case studies on the intersection of heirs property and disaster preparedness. These case studies focused on how this unstable form of ownership makes residents vulnerable to disasters and has excluded them from relief programs, and what responses have been taken to include them. The three papers examine the lead-up and community-based strategies to work with heirs property owners in three different instances—one focusing on Louisiana after hurricane Katrina, one in an unincorporated peripheral “freedom colony” in Texas, and one comparing the different strategies taken in rural and urban Texas.

In this 90-minute webinar, each group will present their findings. A discussant from the Climigration Network will provide higher-level commentary and situate the papers in the larger context of disaster relief and preparedness.

Speakers

Ariadna Reyes-Sánchez, Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Arlington
Malini Roy, Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Arlington
Maria Nishat Tasnim, Graduate Research Assistant, Texas A&M University
Marla Nelson, Professor, University of New Orleans
Laura Tuggle, Executive Director, Southeast Louisiana Legal Services
Ifeyinwa Davis, Program Director, Louisiana Appleseed
Kelly Main, Founder and Executive director, Buy-In


Details

Date
October 29, 2026
Time
12:00 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. (EDT, UTC-4)
Registration Deadline
October 29, 2026 1:25 PM
Language
English

Register

Registration ends on October 29, 2026 1:25 PM.


Keywords

Housing

Webinars

Transforming Informal Settlements: A New Policy Brief on Community Land Trusts

October 29, 2026 | 10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. (EDT, UTC-4)

Offered in English

More than 1.2 billion people currently live in informal settlements worldwide, and that number is projected to grow to three billion by 2050. Conventional responses—individualized titling and top-down upgrading programs—too often deliver public investment straight into the hands of speculators, displacing the very residents they were meant to help.

The International Center for Community Land Trusts, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) invite you to a conversation on the community land trust as a tool for transforming self-built informal settlements without displacing the people who live there. The session previews the upcoming policy brief, “Community Land Trusts: A Tool to Transform Informal Settlements to the Benefit of Resident Communities,” ahead of its publication. Drawing on the Caño Martín Peña CLT in Puerto Rico and emerging initiatives elsewhere in the Global South, this policy brief provides an overview of how CLTs can secure tenure and enable upgrading of informal settlements, and describes both the benefits to and challenges of implementation.

Speakers will bring legal, institutional, and on-the-ground perspectives to the conversation. The discussion is designed for public officials, CLT practitioners, community activists, and researchers working on land tenure and informal settlements around the world. The event will be conducted in English, with live captions available in 60+ languages to support accessibility.

Speakers

Enrique Silva, Chief Program Officer, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (US)
Francesca Lionetti, Associate Expert, Housing Rights, Diversity and Inclusion, UN-Habitat (Germany, Kenya)
María E. Hernández-Torrales, Attorney, Community Economic Development Law Clinic, University of Puerto Rico; founding member, Caño Martín Peña CLT (Puerto Rico)
Ricardo Carneiro, Architect and Researcher, Estúdio Periférico; co-leading the Cova de Moura CLT effort
Tarcyla Fidalgo, Lawyer; Favela CLT Project Coordinator, Catalytic Communities; Program Lead, Global South CLT Initiative, International Center for CLTs; lead author of the policy brief (Brazil)


Details

Date
October 29, 2026
Time
10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. (EDT, UTC-4)
Registration Deadline
October 29, 2026 11:25 AM
Language
English

Register

Registration ends on October 29, 2026 11:25 AM.


Keywords

Housing

a newer fourplex building sits on a streetcorner with sunflowers near the sidewalk

Creating a Coalition to Build Affordable, Resilient Housing 

By Jon Gorey, September 15, 2026

That we need to build much more housing, affordably and quickly, is hardly in dispute. It’s the details of where, what, and how we build that can sometimes evade consensus. But at a Lincoln Institute convening last fall, two groups that are sometimes perceived to be at odds over such details—the pro-housing community and climate action leaders—found far more common ground than disagreement.

The quest to build more affordable housing quickly, cheaply, and in as many places as possible can appear to conflict with goals related to energy efficiency and climate resilience. “There’s a perception that modernizing building codes or applying energy and resiliency standards to new housing will drive up construction costs and slow down supply,” says Solomon Greene, former executive director of Land and Communities at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and a co-organizer of the convening. “But the research doesn’t bear that out—it’s possible, and necessary, to advance housing supply and resilience together.”

Once you account for the full lifecycle costs of a home, Greene points out, building less resiliently or less efficiently isn’t necessarily cheaper. When homes are built in hazardous areas, are unable to withstand climate risks, or consume excessive amounts of energy, the costs are borne by the eventual homeowner or renter, in the form of higher costs for insurance, energy, and disaster prevention and recovery.

Greene had encountered some of these tensions during his time leading the Office of Policy Development and Research at the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), where proposed updates to resilience and energy-efficiency standards often encountered pushback from some segments of the housing development industry. “Ultimately our goals were not that dissimilar,” he says. “But because the housing crisis and climate crisis were increasing in at least equal measure, and because resources to contend with both were scarce, it created a sort of a false sense of competition.”

Committed to addressing that disconnect, Greene partnered with Heather Clark, a senior fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to bring housing and climate leaders together at the Lincoln Institute event, where participants discovered many shared objectives. “What both groups are really looking for is more housing, a variety of housing types, in well-connected, accessible places, close to jobs and close to services,” says Amy Cotter, director of urban sustainability at the Lincoln Institute, who attended the convening. Climate advocates and housing supporters may have different reasons for seeking those goals, she notes, but “they’re asking for the same thing.”

And yet, that vision is not being realized in much of the US. We’re still not permitting and building enough new housing to meet demand in most areas, and when we do, we continue to build homes in precarious places, even as climate change causes wildfires and storms to grow more frequent and intense. Often the same legacy zoning and permitting regulations that have made it too hard to build housing have pushed new homes into higher hazard areas.

For example, in the years since 2017, when Hurricane Harvey dumped over 40 inches of rain on Greater Houston and flooded hundreds of thousands of homes, one in every five new housing units—more than 57,000 homes—has been built in a floodplain, an area prone to periodic flooding. As one convening attendee said, “A house that floods every other year isn’t affordable, no matter what you paid for it initially.”

Two Texas State Guardsman padde a boat down a flooded street, performing a boat rescue in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. Submerged cars and houses are visible.
The Texas State Guard rescued residents trapped by flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Thousands of new homes continue to be built in flood-prone areas around Greater Houston even after the devastating storm. Credit: Texas State Guard via Flickr.

And it’s not just Houston, says Clark, who is also chief executive at Biome Studio and coauthor of a Housing Multiplier Project policy playbook inspired by the convening. Nine out of 10 new homes built in Arizona and California between 2020 and 2022 face significant wildfire risk, Clark notes, compared with around 40 percent of older homes. And in North Carolina, for every home bought out after a disaster between 1996 and 2017, 10 more new homes were built in high-hazard areas. “Why do we continue to build in those locations?” Clark asks. “I think there’s a strong perception that we have to—that we’re desperate.”

With a background in affordable housing development, Clark understands that impulse—she agrees that we urgently need to build much more housing—but disputes the idea that we have to build everywhere, including in high-risk places, to achieve that goal. “There is enough land to solve our entire housing shortage in existing neighborhoods that are lower hazard and close to jobs, transit, and services,” Clark says. “We can get there by changing regulations to make it easier to build homes in those locations, whether that’s from new construction or by repurposing existing buildings.”

She points to a recent analysis by the Center for Geospatial Solutions—a nonprofit data and mapping enterprise launched by and operating out of the Lincoln Institute—suggesting that today’s housing shortage could be addressed by building on publicly owned land in lower risk existing neighborhoods. Ongoing analysis by World Resources Institute (WRI) also shows the potential to solve the housing shortage in existing connected neighborhoods—on parcels like parking lots and underutilized commercial buildings.

Drawing from pro-housing policies that are already working across the country, the policy playbook coauthored by Clark identifies six priority actions communities can take to get more affordable and resilient housing built in more places more quickly. As we build our way out of the housing shortage, Clark says, policy choices related to where, what, and how development occurs can unlock even more community benefits, in addition to moderating home prices and rents.

Where We Build

When homes are scarce but cheaper to build or buy in high-risk areas, many homebuyers and renters are forced to trade risk for affordability, Cotter says. “People are moving to places that are more affordable, even though they face greater risk,” she says. “That puts more people in harm’s way—more people who will be victims of disasters, and more expensive disasters for us as a society to have to deal with.”

Building a lot more housing in safer locations could change that. “If there are sufficient available, affordable home opportunities for people in the US that they don’t need to accept more risk—if they can readily find homes in places that are safer—then there won’t be such a premium on homes that are in safer places,” Cotter says. “That could go a long way toward putting us on a path to a housing market we can continue to insure, and that people can afford to get into.”

Adding infill housing to existing, transit-served neighborhoods reduces emissions, improves health for residents, and cuts household transportation costs by allowing them the option to drive less and live closer to their friends, jobs, and community. Beyond that, research suggests, it’s fiscally smart for communities to encourage infill housing. New homes built in existing neighborhoods near jobs, stores, and transit save a community an average of $21,000 per unit in infrastructure costs compared to the cost of building on the outskirts of town, according to a new study by WRI, ECOnorthwest, and Pew Charitable Trusts. The savings are ongoing, too, with such infill housing costing a community half as much to maintain each year, while producing about 13 percent more property tax revenue per acre.

What We Build

Adjusting the types of housing that can legally be built can also create immediate and enduring affordability. That means encouraging right-sized housing at prices people can afford.

In 2021, Portland, Oregon, legalized duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, cottage clusters, and accessory dwelling units (ADUs) in areas formerly zoned only for single-family homes. In the next three years, some 1,400 of these smaller homes were permitted; they sold for $250,000 to $300,000 less, on average, than new single-family homes built in the same neighborhoods.

While most residential land in the United States is zoned exclusively for single-family homes, many Americans cannot afford a detached house on a large lot. Smaller starter homes and multifamily homes, though, cost less to build, purchase, heat, and cool, making them affordable to more people at the outset as well as year after year.

And because compact and multifamily homes in connected neighborhoods require less energy to heat and cool and allow more residents to walk or take transit, solving the housing shortage with this type of development would result in direct emissions savings comparable to half the country’s new car sales being electric vehicles by 2035, according to research by RMI.

That’s just the direct emissions benefits of more multifamily homes in existing neighborhoods. Housing is such a dominant segment of the US economy that “solving the housing shortage strategically has gigaton-scale emissions reduction potential,” the policy playbook states. A shift in the built environment toward efficient and grid-interactive homes can hasten the transition to clean energy and the adoption of more sustainable construction methods, improve grid resiliency, and cut household utility costs, the report suggests.

How We Build

Homes that are truly affordable—not just to buy and rent, but to live in, year after year—should be built to operate efficiently and to withstand climate risks like wildfires and hurricanes. That doesn’t cost as much as people assume.

“There’s the perception that it’s too expensive to build a resilient home or an efficient home,” Clark says. “Our analysis shows that’s actually not the case.”

New research from the University of Alabama shows that adopting hazard-resistant building codes does not systematically increase home prices or constrain supply—and that, while delaying code adoption is unlikely to improve affordability, doing so increases vulnerability to future hazards.

Regulatory requirements such as minimum parking mandates, meanwhile, can also add significantly more expense to construction than do energy efficiency measures, Clark says. Rules requiring at least two parking spots per unit, for example, add between $50,000 and $100,000 per unit to development costs. But energy efficiency upgrades on a four-story multifamily building add just $18 per apartment, according to research by HUD—a cost recovered in less than two months through the resulting energy savings. Similarly, an RMI study across nine major US cities found that all-electric single-family homes were less expensive to build and to operate than mixed-fuel houses.

a twilight photo of the Finch, a 98-unit PassivHaus certified building in Cambridge, Mass.
Minimum parking requirements add far more costs to housing projects than efficiency measures. Shown is the Finch, a 98-unit Passive House-certified affordable housing development in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with triple-pane windows, electric heat pumps, and continuous R55 roof insulation. Credit: MassCEC

Uninsurable = Unaffordable

Still, resistance to resilience standards persists—and Greene says it’s time for the housing and climate camps to join forces.

“We need to improve resiliency, because people are increasingly exposed to extreme weather and climate-related risks,” says Greene, now the inaugural executive director of the Center for Housing Research and Innovative Solutions at the University of Denver. “And neither HUD, as a public agency, nor the households living in harm’s way can afford to keep on incurring those costs and those losses. The most promising path forward is working collaboratively with developers, insurers, and communities to align incentives so that resilient, affordable housing becomes the norm.”

Greene says the biggest emerging issue facing HUD during his tenure was the growing insurance crisis. Average home insurance premiums rose 9 percent in 2025 and have more than doubled since 2019, driven largely by claims related to wildfire, hurricanes, and other climate-related hazards, and some insurers have abandoned risky markets or entire states. For examplee, State Farm, California’s largest home insurer, in 2023 stopped writing new homeowners policies in the state, while more than a dozen insurers, such as Farmers and Progressive, have stopped issuing policies in Florida. A home that costs too much to insure, or that cannot be insured at all, can hardly be considered affordable; the best way to lower those costs, Greene says, is to reduce the risk in the first place by pairing smarter land use decisions with building more resilient homes.

Meanwhile, building codes—which provide the foundation for stronger, more resilient homes—have, in many places, not kept pace with accelerating climate hazards. “If we are going to build in certain locations, we really need to make sure higher standards are in place, like what we see in Louisiana,” Clark says. “They’re requiring homes to meet a base building code and be built above a certain elevation. And Louisiana is also requiring an energy code, so the housing that’s built is more affordable over the long term.”

Likewise, Alabama has updated its building codes for new homes in certain high-risk areas, and offers incentives for owners of new and existing homes to meet Fortified Roof standards—which were shown, in a University of Alabama study, to reduce insurance claims and losses by over 70 percent after Hurricane Sally. “That work has completely changed Alabama’s insurance market for the better,” Clark says.

That said, some portions of building codes could be tweaked—particularly in lower-risk areas—to expedite construction. “We should also be looking at, for example, parts of the building code that might not make sense, like the requirement for dual staircases in small plexes—that adds a lot of cost to a building,” Clark says. So does requiring a three- or four-family house to meet the stricter commercial code, instead of the residential code required of single-family homes and duplexes. “As we increase the adoption of building codes to reduce hazard risk, let’s figure out how to make it less expensive in other ways.”

How to Supercharge Affordable, Resilient Housing

Layering together the where, what, and how of housing yields a powerful policy playbook for accelerating affordability and sustainability in tandem.

The first urgent policy action Clark and her coauthors recommend is eliminating red tape in lower-hazard existing neighborhoods. Unlike the price of lumber or labor, regulations such as parking mandates, minimum lot sizes, and zoning rules are policy choices that local governments can directly change. Other priority actions identified in the policy playbook include using city- and state-owned land in low-hazard areas for housing, normalizing disaster-prepared building standards, simplifying public financing for low-income housing, embedding energy affordability into new construction, and reforming utility rates and programs to strengthen the grid and encourage efficiency.

Colorado stands out, Clark says, for having passed a series of housing bills in recent years to make it easier and faster to permit and build housing by right—that is, without special variances required—particularly near transit. “You’re seeing more housing get built on the ground as a result,” Clark says. “What’s also exciting, though, about Colorado, is that they’re not throwing out the baby with the bathwater. They’re not saying we’re going build housing everywhere and we’re going to do it without consideration for energy or resiliency.”

In conjunction with the pro-housing bills, Colorado created a Wildfire Resiliency Code to ensure new homes can better withstand wildfire risk, told insurers to factor resilience into their rate structures, and established a Model Low Energy and Carbon Code that rewards efficiency or Passive House construction. “That’s going to make sure new housing that gets built is efficient, grid interactive, and all-electric, so people are going to benefit from lower energy bills.”

Colorado also passed a bill on grid interactivity to allow for virtual power plants—meaning homeowners and renters with, say, heat pumps or solar panels and a backup battery or an electric vehicle can get paid for feeding energy back into the grid during times of peak demand. These types of agreements with utility companies help diversify and stabilize the electric grid, which is under increased stress from data centers and other demands, and can reduce the need for new fossil fuel power plants.

The reason Colorado was able to pass all those bills, Clark says, “is because they’ve built this successful coalition where they’ve brought together people who are concerned about housing, and the people who are concerned about energy and fire and resiliency, and all those different groups are supporting these various bills.”

In fact, Clark says, one of the groups that has been most effective in advocating for housing in Colorado isn’t a pro-housing organization at all—it’s a regional energy nonprofit called SWEEP, or the Southwest Energy Efficiency Project. “If we’re going to get some of these bills passed that create more resilient, affordable communities, you need to have people break down those silos and really work together so that we can build more housing in the right locations.”

Building a lot of resilient housing in existing, lower-risk neighborhoods is a winning proposition for just about everyone, says Cotter of the Lincoln Institute. “There are all these cobenefits—in addition to creating more affordable housing supply and reducing emissions, it makes fiscal sense for communities, it doesn’t require as much infrastructure maintenance or initial capital investments,” she says. “There are health benefits to getting people out of their cars and being closer to community, there are health benefits when you take cars off the roads. The case for it just continues to stack up.”


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: A fourplex in Portland, Oregon. Credit: Mark E McClure/Sightline Institute via Flickr.

Growth and Grit in Cleveland: A Conversation with Mayor Justin Bibb

August 4, 2026

By Anthony Flint, August 4, 2026

Of all the postindustrial cities in the US and around the world, Cleveland, Ohio, has perhaps had the most ups and downs, oscillating between decline and revival. The city has come a long way since the polluted Cuyahoga River caught fire in 1969, and has been a pioneer in revitalizing its industrial waterfront. Now the city has a chance to start over once again, with the departure of the Cleveland Browns opening up more than 50 acres of prime lakefront land currently anchored by the football stadium, which will be demolished.

The potential for a transformational redevelopment is not lost on Justin Bibb, who was reelected last November to a second term as mayor of Cleveland—and is the latest municipal chief executive to be featured in the Lincoln Institute’s Mayor’s Desk series.

“We have a historic opportunity to maximize Cleveland’s lakefront for once and for all,” Bibb said in a wide-ranging interview recorded for the Land Matters podcast. “We’ve done some things in piecemeal, but we’ve never had a bold, unified vision for really reinvigorating what I call America’s North Coast.”

Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb. Credit: City of Cleveland.

The stadium site overhaul, adjacent to the popular Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, will be done in coordination with a massive redevelopment of the now largely industrial Cuyahoga River waterfront. “We want this to be a model for America on how a legacy American city like Cleveland can be a two-waterfront city,” Bibb said.

The waterfront plans have been center stage recently, but Bibb has also been active in trying to assist struggling neighborhoods outside of downtown, including the Midline business district and greenway, which aims to make better use of 350 acres of vacant and under-utilized land.

“We are the largest landowner in the city, and we have thousands … of vacant lots that we have failed to put into productive use,” Bibb said. Under the Site Readiness for Good Jobs Fund, the city is taking stock of its industrial past—and the pollution it created—and identifying contaminated sites for clean-up and a quick turnaround for new business seeking to locate in places like the city’s long-struggling East Side.

Cleveland is well positioned to usher in manufacturing that is “re-shoring” to the US, amid greater awareness of the importance of resilient supply chains, he said. “It’s important that cities activate these sites and attract these jobs of the future, and the present, to make sure that America’s industrial future is competitive long-term.”

“We have the land, we have the talent, and we have the strategy to compete in the global economy,” he said.

One of the new businesses to move into one of those empty industrial sites—a long-empty factory that once supplied ore unloaders for the local steel industry—has been especially promising, Bibb said:  MMY US, a producer of low-cost, factory-built modular homes.

“They’ll be bringing 150 good-paying jobs to the city, and they’re going to help us build, in six to eight weeks, new homes in Cleveland that are affordable and within reach for our residents,” he said. “Also, because of our location, we can be a net exporter of modular homes to Canada. We think this will be a game changer for Cleveland’s economy long-term.”

Members of the press listen as Mayor Bibb speaks at the Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Engineering Company building, a long-empty factory that will soon be occupied by a modular housing manufacturer. Credit: City of Cleveland.

 

Born and raised in the Mt. Pleasant neighborhood in Cleveland’s southeast side, Justin Bibb was reelected to a second term as mayor in November 2025. Previously he worked for President Barack Obama during the latter’s time in the US Senate, served as an education and economic policy advisor for Cuyahoga County, and held leadership roles at Gallup, KeyBank, and Urbanova, focusing on civic innovation and data-driven strategies to improve the quality of life in cities.  He earned a BA in urban studies from American University in 2009 and an MBA and JD from Case Western Reserve University in 2018.

The Lincoln Institute has special connections with the City of Cleveland. The organization’s founder, John C. Lincoln, was an inventor and entrepreneur there at the turn of the last century, and established the Lincoln Electric company, a major employer to this day. John Lincoln was interested in the ideas of the political economist Henry George, and heard his first speech by George in Cleveland, which famously had a Georgist mayor, Tom Johnson, in the first decade of the 1900s.

John Lincoln eventually moved to Phoenix as he launched all his philanthropic efforts, but the Lincoln family remained involved in many civic affairs. The Kathryn J. Lincoln Speaker Series, an educational deep dive focused on effective urban planning, inclusive community development, and investment in ethical leadership, was established last year at the City Club of Cleveland. That is named for Katie Lincoln, chair of the board of the Lincoln Institute, who is John C. Lincoln’s granddaughter.

In addition, Cleveland was the subject of a documentary film produced by the Lincoln Institute that scrutinizes the city’s various efforts to engineer an urban renaissance. Cleveland: Confronting Decline in an American City, part of the Making Sense of Place series, aired extensively on public television.

The “two waterfronts” of Cleveland: the downtown shoreline of Lake Erie and the snaking curves of the Cuyahoga River. Credit: © 2026 Google Maps, NOAA.

 

Listen to the discussion with Mayor Bibb here or subscribe to Land Matters on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.


Further Reading

Analysis: Cleveland Engages a New Lakefront Planning Team to See What’s Possible After Browns Leave | Ideastream Public Media

Our Governing Agenda for the Cleveland ERA | Substack

A Legacy of Innovation: How Leaders in Cleveland Reimagined and Rebuilt Their City After Decades of Decline | Land Lines

Making Sense of Place, Cleveland: Confronting Decline in an American City | Lincoln Institute documentary

Legacy Cities | Lincoln Institute Data & Tools


Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines. 


Transcript

[00:00:05] Anthony Flint: Welcome back to the Land Matters podcast. I’m your host, Anthony Flint. Of all the post-industrial cities in the US and around the world, Cleveland, Ohio, has perhaps had the most ups and downs, oscillating between decline and revival. The city’s come a long way since those dark days of the Cuyahoga River catching fire, and it has been a pioneer in revitalizing its industrial waterfront, led by the establishment of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Now Cleveland has another chance to re-envision the lakefront and make better connections with the rest of the city, all the while addressing persistent issues of equity and uneven economic opportunity in many neighborhoods that are still struggling.

To talk about all this, we have the honor of having a special guest on the Land Matters podcast, the mayor of Cleveland, Justin Bibb. He’s the latest municipal chief executive to be interviewed as part of our Mayor’s Desk series — Conversations With Local Leaders Solving Global Problems. We’ve caught up with many inventive mayors in this series, but Mayor Bibb has been getting a lot of attention for his creativity and policy innovation and has been described politically as quite a rising star.

Some quick background. Before becoming mayor, he worked for President Barack Obama during his time in the US Senate. Served as an education and economic policy advisor for Cuyahoga County and also held leadership roles at Gallup, KeyBank, and Urbanova, focusing on civic innovation and data-driven strategies. A native of the Mount Pleasant neighborhood in Cleveland’s Southeast Side, he’s a proud graduate of American University with a degree in urban studies and has also pursued advanced studies in social policy and economics at the London School of Economics and earned both a MBA and a law degree at Case Western Reserve University.

Before we begin our conversation, just an additional quick note about the many connections that have linked Cleveland and the Lincoln Institute. Our founder, John C. Lincoln, was an inventor and entrepreneur there at the turn of the last century and established the Lincoln Electric Company, which is there to this day. John Lincoln was interested in the ideas of the political economist Henry George and heard his first speech by Henry George right there in Cleveland, which famously had its fully Georgist mayor, Tom Johnson.

John Lincoln eventually moved to Phoenix as he launched all his philanthropic efforts, but the Lincoln family remained involved in many civic affairs. Twenty years ago, the Lincoln Institute also premiered the Making Sense of Place documentary series with a feature-length film looking at Cleveland’s efforts to engineer a renaissance to bounce back from hard times. We’ve also stayed closely connected with the City Club of Cleveland and its great tradition of civic engagement and its lecture series, which now includes the Kathryn J. Lincoln Speaker Series, an educational deep dive focused on effective urban planning, inclusive community development, and investment in ethical leadership.That’s named for Katie Lincoln, chair of the board of the Lincoln Institute, who is John C. Lincoln’s granddaughter.

So our fates are in some ways interwoven. The bottom line is we continue to be interested in what’s happening in Cleveland, and that’s why we’re so grateful for this opportunity. Mayor Justin Bibb, thank you for joining the conversation at Land Matters, and for being part of our Mayor’s Desk interview series.

[00:03:46] Mayor Justin Bibb: Thanks for having me, Anthony.

[00:03:47] Anthony Flint: Well, as I mentioned, decades ago, Cleveland was really a pioneer in redeveloping its waterfront. I think the most recognizable project is the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, but also the Browns Stadium. Now the Browns are moving to the suburbs. Tell us about that and how will the new redevelopment that’s envisioned be different?

[00:04:08] Mayor Justin Bibb: Well, we fought the good fight to keep the Browns playing good or bad football on our lakefront, but the political winds were not in our favor, and now we have a historic opportunity to maximize Cleveland’s lakefront for once and for all. I’ve joked often since I became mayor four years ago that every mayor since Tom Johnson, for the last 100-plus years has had a lakefront plan in Cleveland. We’ve done some things in piecemeal, but we’ve never had a bold, unified vision for really reinvigorating what I call America’s North Coast.

This next chapter is really about making the lakefront a destination for residents, a destination for tourists. Really, we want this to be a model for America on how a legacy American city like Cleveland can be a two-waterfront city. Not only are we redeveloping the 50-acre site where the Browns Stadium currently sits, we’re also undergoing a nearly $4 billion transformation of our riverfront, really led by the great partnership we have with Dan Gilbert and the Bedrock family of companies. That’s about a $5 billion effort to make Cleveland a dual waterfront city.

Excited about the progress that we’re making. We’ll break ground on the lakefront in the fourth quarter of next year. We already have broken ground, and construction is underway on our riverfront. Folks from around the world will be coming to Cleveland soon because we will be one of the best two-waterfront cities, not just in America, but around the globe in the relatively near future.

[00:05:38] Anthony Flint: When you say the two waterfronts, orient us a little bit. That’s the lakefront and the Cuyahoga River?

[00:05:45] Mayor Justin Bibb: Yes, that’s correct. Cleveland is so unique that we sit on two bodies of water – [Lake Erie and] the Cuyahoga River, which has a storied history in Cleveland and across the country. I sit in the office of the late, great Carl B. Stokes, who was the first Black man and the first Black mayor to lead a major American city. His photo is right behind me and on my chair here at City Hall.

I’m willing to bet when he ran for mayor in the mid-1960s, he didn’t run to be a climate mayor. At the time, industry was not doing right by its cities. They weren’t doing right by its waterways. Our river caught on fire. As a result of that, Carl B. Stokes confronted this crisis. After that crisis happened, he did a nationwide pollution tour, which helped create the Clean Water Act, which then led the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, the EPA, as we call it today.

Cleveland has a storied history, and 50 years later, our ability to clean up the Cuyahoga River is a model of resilience across the country, and now it’s seeing a nearly $4 billion investment right now through our partnership with Bedrock.

[00:06:48] Anthony Flint: Just pivoting here for a second, what’s your view on the use of government-owned land for creating things like permanently affordable housing, other improvements? You’ve got a fair amount of government-owned land there. What are the prospects for that?

[00:07:02] Mayor Justin Bibb: We are the largest landowner in the city, and we have thousands and thousands and thousands of vacant lots that we have failed to put into productive use. We’re really excited about the work we’re doing to put our assets to work in a more productive way. Currently right now, we are attracting a world-renowned global modular housing manufacturer, MMY. They’re bringing one of their manufacturing headquarters to Cleveland, going to create 150 good-paying jobs, and our new business district called the Midline, which is the largest redevelopment project in the city’s history, a 350-acre site.

That’s one example of the work we’re doing through our site readiness fund for good jobs, where we’re converting a thousand acres of brownfield vacant land, predominantly in the heart of Cleveland’s inner city, and making those sites shovel-ready to go. Not only is it good housing policy to really address our cities’ and our nation’s housing affordability crisis, it’s also a good industrial policy, because as the nation works to have more resilient supply chains, as we see these trends are re-shoring, take shape, it’s important that cities activate these sites and attract these jobs of the future and the present to make sure that America’s industrial future is competitive long-term.

[00:08:19] Anthony Flint: Following up on this idea of repurposing land — there are so many opportunities. Tell us a little bit more about the East Side neighborhoods and the use of different land-based financing to encourage redevelopment and repurposing.

[00:08:35] Mayor Justin Bibb: Yes, Cleveland’s East Side has a long, storied history. My grandparents came up here from the segregated South for jobs in the steel mills and jobs in the auto plants, as well as many immigrants from around the world, particularly from Eastern Europe, who came to Cleveland for those jobs, because Cleveland was a walk-to-work city, and a lot of those jobs were concentrated in Cleveland’s East Side.

For generations, that part of the city has not gotten its fair share of investment. One of the things that we’re doing is we’re using the same taxing tools that we’ve used to spur nearly $5 billion of investment on the waterfronts. We’re using those same tools to attract private investment to the East Side of Cleveland. We’re thinking about vacant parcels differently. We’re activating those vacant lots for shovel-ready job sites to attract good-paying jobs, to put the working class and the middle class back to work in Cleveland.

We’re also using those sites to really address our housing crisis. Particularly in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood, we are deploying a new housing innovation district to really unlock brand new homeownership and new single-family homes for the future of the East Side of Cleveland.

[00:09:41] Anthony Flint: You mentioned the Site Readiness Initiative. I’m wondering, what have you learned from that experience, and any tips for other legacy cities or cities otherwise on this idea of looking at underutilized industrial land?

[00:09:57] Mayor Justin Bibb: This isn’t just about vacant land. It’s about talent. It’s about infrastructure. It’s about building a resilient manufacturing ecosystem that really builds on the strengths of Cleveland’s economy, so we’re really excited about this. We believe we can attract 2,500 good-paying jobs to the Midline. It costs about $100 million of capital to clean up. It’s 200 acres of vacant land that we’re transforming, and we’re putting about 1.5 million square feet of commercial space back to the market.

For any city to compete, you need two things: you need land, and you need talent. When I took office, we didn’t have any sites, 10 acres or more, to attract or retain companies in the city. Now we have the land, we have the talent, and we have the strategy to compete in the global economy.

[00:10:44] Anthony Flint: You mentioned there’s a modular homes manufacturer that is going into one site. That’s a pretty neat trick.

[00:10:51] Mayor Justin Bibb: Big deal. MMY is the first company to call the Midline home. As I said earlier, they’ll be bringing 150 good-paying jobs to the city, and they’re going to help us build, in six to eight weeks, new homes in Cleveland that are affordable and within reach for our residents. Also, because of our location and the Great Lakes and Lake Erie, we can be a net exporter of modular homes to Canada. We think this will be a game changer for Cleveland’s economy long-term.

[00:11:17] Anthony Flint: Finally, you’ve done a lot of work in climate and climate resilience, but do you think of Cleveland as a climate haven? If so, what needs to be done to take advantage of that kind of interest? Also, are you worried about gentrification?

[00:11:32] Mayor Justin Bibb: I absolutely believe that Cleveland is a climate haven. I believe our climate resilience as a city is second to none. We have access to fresh water. We have a temperate climate, four seasons actually in Cleveland. Although we were, like many cities in the US, exposed to the Canadian wildfires and the air quality, no real hurricanes, no wildfires in Cleveland. When you look at our coastal peer cities, Cleveland has a unique, I think, competitive advantage.

To protect it, number one, we need to make sure we have a resilient housing infrastructure, which is what we’re focused on. We need to make sure that we continue to have an economy that’s growing. We also need to make sure that when we think about climate change and think about this work around environmental justice, that is squarely focused on the cost of living crisis, and that’s our effort.

Now, gentrification means different things to different people. But we have a growth mindset in Cleveland. We need to grow the pie, but also support and uplift existing residents. Our economic philosophy is in all of the above approach to make Cleveland a city where the American dream is alive, within reach, and affordable. That’s the goal.

[00:12:39] Anthony Flint: Mayor Justin Bibb, thank you again for your time. It’s been a pleasure.

[00:12:42] Mayor Justin Bibb: Thanks for having me.

[00:12:43] Anthony Flint: Well, that’s a wrap on the Land Matters podcast. You can find extensive content about Cleveland and legacy cities on our website, that’s lincolninst.edu. Just navigate to the impact area called Land and Communities. You’ll also find the Making Sense of Place documentary series at the website, which includes recent updates on many of the initiatives we looked at 20 years ago. On social media, our handle is @landpolicy.

Please go ahead and rate, share, and subscribe to Land Matters, the podcast of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. For now, I’m Anthony Flint, signing off until next time.

[00:29:22] [END OF AUDIO]

Read full transcript
A rendering of Evoke at Ballantyne shows a four-story, gray and white building with a lawn and small trees.

Entornos favorables: estrategias locales en pos de la reurbanización de terrenos públicos

Por Loren Berlin, April 14, 2026

Ballantyne, Carolina del Norte, es una ciudad en desarrollo al sur de Charlotte. Con buenas escuelas, varios empleadores grandes y un ingreso familiar medio casi un 50 por ciento más alto que la mediana nacional, es un área deseable y en crecimiento, y necesita más viviendas asequibles.

En respuesta a esa necesidad, la ciudad de Charlotte cambió el enfoque hacia uno de los activos más importantes: el suelo. En 2023, la ciudad acordó arrendar una parcela de 1,38 hectáreas a CSE Communities, una división del desarrollador Crosland Southeast que se especializa en proyectos residenciales para hogares de ingresos mixtos.

Según el contrato de arrendamiento, CSE Communities pagará USD 1 por año durante 75 años y construirá Evoke Living en Ballantyne, un desarrollo de 60 unidades que será asequible para hogares de ingresos bajos y moderados. El proyecto incluirá
12 unidades asequibles para residentes que ganan el 30 por ciento o menos del ingreso promedio del área (AMI, por sus siglas en inglés), 32 unidades asequibles para hogares que ganan del 51 al 60 por ciento del AMI y 16 unidades asequibles para aquellos que ganan del 61 al 80 por ciento del AMI.

Como explicó Shawn Heath, subdirector de la ciudad, al South Charlotte Weekly, el proyecto es “una forma maravillosa de aprovechar el suelo que pertenece a la ciudad para generar viviendas asequibles en un área que las necesita”. Heath puso especial atención en la ubicación del lote e indicó que “sin lugar a duda, es una zona excepcional para el desarrollo de viviendas asequibles. Cumple todas las condiciones en términos de acceso a empleos, comodidades, servicios, escuelas públicas locales”.

Alrededor de un tercio de los hogares estadounidenses hoy soportan presiones económicas: destinan más del 30 por ciento de los ingresos a gastos de vivienda y enfrentan decisiones difíciles sobre cómo estirar los presupuestos limitados. Por ello, las comunidades de todo el país utilizan un recurso que ya poseen para enfrentar la crisis de asequibilidad de la vivienda. Muchas personas descubren que los sitios urbanos, como estacionamientos de superficie, baldíos, terrenos institucionales y edificios gubernamentales, se pueden usar de forma estratégica para aumentar la oferta.

Por supuesto, la crisis actual de la vivienda se debe a muchos factores, como salarios estancados, altos costos de construcción y zonificación restrictiva. En última instancia, el problema se reduce a lo siguiente: la nación tiene una crisis de vivienda porque no tenemos suficientes viviendas, por millones de unidades.

Las comunidades adoptan diferentes enfoques a medida que intentan aumentar la oferta de viviendas asequibles mediante la reurbanización de terrenos públicos. En el caso de Charlotte, el municipio mantiene la propiedad del suelo y celebra un contrato de arrendamiento con el desarrollador, para garantizar que la ciudad conserve el valor del suelo. En otros casos, los gobiernos municipales venden o donan el suelo.

A veces, el municipio tiene una participación activa en el proyecto de desarrollo a través de una asociación público-privada. Otras veces, su función se limita a exigir al desarrollador el cumplimiento del contrato. En todos los casos, los municipios capitalizan el potencial del suelo para abordar una necesidad crucial de vivienda y, al hacerlo, cumplir con la responsabilidad del gobierno de maximizar los activos públicos para el bien de la comunidad.

Legislar sobre el uso del suelo estatal y local

Según un análisis realizado por el Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales (CGS, por sus siglas en inglés) del Instituto Lincoln, el país tiene alrededor de 112.000 hectáreas edificables de suelo propiedad del gobierno que se encuentran en áreas urbanas (léase: lugares donde la gente desea vivir y que ya tienen infraestructura pública), accesibles al transporte público (léase: reducir la congestión del tráfico y promover la transitabilidad a pie), y que no implican sacrificar parques, humedales, servidumbres de conservación u otros espacios abiertos. Esta superficie podría albergar más de 6,9 millones de hogares en lugares más cercanos a empleos y escuelas que muchos sitios de desarrollo tradicionales.

Gran parte de este suelo se encuentra en estados con costos de vivienda excepcionalmente altos, como Massachusetts (10.436 hectáreas), Florida (8.418 hectáreas), Washington (6.437 hectáreas), Texas (6.070 hectáreas) y California (5.900 hectáreas). Debido a que esta lista es un “quién es quién” de los mercados de vivienda costosos, también es un registro de los lugares que más necesitan viviendas asequibles adicionales.

Una cuestión clave es que más del 98 por ciento de esta superficie está en manos de los gobiernos estatales y locales. La falta de un reclamo federal sobre el suelo no solo ayuda a agilizar y simplificar el trabajo de redistribución, sino que también faculta a los gobiernos estatales y locales a determinar el mejor uso. Algunos de ellos pueden ser más adecuados para beneficios comunitarios que no sean la vivienda, como espacios abiertos, un jardín de infiltración u otra infraestructura verde, o instalaciones recreativas.

El Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales realizó un análisis nacional de suelo propiedad del gobierno en áreas urbanas y accesibles al transporte público para determinar cuánto suelo edificable hay. Crédito: Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales.

La legislación es una de las herramientas más importantes para apoyar a los gobiernos estatales y locales en su intento de redistribuir el suelo. La legislación desempeña dos funciones clave en este contexto. La primera es establecer las condiciones necesarias para permitir este tipo de transacciones. A nivel estatal, esto puede incluir facultar a los gobiernos locales para que vendan o arrienden su propiedad a precios inferiores a los del mercado, lo que permite que los proyectos de vivienda asequible resulten económicamente viables.

Un ejemplo de legislación efectiva es la Ley de Enmienda sobre la Disposición de Suelo del Distrito para Vivienda Asequible (Disposition of District Land for Affordable Housing Amendment Act) de Washington, DC de 2014, que permite a la ciudad transferir su propiedad por menos del valor asignado por el valuador para proyectos de viviendas asequibles. Según la ley, todos los nuevos desarrollos multifamiliares deben garantizar que, como mínimo, entre el 20 y el 30 por ciento de las unidades sean asequibles para los hogares con ingresos anuales de entre el 30 y el 50 por ciento de la mediana del área. El porcentaje de unidades que deben ser asequibles varía según la ubicación de la parcela. Cuanto más cerca esté la parcela del transporte público, mayor será el porcentaje requerido de unidades asequibles.

La legislación puede promover aún más el uso eficiente de los terrenos públicos al exigir a los municipios que incluyan, o consideren incluir, la vivienda como parte de los proyectos promovidos con fondos públicos. En el condado de Montgomery, Maryland, el proyecto de ley 37-12 exige que el condado evalúe la viabilidad de incluir una “cantidad significativa” de viviendas asequibles en los proyectos de mejoras de capital propuestos, como bibliotecas, centros recreativos y estaciones de transporte público.

Un beneficio adicional de la legislación es que puede ayudar a todas las partes interesadas a ponerse de acuerdo sobre lo que está o no permitido o requerido al reutilizar suelo de propiedad pública. Dadas las múltiples entidades gubernamentales que pueden estar involucradas en una transacción de este tipo, esta claridad es útil para resolver la confusión entre ellas.

Sin embargo, algunos funcionarios electos inevitablemente tendrán dudas a la hora de redistribuir los terrenos públicos para la vivienda debido al riesgo político, dice George W. McCarthy, presidente y director ejecutivo del Instituto Lincoln. “Los terrenos públicos son un territorio muy disputado”, señala. “Todo el mundo tiene una opinión sobre cómo se debe usar cualquier tierra de propiedad pública. Y cada vez que alguien asigne este suelo, otra persona se enojará y otra más lo usará como combustible para asegurarse de que no ocurra la reelección del responsable de haber tomado esa decisión”.

Pero McCarthy, quien supervisó el diseño y lanzamiento de la campaña Community Land for Community Benefits del Instituto Lincoln este año, agrega que esa es una razón más para ser estratégico: “Existen maneras de liberar suelo público de manera eficiente y efectiva para que los gobiernos en verdad expriman todo el beneficio para la comunidad”.

Identificación de parcelas adecuadas

Una vez que un gobierno local confirma que tiene el derecho legal de redistribuir el suelo para obtener viviendas asequibles u otros beneficios comunitarios, la pregunta es cuál es la mejor manera de proceder. Existen varias consideraciones. La primera es identificar todas las parcelas elegibles.

Determinar con precisión qué entidad pública posee qué terreno puede ser difícil. A pesar de las numerosas entidades dedicadas a supervisar el uso del suelo en una comunidad determinada (las juntas de zonificación, los departamentos de planificación, las comisiones de uso del suelo), prácticamente todas las comunidades carecen de una estructura que supervise el uso de toda la cartera de suelo que posee. En consecuencia, los gobiernos municipales generalmente no tienen un plan integral y estratégico para desarrollar el suelo. En su lugar, suelen adoptar un enfoque ad hoc, parcela por parcela, que puede no considerar si un pedazo de suelo es más adecuado que otro para un tipo determinado de reurbanización. El resultado puede ser que no se maximicen las fortalezas y oportunidades únicas de una parcela.

Este es un problema que se puede resolver. Comienza con la preparación de un inventario del suelo de propiedad pública dentro de una comunidad. “No se puede llegar a una buena política para convertir el suelo en vivienda u otro desarrollo si ni siquiera se sabe lo que hay”, explica Reina Chano Murray, directora asociada del CGS.

Llevar a cabo una auditoría de tierras completa puede ser más difícil de lo que parece. Los terrenos públicos pueden ser propiedad de una serie de entidades públicas, como una autoridad de tránsito, un distrito de agua o alcantarillado, o un departamento de parques, algunos de cuyos nombres pueden haber cambiado con el tiempo y a través de varias administraciones municipales, y eso genera un revoltijo de propietarios que es necesario desentrañar.

Una vez que se establece la propiedad, se plantean las cuestiones del uso adecuado. Como explica Murray: “Es necesario conocer la condición del suelo. ¿Cuál es la zonificación actual del terreno en cuestión y el área circundante? ¿El área ya dispone de agua y otros servicios públicos? ¿Está cerca del transporte público? Este es un contexto importante a fin de determinar qué sitios son más apropiados para el desarrollo de viviendas frente a otra necesidad pública”. El CGS está trabajando con las comunidades en Colorado y otros lugares en este tipo de identificación y catalogación del suelo, al ayudar a las comunidades a encontrar los lugares adecuados para desarrollar viviendas, implementar soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y mitigar los riesgos climáticos.

Una vez que un gobierno local identifica las parcelas que son más adecuadas para viviendas asequibles, puede pasar a la etapa de configuración del proyecto. Las consideraciones clave incluyen el interés de la propiedad, las estructuras organizativas, la tenencia de la vivienda y los requisitos de asequibilidad. No existe una fórmula universal para estas transacciones, sino más bien una gama de opciones que dependen de los activos, las necesidades y las oportunidades de una comunidad.

Dicho esto, hay un elemento que McCarthy considera una buena idea para cualquier gobierno, al margen de su tamaño o las circunstancias: conservar la propiedad. “Recomendamos no regalar el suelo siempre que sea posible”, aconseja. “La idea preferida es arrendarlo porque le permite al gobierno mantener el control. Si la ciudad es propietaria del suelo, puede hacer cumplir su voluntad. Puede decir: ‘Estos son los términos según los cuales le daremos este contrato de arrendamiento, y si no cumplen, simplemente recuperaremos el suelo’”.

Poner en práctica la política

Desde hace tiempo, las ciudades y los condados dedican suelo municipal para fines que van desde parques públicos, infraestructura verde y áreas de conservación hasta necesidades de infraestructura como corredores de tránsito y servicios públicos. Pero no es tan común que dediquen el suelo de propiedad pública a la construcción de viviendas. A continuación, se incluyen ejemplos de tres ciudades.

Hamilton, Ontario

La ciudad de Hamilton, Ontario, donde viven alrededor de 570.000 personas, inició el desarrollo de vivienda en suelo perteneciente al municipio hace una década. Crédito: benedek vía iStock/Getty Images.

La ciudad de Hamilton, Ontario, ha estado dedicando sus tierras de forma estratégica para facilitar el desarrollo de viviendas adicionales desde hace casi una década. Durante ese tiempo, el enfoque de la ciudad ha cambiado, comenta Ray Kessler, quien, como director de Bienes Raíces Corporativos de Hamilton, administra la cartera de la ciudad de alrededor de 2.300 parcelas. (En marcado contraste con casi todas las ciudades estadounidenses, Hamilton tiene una Oficina de Bienes Raíces Corporativos que tiene la tarea de ocuparse de la administración estratégica de todos los terrenos propiedad de la ciudad como una sola cartera).

“Al principio, cuando comenzamos a vender nuestro suelo para vivienda en 2016, vendíamos propiedades, como todos los demás”, explica Kessler. “Pero en el último tiempo, adoptamos lo que llamamos una política de ‘arrendamiento primero’, donde priorizamos el arrendamiento en lugar de la venta, siempre que sea posible”.

Cuando se determina que el arrendamiento es una opción viable, la ciudad ofrece a una organización de vivienda sin fines de lucro seleccionada un arrendamiento a largo plazo, en general, de un mínimo de 40 años de duración, para construir o administrar viviendas asequibles. El arrendamiento es nominal y todos los proyectos aprobados deben cumplir con el Programa de Suministro de Viviendas Asequibles de la Ciudad, que describe diferentes pautas según el terreno en particular.

En el caso de la parcela de propiedad de la ciudad en 1126 Garth Street, el cronograma requiere que las unidades sean casas adosadas de dos o tres dormitorios, disponibles para alquiler o compra (aunque el desarrollador puede construir una vivienda de varias unidades sujeta a rezonificación). Si las casas adosadas están a la venta, al menos el 50 por ciento de ellas deben ofrecerse por no más del 90 por ciento del precio de compra promedio, y no se pueden construir más de 10 unidades, según el reglamento de zonificación.

En el caso de que las casas adosadas estén en alquiler, al menos el 30 por ciento de las unidades deben tener un precio que no sea más del 80 por ciento del alquiler promedio del mercado. Los alquileres solo pueden aumentarse de forma anual y deben cumplir con las Pautas provinciales de aumento de alquileres, lineamientos anuales que limitan los aumentos máximos de alquileres en Canadá y varían según la provincia. Por ejemplo, en 2026, la pauta de Ontario es del 2,1 por ciento, mientras que en Columbia Británica es del 2,3 por ciento.

La ciudad prefiere arrendar la propiedad porque otorga más capacidad para asegurarse de que las unidades sean asequibles a largo plazo. Como explica Kessler: “Cuando se produce un cambio de titularidad, incluso si se establecen controles, no se puede garantizar el cumplimiento a largo plazo porque se perdió la propiedad. Con un contrato de arrendamiento, seguimos siendo propietarios del suelo y, siempre que ese contrato esté bien redactado, esas obligaciones contractuales nos darán mucha más garantía que los instrumentos relacionados con títulos propietarios”.

Además, el arrendamiento crea oportunidades económicas para la ciudad. “Todavía no lo hicimos, pero con un contrato de arrendamiento, es posible que podamos generar ingresos para reinvertir en otros proyectos de viviendas asequibles. O, en un área más densa, como el centro de la ciudad, es posible que podamos vender derechos de desarrollo sobre, por ejemplo, suelo de propiedad pública donde funciona un centro de artes escénicas. Esa tierra tiene una zonificación que habilita a construir 30 pisos, pero solo tiene 6 pisos, por lo que, si podemos transferir parte de la densidad a otro sitio, entonces lograremos generar ingresos de esa manera”.

Boston, Massachusetts

Como parte de una iniciativa más extensa para recuperar suelo público subutilizado, en 2023, la ciudad de Boston lanzó Welcome Home, Boston, una iniciativa escalonada para reutilizar tierras que son propiedad de la ciudad con el objetivo de construir viviendas asequibles para residentes con ingresos bajos y moderados. El año anterior, los funcionarios de la ciudad lanzaron una auditoría anual de tierras en toda la ciudad, un inventario de todos los terrenos que pertenecen a la ciudad, uno de los mayores propietarios de bienes raíces de Boston.

La auditoría identificó 1.238 parcelas por un total de 882.578 metros cuadrados de suelo (el 5,4 por ciento del total de las propiedades de la ciudad) que califican como vacías o subutilizadas, incluidas pequeñas parcelas aptas para urbanización. Ciento cincuenta de estas parcelas se pusieron a disposición para oportunidades de propiedad de vivienda asequibles según el programa Welcome Home, Boston, que se financia con USD 58 millones de la asignación del Plan de Rescate Estadounidense de la Ciudad.

Una nueva vivienda construida en un lote que solía estar vacante en el vecindario de Hyde Park en Boston. Crédito: Ciudad de Boston.

Desde la publicación de la primera solicitud de propuestas en junio de 2023, según un portavoz, la ciudad de Boston aprobó 10 propuestas en 28 parcelas que producirán 144 nuevas unidades de vivienda asequibles para los residentes con un ingreso familiar de entre el 80 por ciento y el 100 por ciento de la mediana del área. Esta primavera, la ciudad planea aprobar nuevas propuestas para 11 parcelas que producirían alrededor de 40 unidades, destinadas a hogares con ingresos de entre el 120 por ciento y el 135 por ciento de la mediana del área. Se encuentran en las etapas de planificación más de 30 parcelas adicionales, y se espera que los esfuerzos de participación comunitaria comiencen este año calendario.

Para ayudar a garantizar que se puedan cumplir estos objetivos de asequibilidad, la ciudad vende las parcelas a los desarrolladores participantes por una tarifa nominal. Como explica Sheila A. Dillon, jefa de vivienda de la ciudad: “Al hacer que las parcelas subutilizadas de la ciudad estén disponibles para la vivienda, podemos ayudar a las personas que compran su primera vivienda, fortalecer los barrios y garantizar que los terrenos públicos brinden un beneficio duradero a la comunidad. En algunos casos, la venta de parcelas con claras restricciones de título de propiedad permite que las viviendas sigan siendo asequibles para los futuros compradores, al tiempo que reduce la carga administrativa durante la gestión de los arrendamientos de tierras. Ese enfoque ayuda a la ciudad a concentrar más recursos en crear y preservar viviendas asequibles en Boston”.

Por ejemplo, en 2024, la ciudad vendió cuatro lotes vacíos por un total de casi 1.486 metros cuadrados en el vecindario de Dorchester, con un valor asignado por el tasador de USD 1,26 millones, a Norfolk Design & Construction por USD 400 para construir 20 viviendas asequibles dirigidas a compradores de primera vivienda.

Welcome Home, Boston es solo una de las múltiples iniciativas que la ciudad utiliza para administrar el suelo. Otras parcelas más grandes están atravesando un proceso comunitario para determinar los mejores usos para el desarrollo. Una de esas parcelas son los 1.757 metros cuadrados de suelo propiedad de la ciudad en 55–57 Hudson Street, Chinatown. La ciudad entregó el terreno a la organización sin fines de lucro Asian Community Development Corporation por una tarifa nominal de arrendamiento de terrenos para construir 110 unidades de vivienda asequible, incluidas 66 unidades de alquiler y 44 condominios para compra. El nuevo edificio también incluirá una sucursal permanente de 1.579 metros cuadrados de la Biblioteca Pública de Boston en Chinatown.

Atlanta, Georgia

Como parte del objetivo de sumar 20.000 viviendas al parque de viviendas asequibles de la ciudad para 2030, la ciudad de Atlanta está trabajando para remodelar la Estación de Bomberos 15, una parcela de terreno de 0,3 hectáreas con un valor de mercado de USD 14,1 millones. Ubicada en el popular barrio de Midtown, la propiedad actualmente alberga un edificio de una sola planta con un sótano parcial. Según la remodelación propuesta, se construirá un edificio residencial para hogares de ingresos mixtos. Los últimos planes incluyen una estructura de 21 pisos con una estación de bomberos de 3 pisos y un estacionamiento de 5 pisos. Los pisos restantes contendrán alrededor de 230 departamentos, de los cuales cerca de un tercio serán asequibles. Esta es una acción muy necesaria en un vecindario que cuenta con todos los servicios, donde el ingreso medio de los hogares es casi un 70 por ciento superior al de la ciudad en general, y el alquiler es cerca de un 33 por ciento más alto que la mediana de toda la ciudad.

Midtown, Atlanta, tiene planes ambiciosos para reconstruir la Estación de Bomberos 15; esta vez, tendrá 230 departamentos en la parte superior. Crédito: Atlanta Housing.

En este caso, el acuerdo es una asociación público-privada. La ciudad de Atlanta seguirá siendo propietaria de los derechos sobre el suelo y otorgará una opción de compra de los derechos aéreos sobre la estación de bomberos por una tarifa nominal (por ejemplo, USD 1) a la organización sin fines de lucro, Atlanta Urban Development Corporation (AUDC, por sus siglas en inglés), creada en 2023 por la ciudad de Atlanta y la Autoridad de Vivienda de la Ciudad de Atlanta para liderar el desarrollo de viviendas en suelo de propiedad pública. AUDC es una subsidiaria de la autoridad de vivienda, que actúa efectivamente como una agencia de desarrollo público con capacidad para colaborar con inversores privados.

Una vez que se reconstruya la propiedad, AUDC continuará manteniendo el proyecto (es decir, el suelo y las mejoras, pero no la estación de bomberos) en una estructura de arrendamiento de terrenos a largo plazo con el desarrollador. Se espera que la ciudad sea propietaria de la Estación de Bomberos 15 de carácter permanente. El resto del desarrollo será propiedad de una iniciativa conjunta entre el socio desarrollador seleccionado y AUDC.

Conforme a la estructura propuesta, AUDC será el accionista mayoritario, con al menos el 51 por ciento de la propiedad, y dividirá los flujos de fondos del proyecto con el desarrollador, como se describe en un informe conjunto del laboratorio de finanzas Nowak Metro Finance Lab de la Universidad de Drexel y Putting Assets to Work (PAW), una incubadora nacional que ayuda a los gobiernos estatales y locales a transformar las propiedades públicas subutilizadas en activos que generan valor a largo plazo para la comunidad. Como se explica en el informe: “La iniciativa conjunta permite al desarrollador disfrutar de algunas ventajas de los flujos de fondos del proyecto con un riesgo relativamente bajo, al tiempo que garantiza la asequibilidad a largo plazo, gracias a la propiedad mayoritaria de AUDC”.

La Estación de Bomberos 15 es parte de una iniciativa más extensa del alcalde de Atlanta, Andre Dickens, que tiene como objetivo destinar los terrenos de propiedad municipal para fines de vivienda. Las parcelas que forman parte de la diversa y creciente oferta de la ciudad se seleccionan para fines de reurbanización en función de un mapa integral de activos de propiedad pública que los funcionarios de la ciudad crearon a través de la participación en el programa de incubadoras de PAW en 2023.

Cobrar impulso

De la misma manera que no hay una sola causa de la crisis de asequibilidad de la vivienda, no hay una sola solución. La reutilización de suelo de propiedad pública para fines de vivienda asequible no es una panacea, sino una respuesta eficiente y escalable que podría ayudar a resolver el problema. Si los gobiernos correspondientes desarrollaran las 111.692 hectáreas edificables de suelo de propiedad pública identificadas en el análisis del CGS, incluso con los estándares de baja densidad de 7 unidades por casi media hectárea, la nación podría sumar más de 1,9 millones de unidades de vivienda nuevas. Si se elevaran las ambiciones y los desarrolladores construyeran con estándares de mayor densidad de 25 unidades por casi media hectárea, el suelo propiedad del gobierno podría producir 6,9 millones de unidades de vivienda nuevas.

Por supuesto, no todos los terrenos públicos deberían desarrollarse conforme al derecho de zonificación. Sigue siendo de vital importancia que las comunidades protejan los espacios abiertos, ya que esto aporta beneficios ampliamente documentados para la salud pública y planetaria, y para garantizar la coherencia entre el uso previsto y los atributos de la propiedad.

Pero la cuestión está cobrando impulso, tanto a nivel estatal como municipal. Como señaló McCarthy en una columna reciente de Mensaje del presidente: “California fortaleció su Ley de Tierras Excedentes y obligó a las agencias locales a inventariar las parcelas disponibles, ofrecerlas primero a los desarrolladores de viviendas asequibles y seguir procedimientos transparentes y exigibles… Massachusetts avanzó en la creación de una cartera de parcelas estatales excedentes con el objetivo de producir miles de viviendas; el programa Public Lands for Housing de San Francisco destina sitios grandes y de bajo rendimiento, como el embalse Balboa Reservoir de 6,88 hectáreas, para viviendas de ingresos mixtos; y Sound Transit en el estado de Washington desarrolló una política para destinar propiedades excedentes a viviendas con ingresos restringidos cerca de las estaciones”.

A través de estrategias reflexivas y equilibradas, las comunidades pueden utilizar el suelo que ya poseen para proporcionar vivienda asequible y adaptarse al cambio climático, y pueden usar el valor derivado de estos acuerdos, ya sea en forma de pagos de arrendamiento, compra de derechos de desarrollo u otro mecanismo, para financiar infraestructura y servicios sociales. Como están demostrando comunidades como Charlotte, Hamilton, Boston y Atlanta, el suelo público es un componente esencial de las soluciones políticas del siglo XXI para nuestros desafíos sociales más serios.


Loren Berlin es escritora y editora, y se especializa en vivienda. Para leer más sobre su trabajo, visite www.lorenberlin.com.

Imagen principal: Evoke Living en Ballantyne, un desarrollo de 60 unidades en terrenos que pertenecen a la ciudad en Charlotte, Carolina del Norte. Crédito: Evoke Living en Ballantyne.

An aerial view of downtown Fairbanks with mid-rise commercial buildings, rooftops, and colorful tents and people in the streets.
Mayor’s Desk

Líder en una tierra de extremos

Por Anthony Flint, May 13, 2026

Mindy O’Neall, de 44 años, fue elegida la 53.ª alcaldesa de Fairbanks, Alaska, en 2025. Esto significó cambiar el mando de republicanos a demócratas por primera vez en una década y la convirtió en la cuarta directora ejecutiva municipal mujer en la historia de la ciudad, que alberga a alrededor de 30.000 personas.

A bordo de una camioneta pickup de transmisión manual, la nativa de Iowa condujo a Alaska en busca de aventuras hace 23 años. Su primer destino fue Anchorage, donde trabajó como asistente legislativa, antes de mudarse a Fairbanks. Trabajó en Fairbanks Economic Development Corporation y en la empresa pública de distribución de gas, Interior Gas Utility, como representante laboral y fundó Blue Canoe Media, una firma boutique de comunicaciones y consultoría.

O’Neall obtuvo una maestría en comunicación por la Universidad de Alaska Fairbanks, en la que investigó la gobernanza y los impactos climáticos en las zonas rurales de Alaska. Antes de convertirse en alcaldesa, ocupó un cargo en la Asamblea del Condado de Fairbanks North Star y fue directora ejecutiva del Centro de Investigación de Viviendas en Clima Frío; ocupa un cargo en las juntas de la Asociación de Constructores de Viviendas del Estado de Alaska y la Liga Municipal de Alaska. Su campaña giró en torno a temas como la revitalización del centro, la vivienda asequible y la seguridad pública. Vive en el centro de Fairbanks con su perro, Tito, a quien señaló como el verdadero perro oficial de Alaska, el perro mestizo.

Esta entrevista, que se ha editado por motivos de espacio y claridad, también está disponible como pódcast de Land Matters.

Anthony Flint: Para los que no están familiarizados, ¿cómo es Fairbanks? ¿Y por qué quería ser alcalde?

Mindy O’Neall: Diría que es una tierra de extremos. El frío en invierno es extremo. Algunos se sorprenden cuando descubren que podemos alcanzar un máximo de 32 a 37 grados Celsius en el verano. Tenemos animales exóticos, osos pardos y osos polares, y tenemos industrias extremas, como la minería y el desarrollo de gas y petróleo. En el corazón de esto está la gente … que tiene coraje y determinación y, a menudo, esta mentalidad de abundancia … [y] de escasez al mismo tiempo. Estamos al final de la fila. Aquí, la seguridad alimentaria está garantizada solo por tres o cuatro días.

La alcaldesa Mindy O’Neall. Crédito: Foto de cortesía.

Llevo más de 23 años viviendo en Alaska. Soy originaria de Iowa y vine aquí en busca de aventuras, como muchas otras personas. Dicen que quien conoce el Medio Oeste nunca quiere abandonar el corazón del país. Y yo dije, no se preocupen, volveré en un año. Solo quiero ir a ver cómo es. Después de un año, resultó dolorosamente obvio darme cuenta de que había mucho más por descubrir en Alaska y que solo tenía que quedarme.

Una de las cosas interesantes de Alaska es que tenemos siete distritos, que funcionan como los condados en los demás estados. Y, luego, tenemos ciudades dentro de esos distritos. Así que Fairbanks tiene un municipio que tiene un órgano de gobierno, que es la asamblea, y un alcalde; y luego, dentro del municipio, hay dos ciudades, Fairbanks y North Pole… Siempre nos gusta bromear con el hecho de que, para un lugar que está tan en contra del gobierno y la regulación excesiva, tenemos una gran presencia gubernamental.

Comencé mi servicio público durante la pandemia… Teníamos un alcalde que hacía un buen trabajo en lo administrativo. Pero era muy discriminatorio con la población nativa de Alaska, y después de algunos comentarios y polémicas en las redes sociales … Creo que el servicio público es un privilegio, y la persona en el cargo tiene que ganarse el respeto de cada población dentro de su comunidad … [un] elemento fundamental del servicio público es mostrar respeto hacia la comunidad en la que uno trabaja, incluso cuando no la comprende o no está de acuerdo con ella. Creo que, en este tiempo, ese respeto se perdió en muchos niveles del gobierno.

En verdad creo que uno de los beneficios de ocupar este cargo es ser mujer. Esta es la primera vez que Fairbanks tiene una alcaldesa en alrededor de dos décadas, y soy la cuarta desde 1903 … una mujer joven de unos 40 años que lidera esta comunidad y es un modelo a seguir para que las niñas de nuestra comunidad vean que hay alguien como ellas … en un entorno que a veces es muy hostil y tiene mucha presencia masculina.

AF: Todo el mundo tiene dificultades con la capacidad de pago en estos días, y una gran parte tiene que ver con la vivienda. ¿Cuáles son las políticas que pueden ayudar a comprar o alquilar una vivienda en su región?

MO: Sufrimos de una oferta de vivienda que data de la década de 1970. Alaska tuvo su último gran auge durante la construcción del oleoducto en la década de 1970. Hubo una ola de personas que llegaron al estado y construyeron de la manera en que sabían: sin mucho aislamiento y con lo que fuera que tuvieran. Nuestras viviendas son muy ineficientes.

[Debemos centrarnos en] crear riqueza generacional más allá de la propiedad de la vivienda. Construir casas y viviendas ha sido el juego o el negocio de desarrolladores importantes y ricos. Y, en nuestra comunidad, en verdad no podemos permitirnos eso. No tenemos suficientes personas para que un gran desarrollador gane dinero aquí… ¿Cómo podemos reducir el monto de la inversión [que es necesaria para la vivienda]?

AF: El Instituto Lincoln ayuda a los municipios a identificar terrenos propiedad del gobierno que puedan utilizarse para viviendas asequibles. ¿Ve oportunidades con ese enfoque?

MO: Por supuesto que sí; le daré algunos datos. El 60 por ciento de nuestra tierra en Alaska es federal y el 25 por ciento es propiedad del estado de Alaska. El 10 por ciento es propiedad de corporaciones nativas y el 1 por ciento es privado. Así que tenemos una gran cantidad de suelo gubernamental disponible. Ahora, alrededor de 32 millones de esas hectáreas se gestionan para la conservación. Pero todavía nos queda un poco de suelo para utilizar.

Tenemos un parque de estacionamiento que estuvo inactivo durante probablemente cinco años. La universidad que lo usaba ya no lo necesitaba, por lo que literalmente soldaron las puertas, y este edificio ha estado allí, deteriorándose desde entonces. Había algunos fondos disponibles … para la adquisición del suelo. Publicamos una solicitud de propuestas para que un desarrollador construyera dos o tres pisos sobre el espacio aéreo del estacionamiento y, de esa forma, activar el espacio, al dar uso a ese estacionamiento cubierto, que es muy importante en Fairbanks, pero también al agregar unidades de vivienda en el centro de la ciudad. Ese es solo un ejemplo, tenemos otros, pero estoy muy entusiasmada por ver cómo se desarrolla.

AF: ¿Cuáles son los desafíos únicos de vivir con el cambio climático en Alaska y qué se puede hacer al respecto a nivel estatal y local?

Una fumarola surge sobre un bosque. Una casa solitaria es visible.
Incendio de Lost Horse Creek al norte de Fairbanks en 2023. El cambio climático está haciendo que Alaska sea más susceptible a los incendios forestales. Crédito: Togie Whiel/Equipo Interinstitucional de Gestión de Incidentes de Alaska.

MO: A menudo, se refieren al Ártico como el canario en la mina de carbón, porque comenzamos a ver los problemas del cambio climático en mayor medida y mucho antes que el resto de los estados u otras partes del mundo. Algo sucede en nuestro medio ambiente desde hace un tiempo. Hay más viento en Fairbanks, lo que significa que tenemos más riesgo de incendios en verano. Tuvimos inviernos más fríos y con más nieve de lo habitual, lo que significa que el suelo no se descongela con rapidez, es decir, cuando la temperatura se calienta en el aire, todo se derrite en agua, pero no tiene donde ir porque el suelo continúa congelado. Ahora, no podemos aprovechar esa agua, y sufrimos muchas inundaciones. Además, no tenemos humedad en el suelo, por lo que es más susceptible de sufrir incendios forestales en el verano.

No creo que haya mucho que podamos hacer al respecto en este momento. Está sucediendo. Estamos en un ciclo de disrupción climática. Pero podemos crear un plan. Podemos planificar acciones ante eventos extremos, como qué hacer cuando nos quedamos sin electricidad y la temperatura es de -35 °C.

La otra cuestión es que la planificación requiere dinero y, en Alaska, no recaudamos impuestos sobre las ventas en todo el estado. Algunos municipios lo hacen, el municipio de Fairbanks, no. Lo mismo sucede con el impuesto sobre la renta. Pagamos impuestos a la propiedad y nada más. A medida que abordamos estos eventos cada vez más dramáticos, nos cuesta cada vez más reparar las carreteras y garantizar la continuidad de los servicios públicos que están por encima y por debajo del suelo. Estamos viendo cada vez menos inversión del gobierno federal para este tipo de eventos. Como habitantes de Alaska, es hora de que pensemos seriamente en cómo queremos proteger nuestros activos. Y qué nivel de compromiso asumimos con nuestros propios bolsillos.

AF: ¿Cómo es ser alcaldesa en un momento en que el gobierno federal reduce los fondos y ya no brinda apoyo en tantas cuestiones?

MO: Seguimos pidiendo a nuestros empleados públicos que hagan más con menos. Al mismo tiempo, la ciudadanía espera que los servicios sean modernos. Eso significa que tenemos que invertir en tecnología.

Es un punto difícil. Uno tiene muchas ideas y planes para cuando sea alcalde y, luego, asume el cargo … Para poder ofrecer los servicios que queremos y mejorar la eficiencia … con cada vez menos fondos, tanto del estado como del gobierno federal, tendremos que buscar formas de contribuir por nuestra cuenta. Y eso se reduce a los valores que tenemos como comunidad.

Es difícil. Sin duda es algo en lo que estoy trabajando: cómo hacemos más con menos, cómo explicamos el valor de una buena administración pública, [mientras] nos comprometemos personalmente en el camino.


Anthony Flint es miembro sénior del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo, conduce el ciclo de pódcasts Land Matters y es editor colaborador de Land Lines.

Imagen principal: El Festival del Sol de Medianoche en el centro de Fairbanks, 2021. Crédito: Jacob Boomsma vía iStock/Getty Images Plus.

City Tech

Mapping the Housing-Health Connection

By Rob Walker, June 30, 2026

It’s no secret that the basic elements that shape a neighborhood—the housing stock, building codes, location of transit lines and industry—can impact the health of its residents. But a few years ago, an unusual coalition in Cleveland set out to get beyond that broad point and into the gritty, data-driven specifics.

The Cleveland Healthy Home Data Collaborative (CHHDC) built a unified data system that links housing conditions directly to health outcomes—address by address, block by block. It’s an effort to make the home-and-health connection truly legible to the people who need it most, from residents to policymakers. The tangible results have included an accessible app intended to help renters make individual health-related housing decisions and beefed-up city standards (and enforcement) related to lead paint.

The roots of the coalition trace back to the mid-2010s, when it launched with initial funding from The BUILD Health Challenge, a national program that supports community-driven partnerships to reduce health disparities. The lead partner in the effort was Environmental Health Watch (EHW), Cleveland’s oldest environmental justice organization, which was required by the program to bring on a hospital partner, as well as the city’s health department. “That was already a new way of doing business, by having a nonprofit lead the work,” says Kimberly Foreman, chief executive officer of EHW, who describes the organization as the backbone of the project.

Other coalition members included MetroHealth and University Hospitals and the Cleveland Department of Public Health. But having a community-based organization in the lead role (with funding from BUILD flowing through EHW) meant that the communities potentially most affected by unhealthy housing could give input about what data to collect, how to present it, and who would have access to it.

Coalition members agreed about the overarching problems. Lead poisoning in Cleveland is nearly four times the national average. Childhood asthma rates in low-income neighborhoods are among the highest in the country. The causes include old housing stock, deferred maintenance, absent landlords, and inadequate code enforcement. EHW has been working on healthy homes since the 1980s, Foreman says, trying to draw attention to “comprehensive assessment, addressing asthma triggers, addressing lead hazards.” But for decades the city lacked the tools to connect the dots between a peeling wall in a rental unit and a child showing up in the emergency room months later.

The newly formed data collaborative pulled together geocoded housing data (inspection records, code violations, lead certification status, rental registry data) and linked it to health information from hospital systems and public health departments. Integrating that data to enhance communication among institutions was the first step. (Even now, Foreman says, she meets people at conferences who marvel: “Oh, you actually work with your hospital system?”)

But the resulting public-facing portal “was not user-friendly.” A second BUILD grant followed, and EHW expanded the coalition to include Case Western Reserve University’s Center on Poverty and Community Development and its metrics. “The Poverty Center helped us decipher the data and figure out, working with renters, how to prioritize the information that they needed or wanted to see,” Foreman says. The result was a platform that could benefit renters and policymakers alike. Type any residential address into Cleveland.housing.health and you get a clear property overview: when the structure was built and who owns it, lead risk and structure risk ratings, and any code violations, among other data points.

An example of the kind of information provided in the portal created by the Cleveland Healthy Homes Data Collaborative. Credit: cleveland.housing.health.

The broad membership of the coalition has helped give it institutional staying power: When hospitals and public health departments share ownership of a system, it tends to outlast the grant cycle that created it. And in fact, the group’s work eventually helped drive one of the city’s most significant housing policy changes. In 2019, after a wave of press scrutiny and years of community pressure coordinated in part through EHW’s advocacy, Cleveland City Council passed an ordinance requiring rental properties to be certified lead safe. The data system the coalition built was both an argument for that policy and a tool for implementing it.

Cleveland is, in some ways, an extreme case of a challenging health-and-housing connection. But the underlying issues are widespread. And as the CHHDC has attracted national attention, the BUILD Health Challenge and others have sparked similar versions of the cross-sector, data-driven housing-health model for cities from Philadelphia to Oakland. The National League of Cities now runs a Healthy Housing Innovation Cohort specifically to help municipalities build data infrastructure like that which Cleveland spent years constructing from scratch.

Meanwhile, in Cleveland, researchers at Cleveland Clinic and MetroHealth are now building digital twin neighborhoods—sophisticated computational models of entire communities, derived from the electronic health records of more than 250,000 patients, that can simulate what happens to health when a neighborhood’s housing stock undergoes changes, or when a clinic is added or a bus line rerouted. Funded by a $3.14 million National Institutes of Health grant, it’s a descendant of the CHHDC’s foundational insight: Place is a clinical variable, and improving health at scale requires understanding—and intervening in—the environments people actually inhabit.

Closing the health-disparity gap will of course require not just data but resources: a funded Lead Safe Home Fund, sustained code enforcement, landlord accountability, and the political will to treat housing quality as a public health emergency rather than as a private-market outcome.

But the Cleveland coalition proved that technical barriers can be solved. Often the data exists—in hospitals, in city agencies, in health departments—but it lives in silos. The solution is organizational as much as technological: building the trust and the governance structures needed to allow those institutions to share what they know. This can make the seemingly murky challenges undeniably clear and even put a number on what neglect costs, in childhood lead levels, in asthma hospitalizations, in years of life lost before age 70. Such data-rich clarity helps meet a diffuse crisis with a set of specific responses.

Participants raise awareness about the connection between housing and health in Cleveland’s fourth annual Lead Walk and Rally in 2024. Credit: Lead Safe Cleveland Coalition via Instagram.

That said, Foreman emphasizes that data, and even legislation, are just starting points for action. “We run incentives programs for landlords” to comply with regulations and mitigate lead issues, she points out. “We run a relocation program to help get people temporary space while their home is getting worked on. We run a hotline, we run outreach, we run education.

“Data matters,” Foreman continues, “but then what do you do with it?” Answering that question means thinking about who is collecting which data, how it’s being translated, and who can use it. “People are not units and widgets,” she concludes. “They’re people.”


Rob Walker is a journalist covering design, technology, and other subjects. He is the author of The Art of Noticing and City Tech: 20 Apps, Ideas, and Innovators Changing the Urban Landscape. His newsletter is at robwalker.substack.com.

Lead image: In Cleveland, Ohio, a data collaborative illuminates the connections between housing conditions and health outcomes. Credit: DJ Johnson via Unsplash.