The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.
What can an 18th-century orphanage tell us about housing affordability today? Quite a lot, says Thies Lindenthal, professor of real estate finance at the University of Cambridge.
In Europe, many institutions, like orphanages and hospitals, historically held large portfolios of market-rate rental properties to help fund their primary operations, Lindenthal says, and some kept detailed financial records that span several centuries. That’s allowed Lindenthal and his colleagues to trace the long-term evolution of urban housing affordability by analyzing nearly half a million rent observations and other data from seven major European cities during a period of more than 500 years.
Their findings, detailed in a recent working paper, may sound surprising: In inflation-adjusted terms, real urban rents have increased only about 0.17 percent a year, on average, over the last half a millennium. “If you compare what you’re paying for a 50-square-meter place in London now to what you’d have paid, I don’t know, 100 years ago, it is not more expensive,” Lindenthal says. However, modern Europeans do pay higher rents in total—consuming more and better living space than people in centuries past.
In 2019, Lindenthal was awarded a David C. Lincoln Fellowship, which supports scholars and practitioners conducting new research on land value taxation and its applications.
In this interview, which has been edited for length and clarity, Lindenthal elaborates on his centuries-spanning real estate research, reflects on what artificial intelligence might mean for academic researchers, and reveals the actual reasons so many people tend to like historical housing (hint: it’s not really about the architecture).
JON GOREY: What is the general focus of your work?
THIES LINDENTHAL: I’m working on real estate finance topics, and mostly I’m looking into the risk-return profile of real estate as an investment. So at the asset level, what are the returns that people have achieved, what are the returns they believe they achieve, what are the returns they should achieve? And then trying to measure properly what kind of risks they are exposed to and what kind of risk-adjusted returns that they actually got in the end.
JG: What are you working on now, or hoping to work on next?
TL: I’m now in week four of my experiment to do my job with [Anthropic’s AI tool] Claude. It is quite a ride. I’ve always been interested in using big data, or biggish data, and machine learning to answer the types of questions that we work on in our field. But I think we’re now in the next step, where the machines can actually help us not just do individual tasks, but also tie them together—anything from data management to building up empirical pipelines to running tasks to interpreting tasks to doing quality control to a degree, and then, in the end, even producing reports or presentations based on that.
And that is quite a change. I mean, for academics, the stuff that we’re good at—not everything, but a lot of these things—Claude is extremely good at. So we have to really think about what it is that we can add to the mix.
JG: You’ve tracked certain real estate data across hundreds of years. Can you talk about how you’re able to do that—what kind of records exist from 400 years ago?—and what these very long-term historical property trends can tell us?
TL: We go back to the archives and find rents, and find prices, and sometimes you can find costs for portfolios from institutional investors across Western Europe. So we have good data from the Netherlands, from Belgium, from France, and somewhat okay data from England. These are records from what you’d call institutional investors—hospitals, orphanages—people who use real estate to generate income to then spend that money on running a hospital or something like that. They’re reliant on these very large portfolios of properties across a number of cities—Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, London. And from these records, we can see how real estate, as an investment, is linked to other investment classes—for instance, how it’s linked to government bonds—and we can see how rents and prices are in equilibrium over the long run.
One thing that I find so important about these long-run data is that we can observe cities that are relatively free, so there’s very little interference from any type of regulation. You can see that in the long run, if rents and prices can adjust in a free, supply-and-demand kind of way, they don’t go through the roof, they are just nicely coming back to fundamentals.
And the other thing that’s interesting is that, if you actually start to try out policies that aim to improve affordability, for instance, or try to increase the quality of the housing stock, then that can actually work. So we’ve seen free markets, where stuff is not going through the roof. But then also we see the 1930s, 1940s, ’50s and ’60s in Europe, where you see a lot of different things being tried out in these cities, and houses get cheaper, houses get better, people live in better places.
Affordability, depending on how you look at it, might get worse, because people pay more—but also they live in much better quarters.… If you’re tracking affordability across the centuries, you’ll see that the price per square foot of space in a city has not become more expensive; on the contrary, it has become a lot cheaper.
But we don’t live in the same way as people lived 100 years ago—and luckily so. We have running water, we have more space, it’s better, it’s bigger, it’s healthier. A lot of progress has been made there. We are demanding a lot more housing services. Stuff got cheaper, but we consume a lot more of it. So overall, we pay more, but the fact that stuff has become expensive is also just reflecting the fact that stuff has gotten better.
A high angle view of Victorian townhouses and flats in central London’s Marylebone district. Credit: georgeclerk via Getty Images.
JG: What’s one thing you wish more people understood about real estate finance?
TL: The number one insight is that the returns you get for real estate investments are realistic returns that represent the risk. You’re not getting something that is exceptionally good, that is better than other investments, no—but also nothing that is worse. This idea that you have to get into real estate as an investment, because it will make you rich? No. That’s simply not true. Some people are lucky, and some people are not lucky, but on average, you get a fair return.
JG: Have you encountered anything surprising or counterintuitive in your research?
TL: Maybe eight years back, there was this concept in the UK that the best way to create more supply of housing, to overcome the NIMBYism and the deadlock of supply not coming through, would be to just build in historical styles—to just say, you know what, we won’t build this modern stuff anymore, no more glass, no more steel, we’re going to build cozy, Victorian-style terrace houses. And if we do that, we build more beautifully, and everything will fall into place. And that was a bit of wishful thinking.
We did a study here, looking at the transaction prices that we see in the market, trying to account for the fact that the [older] buildings are in nicer locations and have bigger gardens and more greenery around them, and are better quality in terms of materials and so on. And that’s why they achieve higher prices. And the interesting thing was that, in a solid and data-driven way, accounting for these quality differences, we saw no premium at all for old architecture—not for your own property, but also no premium because your neighbors have a certain architecture.
So yes, green space matters. Yes, the quality of the materials matters. But if a house looks ’60s or ’80s or 1860s, that was not a big driver. I’m a bit of an architecture snob, I think good architecture matters. But it is more complicated than just saying, it has to look Victorian style or something. There’s still value in architecture, but I think that a good chunk of the home buyers don’t care.
What really surprised me is a different experiment that we ran, where we showed 2,000 pictures of houses from around the world to people in an app, and they could like or dislike each house. It was a bit like Tinder for houses: They could swipe left, or swipe right. We took the responses to these images and trained machine learning models to capture the aesthetic preferences of people. I was expecting to see some form of cluster [based on demographics or geography], buildings that everybody dislikes, or buildings that everybody likes, and we found surprisingly few of those. That was something I found really, really surprising. People like greenery, so that was across the board. People like space, people dislike density, and so on. So there’s stuff that showed up across the board, but it was not so much about the properties themselves, it was more about the setting in which these properties were located.
JG: When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?
TL: Well, it’s not very creative, but the AI revolution keeps me awake, and gives me hope. I think it’ll fundamentally change what we do, how we live; it will change society.
The problem is, you have the same people who are described in Careless People at Facebook, I presume that the same kind of people are running Open AI, and that is not good news. It’s the same kind of unchecked power. I mean, if you realize the power that is coming out of the big AI companies, and then read Careless People, that will keep you awake at night.
Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Lead image: Thies Lindenthal, professor of real estate finance at the University of Cambridge. Credit: Courtesy photo.
Tierra de oportunidades: cómo las comunidades pueden abordar la crisis de capacidad de pago en suelo que ya poseen
Poco después de comenzar su mandato en 2022, el alcalde de Atlanta, Andre Dickens, hizo el tipo de promesa que los votantes no suelen olvidar: se comprometió a abrir paso a 20.000 nuevas viviendas dentro de los límites de la ciudad para 2030, en el contexto de un rápido aumento de los alquileres y los precios de las viviendas.
Con la presión encima, una de las primeras medidas que tomó Dickens fue formar un grupo de trabajo en materia de vivienda para investigar parcelas y propiedades pertenecientes la ciudad. El alcalde lo consideró la ruta más rápida para poner manos a la obra, con el beneficio adicional de que sería más barato construir en estas parcelas, ya que el suelo, que casi siempre es el elemento más caro del proceso de construcción, ya estaba incluido.
El equipo del alcalde también estableció un centro de ayuda para la vivienda, simplificó los permisos, puso a disposición de los emprendedores inmobiliarios diferentes tipos de financiamiento y creó un programa de prevención de desalojos para ayudar a detener la ola de falta de hogares. Sin embargo, los más de 50 sitios y 217 hectáreas que se identificaron, que van desde escuelas cerradas hasta tierras y propiedades de MARTA, el sistema de transporte público de la ciudad, permitieron que la ciudad aprovechara la ventaja especial que proporciona la propiedad pública. “Los esfuerzos de desarrollo de capacidades están dando sus frutos en la forma de un vehículo sofisticado y colaborativo para desarrollar viviendas para familias de ingresos mixtos, ancladas en la comunidad, en suelo de propiedad pública”, comentó Dickens.
La estrategia de Atlanta es parte de un movimiento nacional para hacer un mejor uso del suelo propiedad del gobierno. Y la cantidad de suelo que se incluye (terrenos infrautilizados, como baldíos, lotes de estacionamiento abandonadas o edificios fuera de servicio, propiedad de entidades que van desde distritos escolares hasta autoridades de vivienda) no es insignificante. Según el Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales (CGS, por su sigla en inglés), en todo el país, sería factible construir en más de 93.077 hectáreas de suelo de propiedad municipal con acceso al transporte público. Eso es más que la superficie total de la ciudad de Nueva York.
De 276.000 acres, o 111.693 hectáreas, de suelo edificable, el 86 % es suelo local, 12 % es del estado y 2 % es federal.
El análisis de tierras locales, estatales y federales del CGS encontró un total de 111.694 hectáreas de suelo de propiedad gubernamental donde podría construirse en áreas urbanas con acceso al transporte público e infraestructura existente. Este suelo podría albergar casi 7 millones de viviendas nuevas a una densidad modesta, según el CGS, que forma parte del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo. Un destacado comentarista de asuntos urbanos calificó el potencial de estas tierras como una solución “escondida a plena vista”.
Para alentar a las comunidades de los EUA a identificar suelo de propiedad pública que podría utilizarse para mejoras de vivienda o medioambiente, el Instituto Lincoln lanzó una iniciativa llamada Community Land for Community Benefits (“Suelo de la comunidad para beneficio de la comunidad”). “Las tierras públicas desempeñan un rol clave a la hora de abordar la capacidad de pago de la vivienda, pero los gobiernos locales necesitan apoyo para permitir la transformación”, indicó George W. McCarthy, presidente y director ejecutivo del Instituto Lincoln. “La campaña Community Land ayudará a los responsables de formular políticas y a sus socios a identificar y aprovechar el suelo de propiedad pública”.
Se calcula que se deben construir entre seis y ocho millones de viviendas nuevas para superar las restricciones en la oferta que contribuyen al aumento de los costos habitacionales, según análisis de fuentes como Freddie Mac, Zillow, Goldman Sachs y McKinsey. La ventaja de desarrollar o redesarrollar suelo de propiedad pública es que el gobierno puede dictar los términos de uso y garantizar que cualquier vivienda que se construya sea permanentemente asequible. Alquilar el suelo o entregarlo a un desarrollador sin fines de lucro también puede tener el efecto de mantener bajos los costos generales. “La capacidad de pago del suelo es el mayor obstáculo para la vivienda asequible”, explica McCarthy. “Si un emprendedor inmobiliario tiene que comprar tierras a precio de mercado, eso elimina, de forma casi automática, la posibilidad de construir viviendas asequibles. El costo del suelo será demasiado alto para que esto funcione”.
A medida que los gobiernos hacen un inventario de los terrenos de propiedad pública, surge una serie de otras opciones para la construcción de nuevas viviendas, en suelo con distintos regímenes de tenencia y propiedad: terrenos comerciales con mal rendimiento, como un centro comercial en quiebra; estacionamientos privados infrautilizados; terrenos que son propiedad de empresas ferroviarias de carga o de pasajeros; corrales de ganado; y terrenos que son propiedad de comunidades tribales o instituciones religiosas, que, por diversas razones, buscan vender sus activos inmobiliarios en la actualidad. (Obtenga más información sobre el movimiento para construir viviendas en tierras de propiedad religiosa).
A menudo, las instituciones cívicas como universidades, hospitales y fundaciones comunitarias también son propietarias de grandes extensiones de tierra y, además, tienen una misión orientada a la comunidad. Un esfuerzo coordinado para mapear estas hectáreas, a través de jurisdicciones e instituciones cívicas concurrentes, puede orientar las iniciativas destinadas a abordar la asequibilidad de la vivienda y la resiliencia ante el cambio climático, mientras revela oportunidades potenciales para obtener parcelas más grandes y contiguas a partir de parcelas fragmentadas.
A continuación, se incluye un desglose de la tierra de propiedad gubernamental con acceso a transporte público por categoría (federal, estatal y local), que comienza con suelo bajo el control de los municipios, que es, con amplia diferencia, el segmento más grande de la propiedad pública.
LOCAL: más de 95.000 hectáreas
Las ciudades tienen más de 237.000 acres, o 95.000 hectáreas, de suelo edificable.
Varias ciudades, grandes y pequeñas, se unen a Atlanta para valuar sus activos inmobiliarios, determinar cómo podrían usarse y avanzar con los proyectos. En el sector de Morgan Park, en Chicago, 11 baldíos de propiedad de la ciudad se están reurbanizando para viviendas, como parte de la Iniciativa de viviendas intermedias faltantes de la ciudad. Una base de datos de baldíos de propiedad de la ciudad revela que hay 7.000 más.
De manera similar, en Detroit, donde la alcaldesa Mary Sheffield firmó una orden ejecutiva para destinar todos los ingresos por la venta de propiedades comerciales de la ciudad al fondo fiduciario de desarrollo y preservación de viviendas asequibles, se está examinando el estado de 100.000 parcelas vacías, la mayoría de las cuales son propiedad de la ciudad, según la organización sin fines de lucro Detroit Future City. El suelo vacante es candidato, como mínimo, para mejoras naturales como jardines comunitarios, si no se usa para vivienda, comentan desde la organización.
Sin embargo, los terrenos baldíos representan los espacios más inmediatos en el ejercicio de identificar suelo municipal adecuado. Emma Mulvaney-Stanak, la alcaldesa de Burlington, Vermont, lanzó un plan para usar parques, estacionamientos y otras parcelas públicas mal aprovechadas para la construcción de viviendas. Entre los sitios del proyecto, se incluye una zona comercial de tres cuadras deteriorada en el centro de la ciudad, con un auditorio en desuso; y un extenso estacionamiento de propiedad de la ciudad, adyacente a una incubadora de empresas emergentes de tecnología que ahora ocupa una fábrica que solía usarse para fabricar hornos y otros equipos de cocina.
Cuando el suelo se percibe como un activo de la comunidad, pueden surgir tensiones y conflictos, incluso si la propiedad está olvidada hace mucho tiempo o las condiciones se han deteriorado. Como las tierras de propiedad pública pueden ser un imán para conflictos de intereses, en especial si involucran cualquier tipo de espacio recreativo o abierto, la ciudad adaptó el proceso de adquisición, comentó Charles Dillard, director de Planificación de Burlington. “Queremos darle la vuelta al proceso de solicitud de propuestas”, agregó, para obtener primero la opinión de la comunidad e identificar un esquema de desarrollo y diseño que se ajuste a ello.
Al combinar una parcela de propiedad de la ciudad con dos de propiedad privada en el South End de Burlington, Vermont, líderes locales crearon un área que será transformada en un barrio de uso mixto. Créditos: Burlington Community and Economic Development Office.
“No suele haber consenso sobre qué se debe construir, si es que se debe construir algo”, indicó Dillard, y señaló que, en general, los conflictos surgen en torno a “cuestiones de capacidad de pago y beneficio público: qué se está construyendo y para quién… Entonces, en última instancia, se trata de democratizar el desarrollo y reafirmar la función del sector público como líder en la creación de la perspectiva de la vivienda y la ciudad en evolución”.
En Atlanta, los funcionarios de la ciudad construyen una narrativa que resalta el contexto más amplio del suelo de propiedad de la ciudad: cómo todo desarrollo de vivienda se adapta, en última instancia, a un barrio bien articulado. Según la oficina del alcalde, el enfoque es “enmarcar la producción de viviendas en una estrategia holística de revitalización del barrio. Cuando hablamos de nuevas viviendas, también hablamos de tiendas de comestibles, parques, senderos, guarderías, escuelas [y] retención de residentes históricos”. El objetivo idealista es garantizar que todos los residentes de Atlanta “tengan un lugar donde vivir, pero que todos tengan la capacidad de pago para vivir en un barrio completo, saludable y próspero”.
Sin embargo, la ciudad también tiene en cuenta la producción de resultados rápidos. Las tierras municipales se han convertido en el lugar perfecto para la iniciativa de vivienda rápida del alcalde, al entregar construcciones modulares y construidas en fábrica. Un estacionamiento a nivel del suelo para vehículos de la ciudad mal aprovechado se transformó en The Melody, 40 unidades de vivienda de apoyo permanente junto a la estación Garnett de MARTA. A fines del año pasado, la ciudad celebró la apertura de Waterworks Village, 100 unidades de viviendas de apoyo construidas en tres pisos de viviendas modulares en suelo transferido del Departamento de Gestión de Cuencas de la Ciudad.
Andre Dickens, el alcalde de Atlanta, a la derecha, visita Waterworks, un desarrollo asequible en suelo propiedad de la ciudad que es parte del Rapid Housing Initiative. Crédito: Ciudad de Atlanta.
Otra ventaja de la mayor cantidad de suelo bajo control municipal es que permite a las ciudades y pueblos elegir, a medida que evalúan parcelas cuyo desarrollo implicaría diversos grados de dificultad. El análisis del Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales puede ser de particular utilidad para calcular las concesiones que se deben hacer, ya que las investigaciones exhaustivas muestran diferentes niveles de complejidad al disponer de propiedades gubernamentales. Un taller de obras públicas desmantelado podría estar en un sitio con menos vecinos que se opongan a la reurbanización, pero podría requerir un alto nivel de remediación medioambiental.
“Estamos realizando un estudio diligente de cada parcela de propiedad de la ciudad para determinar no solo las que están más al alcance, sino también las propiedades más complejas que, en última instancia, pueden aportar de manera más significativas a la creación de viviendas, el desarrollo comunitario y la transformación catalítica”, indicó Dillard, el planificador de la ciudad de Burlington.
Los condados también se unen a la iniciativa. La “Guía para desarrollar viviendas en suelo propiedad del condado” de Smart Growth America tiene como objetivo ayudar a los gobiernos de los condados, que suelen tener menos capacidad, a identificar parcelas adecuadas, evaluar las limitaciones de zonificación y modelar la viabilidad financiera y la estructura de propiedad. El condado de San Mateo, justo al sur de San Francisco, recientemente arrendó una parcela por USD 1 al año para que un desarrollador de viviendas asequibles pudiera construir 160 unidades de viviendas asequibles para adultos mayores.
ESTATAL: más de 13.300 hectáreas
Los estados tienen más de 33.000 acres, o 13.300 hectáreas, de suelo edificable.
Los estados están adoptando un rol de coordinación al ayudar a las ciudades y pueblos a identificar el suelo de su propiedad. Pero los estados también son propietarios de tierras extensas, y los legisladores reclaman una imagen más nítida de dónde podría radicar la promesa de nuevas viviendas. Prácticamente todos los estados tienen, desde hace mucho tiempo, un proceso para disponer de la propiedad estatal, ya sea un depósito de armas obsoleto o un hospital psiquiátrico cerrado, pero ese ejercicio es notoriamente prolongado y se desarrolla caso por caso. Dada la urgencia de la crisis habitacional, los responsables de elaborar políticas de hoy buscan una perspectiva general más estratégica y plazos más rápidos.
Esta primavera, el gobernador de Colorado, Jared Polis, firmó la Ley de Facilitación de Oportunidades de Vivienda (HOME, por su sigla en inglés), que les permite a los distritos escolares, universidades, autoridades de vivienda, distritos de transporte público y organizaciones sin fines de lucro calificadas construir viviendas en propiedades de un máximo de dos hectáreas, al margen de las reglas de zonificación locales. La iniciativa sigue a una medida de 2019 que exige que cada agencia e institución estatal de educación superior presente una lista de todo el suelo no desarrollado que sea propiedad de la agencia o institución o esté bajo su control, y que podría desarrollarse para viviendas asequibles para hogares de ingresos bajos y moderados, bajo regímenes de venta o alquiler. El Departamento de Asuntos Locales (DOLA, por su sigla en inglés) del estado se ha asociado con el Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales para realizar un inventario de todas las tierras identificadas por las agencias e instituciones, detectar superposiciones y asignar la propiedad con precisión. El objetivo es permitir una mejor coordinación en el futuro.
Jared Polis, gobernador de Colorado, firma una ley para permitir desarrollo de viviendas en propiedades de la comunidad mal aprovechadas mientras le observan los legisladores estatales que apoyaron la ley. Crédito: Oficina del gobernador Polis.
Un esfuerzo similar en Vermont dio 140 propiedades, que van desde 0,2 a 202 hectáreas, en diversos lugares. El gobernador de California, Gavin Newsom, lanzó el Programa de Sitios Sobrantes para identificar propiedades estatales mal aprovechadas y acelerar el proceso de desarrollo de sitios adecuados para la vivienda. Los constructores tienen acceso a un nuevo portal web que brinda una explicación clara de cuáles son las oportunidades. Los funcionarios dicen que las propiedades que están en el inventario, que van desde tierras cercanas a un hospital estatal hasta parcelas vacías que pertenecen a la agencia estatal de transporte, Caltrans, podrían ser sitios apropiados para la creación de 2.000 viviendas nuevas.
Según un plan anunciado por el gobernador de Maryland, Wes Moore, unas 54 hectáreas de suelo de propiedad estatal cerca de las estaciones de transporte público se activarán con potencialmente 5.000 hogares. En Massachusetts, la gobernadora Maura Healey estableció el programa de Tierras Estatales para Viviendas, que ya identificó 182 hectáreas de tierras de propiedad estatal e incluye un mapa interactivo para crear una imagen más clara de las ubicaciones aptas y su contexto.
Las campañas para transformar suelo de propiedad estatal se encuentran, de manera constante, con los mismos obstáculos que los municipios. Los funcionarios de Massachusetts creían que tenían una propuesta infalible para desarrollar 180 departamentos en un estacionamiento infrautilizado de dos hectáreas en el campus de MassBay Community College en el suburbio de Wellesley, al oeste de Boston. Pero los residentes se opusieron al plan y expresaron inquietudes sobre las consecuencias en las 16 hectáreas adyacentes de suelo de conservación, a pesar de que el estado expresó con claridad su intención de construir solo en el estacionamiento y no en el bosque. Es probable que la reurbanización se suspenda si se presenta la demanda que se anunció.
FEDERAL: más de 2.100 hectáreas
Hay más de 5.200 acres, o 2.100 hectáreas, de suelo federal edificable.
La idea de construir viviendas en tierras de propiedad del gobierno federal es una de las pocas políticas de la gestión de Biden que se mantuvieron hasta la presidencia de Trump.
El Grupo de Trabajo Conjunto sobre Suelo Federal para la Vivienda, una asociación del Departamento del Interior y el Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano, tiene como objetivo identificar suelo federal que podría ser adecuado para la construcción residencial y agilizar el proceso de transferencia para que el desarrollo ocurra más rápido.
El gobierno federal controla la asombrosa cantidad de 263 millones de hectáreas de tierras públicas, pero la mayor parte de esa superficie son parques nacionales, reservas y áreas silvestres que no serían aptas para el desarrollo de viviendas. Los candidatos más probables para la reurbanización serían edificios federales y tierras en entornos más urbanos: se calcula que 8.000 propiedades están vacías, abandonadas, obsoletas o infrautilizadas, según el Congreso. La Administración de Servicios Generales enumera, de manera rutinaria, las propiedades que ya no se usan, ya sea un juzgado cerrado o un espacio para oficinas administrativas de agencias federales que ya no se necesita.
Un precedente para la reutilización de la propiedad federal es el desmantelamiento de bases militares, muchas de las cuales se convirtieron en viviendas y desarrollos de uso mixto. Unas 350 instalaciones, desde astilleros hasta instalaciones de formación y cuarteles, pasaron a estar disponibles en el proceso de realineación y cierre de bases, que se lleva a cabo desde hace casi 40 años. Solo en Massachusetts, dos bases militares importantes se están convirtiendo en desarrollos residenciales: Fort Devens y la estación aeronaval South Weymouth, que prometen casi 300 y 6.000 hogares, respectivamente.
Una renderización del redesarrollo propuesto de una antigua base naval de EUA en Weymouth, Massachusetts. Crédito: OJB Landscape Architecture.
Sin embargo, ha surgido un acalorado debate sobre la diferencia entre identificar parcelas específicas sobre suelo federal, aptas para viviendas asequibles y simplemente poner a disposición tierras públicas para un desarrollo sin sentido. Las propuestas recientes del senador Mike Lee (R-Utah) y otros para vender miles de hectáreas de lo que hoy es espacio abierto en Utah, Nevada, Arizona y otros estados del oeste suscitaron la preocupación de que podrían surgir loteos de alto costo en áreas protegidas, y esto dañaría hábitats clave y drenaría suministros de agua muy limitados mientras poco se hace para abordar la crisis de capacidad de pago. Esas preocupaciones se plantearon en el contexto del impulso de la gestión para poner a disposición más suelo federal para la extracción de recursos.
Si bien el debate sobre el suelo federal continúa, la verdadera oportunidad yace con los gobiernos estatales y locales, que poseen la mayor parte de los bienes raíces públicos privilegiados en todo el país. Por cada hectárea de suelo federal urbanizable, los gobiernos estatales y locales controlan más de 21 hectáreas. Los líderes estatales y locales ya están comenzando a actuar, pero necesitan datos y pruebas para garantizar que se urbanicen las parcelas de terreno adecuadas, a la velocidad y escala correctas, en los lugares correctos, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones de suelo y agua que afectan tanto a la habitabilidad como a la conservación.
Anthony Flint es miembro sénior del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo, conduce el ciclo de pódcasts Land Mattersy es editor colaborador de Land Lines.
Imagen principal: Líderes de la ciudad de Atlanta identificaron a 104 Trinity Avenue, que se encuentra enfrente del ayuntamiento, como un sitio de desarrollo residencial. Un edificio de ingresos mixtos de 10 pisos y 218 unidades se está construyendo en este suelo, que había sido arrendado por 99 años con un requisito de asequibilidad. Crédito: Google Earth.
Un nuevo contrato de arrendamiento de terrenos para una nueva vida: el suelo propiedad del condado en Virginia se convierte en una nueva oportunidad de vivienda para estudiantes y adultos mayores
El músico Curtis Hunter encara el mundo con una sonrisa, incluso cuando el mundo no siempre le devuelve el gesto. Sin embargo, el destino pareció sonreírle a Hunter, al menos en junio pasado, cuando se mudó a un nuevo desarrollo de viviendas para adultos mayores construido en suelo propiedad del condado en Fairfax, Virginia.
Unos años antes, a los 58 años, Hunter fue víctima de una agresión cerca de su edificio de departamentos en Seven Corners, lo que le produjo un colapso pulmonar y múltiples fracturas. Posteriormente atravesó una etapa complicada, marcada por una situación de indigencia y una nueva agresión violenta. Pero el año pasado, un trabajador social del condado de Fairfax le sugirió a Hunter que investigara un nuevo desarrollo de viviendas asequibles para adultos mayores, llamado Belmont at One University. Es uno de varios proyectos recientes en los que el condado de Fairfax aprovechó el valor de las tierras de propiedad pública para impulsar nuevas viviendas asequibles.
Hunter, que supo ser empleado de mantenimiento y músico de gira (tocó la guitarra y la armónica en bandas teloneras para Los Lobos y Donovan, entre otras actuaciones), ahora vive gracias a una pensión por discapacidad y comenta que está agradecido por su nuevo hogar.
“Lo aprecio mucho, es más que maravilloso. En verdad aprecio que me permitan tener a mi mascota”, cuenta. A diferencia de tres de sus gatos anteriores, que salían con Hunter encaramados en una plataforma alfombrada que solía atar a una mochila o un portabicicletas, su última gata, Sophie, es tímida. Adoptada a los nueve años y medio, ella prefiere descansar en la ventana, contemplar el complejo deportivo cercano y a los vecinos que pasean por la bicisenda.
La casa de campo al otro lado de la calle, donde Hunter participa, en ocasiones, de partidos de lacrosse o fútbol, es parte de la Universidad George Mason, una universidad pública a la que asisten unos 40.000 estudiantes.
One University se encuentra al lado de la universidad, en una propiedad de 4,3 hectáreas que posee la Autoridad de Reurbanización y Vivienda del Condado de Fairfax (FCRHA, por su sigla en inglés). Antes, la parcela albergaba un complejo de viviendas asequibles de la FCRHA de 46 casas adosadas, llamado Robinson Square. En 2021, los inquilinos se reubicaron en viviendas temporales hasta que estuvieran listas las nuevas viviendas, un paso que no estuvo exento de desafíos ni dudas, pero que permitió quintuplicar la cantidad de unidades de vivienda asequible en el lugar.
La propiedad ahora incluye tres nuevos edificios: Robinson, llamado así por el complejo de casas adosadas anterior, con 120 unidades asequibles de uno a cuatro dormitorios para todas las edades; Belmont, con 120 departamentos asequibles de uno y dos dormitorios reservados para adultos mayores de 62 años; y Main on University, con más de 300 departamentos para estudiantes a precio de mercado.
Los tres edificios se encuentran en suelo propiedad del condado y se arriendan a un valor meramente nominal por un plazo de 99 años; se otorgó un subsidio estimado de USD 12 millones para ayudar a construir los proyectos. Sin embargo, los edificios son de propiedad y administración privada y, por lo tanto, cada uno de ellos paga cientos de miles de dólares al condado en impuestos locales a la propiedad.
Este tipo de acuerdo, un arrendamiento de suelo que permite a las comunidades conservar la propiedad de la tierra mientras participan en los ingresos generados por el desarrollo sobre el suelo, constituye una de varias formas en que las comunidades aprovechan terrenos públicos a fin de ampliar la oferta de vivienda asequible. Y brinda nuevas oportunidades para inquilinos de todas las edades.
El músico Curtis Hunter, que vive en un complejo de departamentos construido en suelo propiedad del condado de Fairfax, Virginia. Créditos: Belmont at One University/Paradigm Property Management, LLC.
A Hunter le gusta que haya estudiantes universitarios al lado y comenta que algunos ayudan a organizar eventos sociales para los residentes mayores, desde noches de juegos hasta caminatas grupales. “Un grupo viene y ayuda a organizar algunos de estos eventos: la clase de arte y el micrófono abierto, y tienen algo que se llama ‘Tazas y compañía’, donde hacen que las personas de los dos edificios bajen a tomar té y comer galletas juntas”, explica. “Agradezco que estén allí, ya que no tengo hijos y no puedo ver a mis sobrinos y sobrinas”.
Esta tierra es su tierra
En 2022, el condado de Fairfax duplicó su meta de viviendas asequibles, con el compromiso de agregar 10.000 unidades asequibles nuevas para 2034 sin pérdida neta de las viviendas asequibles existentes. El objetivo original de 5.000 viviendas asequibles, establecido en 2019, siempre tuvo la intención de ser “un piso, no un techo”, según el panel asesor que emitió la recomendación. Si bien los ingresos medios de los hogares son altos en Fairfax, con más de USD 154.000 al año, el valor medio de las viviendas es más del doble del promedio nacional de USD 760,400, según datos del Censo de los EUA.En algunos casos, el condado adquirió nuevas tierras a fin de desarrollar viviendas asequibles orientadas al transporte público. Sin embargo, en el último tiempo, en especial después del éxito de One University, la FCRHA está considerando, en mayor profundidad, la posibilidad de ubicar nuevas viviendas asequibles junto con instalaciones públicas existentes en suelo que ya posee o controla.
“Estamos analizando algunas instalaciones públicas, [que incluyen] dos bibliotecas”, indica Anna Shapiro, subdirectora de Desarrollo y Financiamiento Inmobiliario de la FCRHA. Los grandes estacionamientos de las bibliotecas ofrecen la posibilidad de coubicar viviendas en sitios que son propiedad del condado y que “también son realmente accesibles en términos de infraestructura de transporte público y acceso a empleos y servicios”, señala. “Esa parte en verdad es importante para nosotros, porque al evaluar estas propiedades, queremos asegurarnos de preparar a las personas para que tengan éxito y no aislarlas”.
Ubicado en el límite de un campus universitario, One University es bastante accesible a pie, ya que se encuentra a alrededor de 1,5 kilómetros de las tiendas de comestibles y el centro de la ciudad. “Compré un pequeño scooter con asiento para poder ir a los supermercados Giant y Safeway en Fairfax City”, agrega Hunter. Una red de bicisendas y aceras anchas facilita el desplazamiento.
El último desarrollo de viviendas asequibles del condado, que está a punto de completarse en este momento, también está ubicado en el centro, en un par de estacionamientos infrautilizados que se encuentran junto a las oficinas del Centro Gubernamental del condado. Fairfax Crest, como se le llama, tendrá 279 unidades asequibles para inquilinos que ganan del 30 al 70 por ciento de la mediana de ingresos en la zona (AMI, por su sigla en inglés). En realidad, el proyecto es una especie de secuela: el complejo de viviendas Residences at Government Center ya funciona desde hace casi una década. Sin embargo, Fairfax Crest incluye más servicios, como una plaza pública, más de 1.300 metros cuadrados de espacio comunitario y una guardería.
Una representación aérea de Fairfax Crest, un desarrollo de viviendas asequibles en curso en suelo propiedad del condado de Fairfax, Virginia. Créditos: KTGY.
El departamento promedio de dos dormitorios en Fairfax se alquila por más de USD 2.400 al mes, según estimaciones de Zillow y RentCafe, mientras que los departamentos de dos dormitorios para personas con recursos limitados en Robinson y Belmont se alquilan por USD 1.653 a USD 2.022 por mes en este momento. Los alquileres en Fairfax Crest aún no se anunciaron, pero entre los alquileres para personas con recursos limitados y los electrodomésticos y la construcción con eficiencia energética (con paneles solares en los techos) que reducen los costos de los servicios públicos, la mayoría de los inquilinos no debería tener que dedicar más del 30 por ciento de sus ingresos brutos en gastos de vivienda, lo que los libera del estado de “carestía” que experimenta casi la mitad de los inquilinos en los Estados Unidos.
Shapiro pudo recorrer uno de los edificios de Fairfax Crest cuando la construcción estaba llegando a su fin. “Pudimos subir a una de las unidades, y debo decir que las vistas desde los pisos superiores de lo que es un desarrollo de viviendas asequibles son magníficas”, comenta. “El condado ha dejado muy claro que solo por el hecho de ser una vivienda asequible, no debería ser diferente a las otras viviendas, y tenemos expectativas bastante altas sobre lo que se ofrece en nuestro condado”.
Construir para seguir construyendo
Si bien el gobierno federal posee mucha tierra, gran parte de ella, desde bases militares hasta parques nacionales y refugios de vida silvestre, no es particularmente apta para el desarrollo residencial. No obstante, los estados y municipios controlan más de 101.000 hectáreas de suelo edificable en áreas urbanas de alta demanda, según un análisis de 2024 realizado por el Centro de Soluciones Geoespaciales del Instituto Lincoln. Esto incluye estacionamientos a nivel del suelo, baldíos y edificios municipales cerrados en ubicaciones privilegiadas cerca de empleos y transporte público.
Aun así, se necesita iniciativa y dinero (y, a menudo, algo de coraje político y liderazgo) para convertir suelos de propiedad municipal en viviendas asequibles o darles otros usos para beneficio público.
Shapiro cree que el éxito de One University y otros proyectos recientes ayudó a generar la confianza y el apoyo necesarios entre los funcionarios del condado para llevar a cabo el proyecto Fairfax Crest. “Al ver todos esos resultados, creo que dijeron: ‘Está bien, hagamos esto en primer plano. Hagamos que esto en verdad sea visible y demostremos nuestro compromiso con la vivienda asequible de forma muy clara’”, comenta Shapiro.
Un mapa del sitio de One University, una propiedad de 4,3 hectáreas propiedad del condado de Fairfax que solía tener 46 casas adosadas asequibles y un espacio para reuniones para la Autoridad de Reurbanización y Vivienda del Condado de Fairfax. El sitio se reurbanizó para albergar 240 unidades asequibles para adultos mayores y familias, así como departamentos para estudiantes que asisten a la cercana Universidad George Mason. Créditos: Departamento de Planificación y Desarrollo del Condado de Fairfax.
La Junta de Supervisores del Condado fue “fundamental para que esto suceda”, agrega, defendiendo la cuestión de la asequibilidad habitacional en el ámbito político. “No solo tenemos este objetivo de 10.000 unidades netas nuevas en el condado, sino que también respaldaremos nuestra palabra con inversiones y tierras”.
Fairfax Crest consta de dos edificios principales, cada uno con su propia combinación de financiamiento y créditos fiscales. Al igual que ocurre con One University, los edificios son propiedad de empresas privadas que también están a cargo de su administración, en terrenos arrendados al condado por un período de 99 años. “Estamos sumamente preocupados por mantener el control de nuestro condado a largo plazo”, indica Shapiro, en especial, justo al lado de las oficinas gubernamentales. “Entendimos que el valor del suelo en verdad ayudaría a subsidiar el desarrollo de la propiedad”.
Cada edificio combinó un crédito fiscal para viviendas de bajos ingresos del 4 por ciento de Virginia Housing con un crédito fiscal adicional del 9 por ciento obtenido a través de un proceso competitivo, en lo que Shapiro llama una estrategia de “hermanamiento”. La FCRHA también emitió un par de bonos para ayudar a financiar el desarrollo, por un total de USD 23,5 millones, además de USD 25 millones en préstamos de su fondo Blueprint. “El acuerdo incluye otras fuentes de financiación, algunos otros fondos estatales y una subvención para la construcción de la guardería”, explica Shapiro. “Intentamos establecer nuestros criterios de suscripción de forma tal que se garantice la obtención de capital externo por parte de los desarrolladores también”.
La decisión del condado de Fairfax de conservar la propiedad del suelo a través de arrendamientos de terrenos es preferible a lo que muchos municipios terminan haciendo para estimular el desarrollo de viviendas asequibles: vender el lote por un dólar, otorgar una reducción impositiva de 20 años y “perder la totalidad del valor del activo para siempre solo para lograr el resultado”, comenta Robert “R. J.” McGrail, director del programa Accelerating Community Investment (Fomento para la Inversión Comunitaria) del Instituto Lincoln.
Cada incentivo cuenta, señala McGrail, y “puede marcar la diferencia entre tener palas en el suelo y grúas en el aire o no tenerlas”. Pero renunciar a ingresos fiscales futuros corre el riesgo de degradar los servicios públicos de los que dependerán los nuevos residentes, sin importar su nivel de ingresos. “Perder parte de eso para cerrar un negocio es una decisión que las jurisdicciones toman a diario”, agrega. “Para mí, optimizar la estrategia de disposición de una manera que sea menos extractiva de los ingresos públicos posteriores hace que una estrategia de asequibilidad habitacional de activación de tierras también sea una estrategia de salud fiscal municipal”.
A principios de febrero, el condado de Fairfax había entregado 1.373 nuevas unidades asequibles en cumplimiento del objetivo, con otras 2.470 unidades en 11 proyectos en construcción o en proceso, incluido Fairfax Crest, según el panel de vivienda asequible de la FCRHA. Además de las bibliotecas que mencionó Shapiro, la FCRHA evalúa el potencial de otros sitios que son propiedad del condado para alojar viviendas asequibles, incluido un estacionamiento de conexión con transporte público y un centro comunitario. Y mientras la ciudad de Franconia se prepara para trasladar las oficinas gubernamentales a un nuevo campus, la comisión de planificación del condado aprobó en febrero una propuesta para construir 120 unidades de viviendas asequibles nuevas en el sitio desocupado, junto con una estación de policía del distrito, un museo y una biblioteca pública ampliada.
“Me hace volver a sonreír”
Lo que ninguna de esas cifras logra captar es el impacto que un lugar para vivir acogedor, seguro y asequible puede tener en las personas y las familias: las amistades que se construyen, las preocupaciones que se desvanecen.
Alegre y extrovertido, Hunter es una especie de embajador de Belmont, que recluta residentes para los eventos sociales y las clases del edificio, y sugiere nuevas actividades. Le gustaría que se celebraran fiestas para los cumpleaños de las personas, por ejemplo. “Tengo la extraña sensación de que la gente podría apreciarlo”, comenta. “Las personas que no tienen familia, que nunca reciben visitas, que no salen tan a menudo… es probable que sea bastante especial para ellas”.
En su departamento del primer piso, con sus instrumentos a mano, Hunter ahora puntea una breve melodía; su gata, Sophie, es su público cautivo, aunque desinteresado. “Es mi animal de compañía, después de lo que he pasado y de tener mascotas toda la vida”, agrega. “Eran las mascotas y la música, esas eran las cosas que me daban calma”.
Mientras los acordes suenan sobre el tintineo de una pandereta, Sophie se relaja en la ventana. “Se pasa por lo menos 10 horas y media del día sentada allí, mirando por la ventana”, explica Hunter. “Justo frente a la ventana está la bicisenda. Ahí es donde pasean todos los perros del barrio… De vez en cuando, un perro se fija en ella y se acerca a verla, y lo mismo pasa con la gente”, agrega.
“Me alegra tener esta ventana; también es importante para mí”, reflexiona Hunter. “Soy extrovertido y ver a la gente pasar me hace volver a sonreír. Algunas personas miran por la ventana para ver si Sophie está ahí, y eso me reconforta el alma”.
Sophie hace guardia en One University. Créditos: Curtis Hunter.
Jon Goreyes redactor del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.
Imagen principal: Parte de la reurbanización de One University en suelo propiedad del condado de Fairfax, Virginia. Créditos: Hartman Design Group.
Webinars
Peer Exchange: Collaborative Scenario Planning in Flagstaff, Arizona
The Consortium for Scenario Planning is hosting a virtual peer exchange with Sachi Arakawa of Cascadia Partners LLC, who will dive into the collaborative efforts of Cascadia Partners LLC, the City of Flagstaff, and Coconino County, Arizona, to develop the Flagstaff Regional Land Use Plan 2045. This webinar will include a discussion on how the project utilized gamified scenario planning and community-based organization (CBO) partnerships to engage a broad and diverse range of community members in the planning process, and how map-based simulations and tools helped build public consensus for compact, resilient infill development that would address the region’s intersecting housing and climate crises.
Webinar participants will be able to ask questions and engage in discussion at the end of the presentation.
Speakers
Sachi Arakawa
Partner, Equity Analysis and Environment, Cascadia Partners LLC
The Lincoln Institute’s Mayor’s Desk series has featured municipal leaders from a wide range of metropolitan regions all over the world, but the latest installment may well be the most farflung: Fairbanks, Alaska, a city of about 30,000 people adjacent to Russia and the North Pole that was awarded the title of coldest city in America, having set a record low of minus 66 degrees Fahrenheit. Not counting any wind chill.
The place is “a land of extremes,” says Mayor Mindy O’Neall, who has had to manage a range of issues, from affordable housing to climate change, that land differently at the gateway to the Arctic. It’s a good thing, she observes, that living there brings out a special kind of resilience.
“At the heart of it is the people … who have grit and determination,” said O’Neall, the latest chief executive to be interviewed in the Mayor’s Desk series, recorded for the Land Matters podcast. The swing from frigid cold to surprisingly hot summers, and from deep darkness to strong sunlight, fosters a mindset of both abundance and scarcity. “We’re at the end of the line, we have three to four days of food security at any given time.”
O’Neall, 44, unseated an incumbent last year to become the city’s 53rd mayor. She campaigned on themes including downtown revitalization, affordable housing, and public safety, and has pursued strategies to promote generational wealth through homeownership and leverage government-owned land for affordable housing.
“Building homes and housing has been the game or the business of large, wealthy developers. And in our community, we just can’t really afford that. We don’t have enough folks for a large developer to make money here,” she said. “When we start to rethink about who’s investing in our own community and who can invest, then we start to, I think, build out that wealth, better.”
The freeze-and-thaw dynamics that have become more careening in a rapidly changing climate have also been a challenge, as the region must attempt to manage extreme occurrences ranging from floods to wildfires.
“They often call the Arctic the canary in the coal mine, because we start to see the issues of climate change far beyond and far before the lower 48 or other parts of the world. The Arctic has been saying that something’s happening in our environment for quite some time,” O’Neall said.
“I don’t think that there’s really much we can do about this now. It’s happening. We’re in a cycle of climatic disruption, for sure. But we can plan for extreme events, so we know what we’re going to do when the power goes out and it’s negative 30 degrees. We know what’s going to happen when our river floods in the middle of our town, and we’ve lost access to the hospital.
“We’re seeing less and less investment from the federal government,” she said. “So as Alaskans, it’s time for us to think really hard about how we want to protect… our assets. And that comes back to the values that we hold as a community.”
O’Neall grew up in Iowa and drove a stick-shift pickup truck up north, first working as an aide in the Alaska Legislature, then at the Fairbanks Economic Development Corporation and the Interior Gas Utility, and also founded Blue Canoe Media, a boutique communications and consulting firm. She holds a BA in Event Planning and Business Communication from Iowa State University and an MA in Professional Communications from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where her research focused on governance and climate impacts on rural Alaska, including the relocation of Native communities.
Prior to her election as mayor, she served on the Fairbanks North Star Borough Assembly and was executive director of the Cold Climate Housing Research Center, and also serves on the boards of the Alaska State Homebuilders Association and Alaska Municipal League.
Downtown Fairbanks, Alaska. Credit: Jacob Boomsma via iStock/Getty Images Plus.
She lives in downtown Fairbanks with her dog, Tito, who she pointed out is the true official dog of Alaska—the mutt. O’Neall visited Cambridge recently as part of the Just City Mayoral Fellowship at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design, now in partnership with the Bloomberg Center for Cities.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
Transcript
[00:00:05] Anthony Flint: Welcome to Episode 3 of Season 7 of the Land Matters podcast. I’m your host, Anthony Flint. In our Mayor’s Desk series here at the Lincoln Institute, we interview municipal chief executives from around the world. Our latest conversation brings us all the way to Fairbanks, Alaska, a city of about 30,000 people, way up north near Russia, the gateway to the Arctic as it’s known, the second largest city in the state after Anchorage, and a metropolis that has been awarded the title of coldest city in America, having set a record low of minus 66 degrees Fahrenheit.
We’re talking with 44-year-old Mindy O’Neall, who recently replaced an incumbent and campaigned on themes including downtown revitalization, affordable housing, and public safety. She grew up in Iowa and drove a stick shift pickup truck up north, first working as an aide in the Alaska State Legislature, then the Fairbanks Economic Development Corporation and the Interior Gas Utility, and also founded Blue Canoe Media, a boutique communications and consulting firm.
She holds a BA in event planning and business communication from Iowa State University and an MA in professional communications from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where her research focused on governance and climate impacts on rural Alaska, including the relocation of Native communities. Prior to her election as mayor, she served on the Fairbanks North Star Borough Assembly and was executive director of the Cold Climate Housing Research Center, and also serves on the boards of the Alaska State Homebuilders Association and Alaska Municipal League.
She lives in downtown Fairbanks with her dog, Tito, who, as she pointed out, is the true official dog of Alaska, the mutt. I first met her at a program for mayors at Harvard and followed up with this interview.
For the uninitiated, including those of us in the lower 48, what kind of place is Fairbanks, and why did you want to be mayor?
[00:02:22] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: Well, thanks, Anthony, and thanks for inviting me onto the show. I get this question a lot, especially for the uninitiated, as you said. That’s cute. You’re right. Fairbanks really is an exotic place. I would say we’re the land of extremes. We are extremely cold in the winter. We’re extremely warm in the summer. Some people may be surprised to learn that we can get up to 90 to 100 degrees in the summer. The force of the sun, the feeling of the sun, is so direct that it is just something you have to experience. We have exotic animals, grizzly bears, and polar bears. We have extreme industry like mining and gas and oil development. We are definitely a place of extremes.
At the heart of it is the people. It’s these people who have grit and determination, and oftentimes this mindset of abundance, where we have so much, as far as so much light, so much darkness. Then, a lot of times, this mindset of scarcity as well, where we’re at the end of the line, we have three to four days of food security at any given time. There’s things that also come into play that really just demonstrate how much of an extreme environment we live in.
Yes, wanting to be mayor. I’ve been in Alaska for over 23 years. I’m originally from Iowa, so I’m a land dweller from the middle of the United States. I came up here, just like a lot of other folks, looking for adventure. If you’ve ever been to the Midwest, they say, “Why would you ever want to leave the land, the heartland?” I said, “Don’t worry, I’ll be back in a year. I just want to go check it out.” After a year, it was painfully obvious that there was so much more to discover to Alaska that I just had to stay. I made my way up to Fairbanks from Anchorage after being there for seven years. I worked in the legislature and started to work for an interior gas utility that brought natural gas to our town.
During that time, I was an untraditional student and went back to our flagship university at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and got a master’s in organizational development. I wrote my thesis on the politics of relocating Alaska Native villages due to climate change. At the time, I didn’t really realize how that was going to inform my career as much as it has, because after being a labor agent for the laborers. I was the executive director for the Cold Climate Housing Research Center. I spent the last four years doing that while also serving on the Borough Assembly.
One of the things that’s interesting about Alaska is we have seven boroughs that are like counties in the lower 48, and then we have cities within those boroughs. Fairbanks has a borough that has a governing body, which is the assembly, and a mayor. Then within the borough, there are two cities that have each their own mayor and each their own governing bodies. Now I am the mayor of the city of Fairbanks. I have a city council that’s a smaller council that’s located within the borough. The borough is about the size of New Jersey, with 130,000 folks in it. The city is 32,000 of those. Then the city located within the borough is the city of North Pole. They have about 2,500 folks in there.
Like a lot of places where you go from city to city in urban areas, you may or may not know what boundary you’re in. That can be sometimes a point of confusion. We always like to joke for a place that’s so against government and against overregulation, we have a lot of government regulating us.
After serving in the assembly for six and a half years, I started my public service during COVID. I think I had been appointed for about six months and then elected about four months before COVID happened. I really learned how to govern in an elected position through a screen. I do think that COVID was obviously and certainly a pivotal point in politics, but even just in the way that we communicate. That’s my passion, my heart and soul, is communication and journalism, and that sort of thing. We had a mayor that was on paper doing a fine job. He had gotten programs started and knew the city really well and led it, but he was very discriminatory to the Alaska Native population here.
After some comments and some blow-ups that he had on social media, I knew that if anybody was going to be able to beat him in an election, that I’d be able to do it. I just believe that public service is a privilege, and somebody who is in office has to have the respect of every population that is within their community. I’ve wrestled with this a little bit coming into office as, well, the last mayor, he wasn’t doing a bad job. He was actually doing a good job, but he wasn’t showing our community the respect.
I think sometimes we miss out on that key piece of public service is showing your community respect, even if you don’t understand them, even if you don’t agree with them. I think that we have lost that on a lot of levels of government these days. I believe in government. I believe that we have government for a reason. When you don’t have good governance, I do think that one of the benefits of being in this position in the last six months is being a female. This is the first time Fairbanks has had a female mayor in about two decades. I’m the fourth one since 1903.
It’s really touching to be able to be, and especially a young female in my 40s, leading this community and being a role model for other girls in our community to see that there’s somebody like them who treats a community with respect and can lead in an environment that is sometimes very hostile and sometimes very male-driven. That’s a long way of saying that’s how I ended up here.
[00:09:02] Anthony Flint: Everybody’s wrestling with affordability these days. One big part of that is housing. What are the policies that can help in your region, whether home buying or renting?
[00:09:14] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: I mentioned at the beginning that Fairbanks is at the end of the line. While that’s true, we also have an abundance of resources that are part of our economy. We have timber, we have renewable energy, we have access to gravel, and alternative methods such as mycelium. While we’re at the end of the road, we have these resources at our disposal to be innovative on how we approach housing. I think that those answers come in local manufacturing of our own resources, innovation, and then also building things like kind of part homes that have been tested for extreme environments.
We suffer from a housing stock that’s from the ’70s. Alaska really got its last big boom during the oil pipeline of the ’70s. What happened was there was such an explosion of Westerners coming up to the state that they built things the way that they knew how to build things, which was without a lot of insulation, built out of whatever they had. We suffer from very inefficient housing. When we talk about what affordable housing is, for us, it really has to include a component of energy efficiency, so we can even afford to heat our homes.
This year, we’ve had one of the coldest winters on record. I think it was the fourth coldest winter on record. We also got a remarkable amount of snow. It’s been very challenging for folks, especially now that oil prices are going up. We have about 1,200 folks in our community that are on natural gas. Everybody else is heating their homes with diesel fuel. If you think about that, we have folks who are getting delivery of diesel fuel to their homes, myself included. I live in the most urban part of our city.
Going back to affordable housing, it really does include this holistic look of what’s going to work and how we can be energy efficient with our housing, but also how we can use our local resources for innovation and how we can manufacture the resources that we have here. Secondly, and this is something that I think is really interesting, is this idea, this concept of building generational wealth outside of homeownership. That’s a model and a tool that I’d really like to explore more as we talk about how we’re building affordable housing in our community.
[00:11:45] Anthony Flint: This is this idea that not everybody has to buy a home. It’s perfectly fine to rent.
[00:11:50] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: Perfectly fine to rent, but then the next question is, how do renters gain generational wealth so they’re not just handing over money every month without anything in return? They get a house to live in, but there’s no equity in it after a while. In what ways — and I know there are models out there — when we’re building affordable housing, how can we lower the amount of investment for folks in a way that it might not come back to them for 30 to 50 years, but in 30 to 50 years, they’re on their second or third generation of family where they have security in their family in a form of tangible wealth?
[00:12:34] Anthony Flint: There’s also the community land trust model, where you have this more shared equity, and there’s limits on resale, but you still have it.
[00:12:43] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: I like that. There’s more and more folks talking about how to do this in innovative ways. I think typically building homes and housing has been the game or the business of large, wealthy developers. In our community, we just can’t really afford that. We don’t have enough folks for a large developer to make money here. When we start to rethink about who’s investing in our own community, and who can invest, then we start to, I think, build out that wealth better.
[00:13:17] Anthony Flint: The Lincoln Institute has been helping municipalities identify government-owned land that can be used for affordable housing. Do you see opportunities in that approach?
[00:13:29] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: Absolutely, I do. A few facts for you here. 60% of our land in Alaska is federal. 25% is owned by the state of Alaska. It’s about 580,000 acres. 10% is owned by Native corporations, and 1% is private. We have a lot of government land that’s available. Now, about 80 million of those acres are managed for conservation, but that’s still quite a bit of land left for us to use. I think what the Lincoln Institute is doing, exploring these different land-use models, including transportation and other components of community building, is fantastic. I can’t wait to get my hands on more of that information. I signed up for the newsletter.
We have a parking structure that has been mothballed for, gosh, probably five years. The university that used it ended up not needing it. They literally welded the doors shut, and this building has been sitting there deteriorating ever since. Through the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, who is a statewide housing financing bank, they purchased that parking garage and have put it out for bid for affordable housing. They worked with us, saying, “Okay, we own this now, but it’s right in the middle of your city. What do you want to do with this?” We walked through the options that we have. Do we want senior housing? Yes, we desperately need senior housing. Is this the right place? We don’t think so. Okay. Next option, affordable housing, high-end housing, two bedrooms, apartment. What is it that we need? Through that process, we’ve put out an RFP for a developer to then build two or three stories on top of that parking garage, therefore activating the space using, again, the parking garage for parking, covered parking, which is very important in Fairbanks, Alaska, but also getting units into the downtown core.
That’s one example. There’s a few others that we have ongoing in town, but that’s one example that I’m really eager to see how that plays out.
[00:15:48] Anthony Flint: What are the unique challenges of living with climate change in Alaska, and what, at the state and local level, can be done about it?
[00:15:57] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: They often call the Arctic the canary in the coal mine because we start to see the issues of climate change far beyond and far before the lower 48 or other parts of the world. The Arctic has been saying that something’s happening in our environment for quite some time. I mentioned before what we’ve noticed is we have more wind in Fairbanks, which means that we have more risk for summer fires, wildfires. In the winter, we’ve had more snow than usual.
It’s also been very cold, so colder than usual, which means that our ground will not thaw quickly, meaning that when the temperature gets hot in the air, what’s going to happen? It’s all going to melt into water, but there’s going to be nowhere for it to go because the ground hasn’t unthawed yet. Now we miss out on that water. We get lots of floods, and then we don’t have moisture in the ground, and so it’s more susceptible to wildfires in the summer. That’s just one instance of the cycle of how climate change has affected the interior.
I don’t think that there’s really much we can do about this now. It’s happening. We’re in a cycle of climatic disruption, for sure, but we can plan for it. We can plan for extreme events, so we know what we’re going to do when the power goes out and it’s negative 30 degrees. We know what’s going to happen when our river floods in the middle of our town and we’ve lost access to the hospital or to hotels. We know what to do when we have an ice event because we got three or four inches of rain on top of three or four feet of snow in the middle of winter, and how that affects the animals, the moose. How it affects our ability to hunt and fish and gather berries or medicinal foods.
I think planning is a very big part of how we are prepared because, honestly, you don’t know what’s going to happen from season to season. The other thing is with planning comes money. Alaska is a place where we do not collect sales taxes on a statewide basis. Some municipalities do — we do not, as the municipality of Fairbanks — and income taxes. We pay property taxes, and that’s all we pay. As we address these more and more climatic, dramatic events, it’s costing us more and more to repair the roads, costing more and more to protect the utilities that are above and below ground, and somewhere that’s going to have to come from funding.
We’re seeing less and less investment from the federal government for events like that. As Alaskans, it’s time for us to think really hard about how we want to protect and at what level we want to protect our assets that we have, and what level of commitment that comes from our own pocketbooks.
[00:19:04] Anthony Flint: Yes, leading into that, figuring some of this stuff out at the local level or the local and state level seems to be really important right now. How have you navigated being a mayor at a time when the federal government is reducing funding and more or less withdrawing from being a partner on so many issues?
[00:19:26] Mayor Mindy O’Neall: Yes. It seems like we continue to ask our employees to do more with less. At the same time, the public expects services to be modern. That means we have to invest in technology. A lot of times, we just don’t have the funding for that. It’s a tough spot, I got to say. I have all of these ideas and plans for being mayor. Then you come into the office and you’re like, “Okay, how am I going to make this work with the operations that we already have going, the way we want to provide services and make things more efficient for our public with less and less funding from the state and from the federal government?”
Again, I do think that we’re going to have to look at ways that we contribute to ourselves, and that comes back to the values that we hold as a community. We’re a place where tourists want to be because that’s also a big part of our economy. It’s tough. I haven’t figured it out yet, but I have two and a half more years to go. It’s definitely something I’m working on a lot, and how we do more with less and how we increase, or how we explain the value of good governance with putting our own skin in the game.
[00:20:43] Anthony Flint: Mindy O’Neall is mayor of Fairbanks, Alaska, the latest leader to be interviewed in the Lincoln Institute’s Mayor’s Desk series. We love talking to mayors, and we’ve compiled 20 of these interviews in a book, Mayor’s Desk: 20 Conversations with Local Leaders Solving Global Problems, which includes a forward by Michael Bloomberg. Otherwise, Mayor’s Desk interviews appear in Land Lines magazine, in addition to most of them being broadcast here on the Land Matters podcast. You can find everything on the Lincoln Institute website. Just navigate to lincolninst.edu.
On social media, our handle is @landpolicy. Please go ahead and rate, share, and subscribe to Land Matters, the podcast of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. For now, I’m Anthony Flint signing off, until next time.
Los Estados Unidos enfrentan una grave escasez de viviendas asequibles: existe una necesidad urgente de millones de hogares adicionales. Pero lo que agrava esa escasez de viviendas es un desajuste habitacional.
Resulta abrumador saber que, en gran parte de los EUA, los barrios residenciales existentes, es decir, los lugares que la mayoría elige para vivir por la cercanía a sus trabajos, amigos y familiares, y por contar con servicios públicos, transporte público y otras infraestructuras, están compuestos, de manera casi exclusiva, por viviendas unifamiliares.
Si bien una casa de estilo colonial con cuatro dormitorios y un patio grande puede tener sentido para una familia de altos ingresos compuesta por cinco personas, no debería ser la única opción de vivienda disponible en una comunidad, dada la caleidoscópica diversidad de los hogares, que van desde personas mayores hasta adultos jóvenes y padres solteros.
“Tendremos más personas mayores de 65 años que menores de 18 años en la próxima década”, comenta Rodney Harrell, vicepresidente de Familia, Hogar y Comunidad de la Asociación Estadounidense de Personas Jubiladas (AARP, por su sigla en inglés). La organización tiene una larga historia de abogar por mejores condiciones y opciones de vivienda para los adultos mayores. “Las personas quieren estar cerca de tiendas de comestibles, parques, bibliotecas, medios de transporte y otras opciones que los hagan sentir conectados. Pero uno de los desafíos es que quieren quedarse en sus barrios existentes y no hay suficientes opciones”.
Sin embargo, agregar nuevas opciones de vivienda a las comunidades existentes suele provocar quejas sobre los cambios en el carácter del barrio. Esta frase cargada puede incluir actitudes excluyentes y argumentos de mala fe dentro de su amplia ambigüedad, pero también puede ser una respuesta a decisiones de desarrollo cuestionables. Es comprensible que un propietario en un barrio de bungalós artesanales de principios del siglo pasado se sienta desanimado por la idea de un nuevo y elegante edificio de acero y hormigón de siete pisos en la esquina.
Y allí es donde radica el atractivo de la humilde unidad de vivienda accesoria, o ADU, más conocida coloquialmente como departamento para suegros, cochera, suite secundaria o casita, entre otros alias.
Al convertir un garaje, ático o sótano en un departamento independiente, o agregar una pequeña cabaña a un patio trasero, los propietarios pueden crear un espacio adicional para los miembros de la familia o una pequeña propiedad de alquiler que ayude a generar ingresos. Al mismo tiempo, ayudan a aumentar la oferta de opciones de vivienda asequible y accesible en el barrio, sin tener consecuencias drásticas en la estética local. Y facilitar esta posibilidad para los propietarios puede ayudar a las comunidades de todo el mundo a analizar la crisis habitacional local y nacional.
Durante la última década, muchas ciudades y algunos estados flexibilizaron las restricciones que existían desde hace décadas respecto de las ADU. California, por ejemplo, legalizó las ADU en todos los lotes unifamiliares en 2017; unos años más tarde, en 2023, las casi 27.000 ADU permitidas en todo el estado representaron un aumento de 20 veces con respecto a 2016 y más del 20 por ciento de todas las nuevas viviendas autorizadas. En 2024, se otorgaron permisos para más de 6.000 ADU solo en Los Ángeles.
Estas cifras no resultan suficientes para resolver por sí solas la crisis habitacional en California: ninguna medida aislada puede hacerlo. Pero es, sin dudas, una pieza del rompecabezas y una solución que muchas comunidades pueden respaldar.
Aun así, legalizar la construcción de una ADU es solo el primer paso. Facilitar la construcción es otro, y las ciudades pueden ayudar a darlo al eliminar las barreras innecesarias.
Por ejemplo, para fomentar y acelerar la adopción de las ADU, muchas ciudades de los EUA y Canadá comenzaron a ofrecer a los residentes acceso a planos preaprobados para ADU independientes, es decir, esquemas técnicos completos ya revisados por funcionarios de la construcción.
“Es posible que el sistema vaya un poco en contra del propietario local que desea poder hacer esto”, indica Harrell. Entre las revisiones del sitio, los planos de servicios públicos y las aprobaciones arquitectónicas, “son tantas cuestiones por superar y que uno está haciendo por primera vez”, agrega. “Tener estos diseños preaprobados elimina una de esas barreras. Sería algo así como: ‘No necesita ser diseñador ni tener suficiente dinero para contratar a uno. Aquí hay algunos diseños que pueden funcionar’”.
Planos preaprobados de ADU en California
Los Ángeles ofrece a los residentes un creciente catálogo de planes preaprobados de ADU, incluido un plan arquitectónico estándar de un dormitorio solicitado por la ciudad, que se denomina YOU-ADU (en la foto), que cualquier residente de Los Ángeles puede usar de forma gratuita.
También existen docenas de otros planos preaprobados, pero requieren que se pague una modesta tarifa de licencia a los respectivos arquitectos, que también pueden contratarse para consultas específicas del sitio.
Si bien un plano preaprobado de ADU ya cumple con ciertos códigos de la ciudad (por ejemplo, regulaciones de construcción, incendios y energía) y, por lo tanto, puede avanzar a través del proceso de verificación y permisos con mayor rapidez que un diseño personalizado, un propietario no puede solo instalar una ADU en el patio trasero sin más preguntas. Sigue siendo necesario conseguir las aprobaciones específicas del sitio, como el uso de suelo o las revisiones de aguas pluviales.
Pero usar un plano preaprobado puede acortar el proceso semanas o incluso meses, y ofrece más previsibilidad a los propietarios de viviendas y los funcionarios locales. La eficiencia de un diseño estándar también puede generar ahorros de costos.
“Los planos personalizados no solo requieren más tiempo y dinero, sino que resulta mucho más complejo cumplirlos en el sitio”, comenta Whitney Hill, cofundadora y directora ejecutiva de SnapADU en el sur de California, donde varias ciudades cerca de San Diego seleccionaron sus planos de diseño estándar para la preaprobación.
Todos estos factores aumentan los precios, agrega, y señala que, en general, la construcción de una ADU totalmente personalizada cuesta de USD 30.000 a USD 50.000 más que una estándar del mismo tamaño y cantidad de camas y baños. “Por otro lado, los planos que construimos con anterioridad ya se pusieron a prueba frente a las limitaciones del mundo real; sabemos que podemos construirlos de manera eficiente”.
Hill comenta que la obtención más rápida de permisos con diseños estándar también puede traducirse en costos más bajos. “Construir una ADU en 12 meses en comparación con 18 meses es mucho más económico desde una perspectiva de costos generales para nosotros”, indica. “Compartimos esos ahorros con el propietario”.
Incluso cuando se utiliza un plano preaprobado, los propietarios deben estar preparados para los costos y el trabajo específicos del sitio, señala. “Es fundamental comprender la topografía del sitio, las ubicaciones de los servicios públicos existentes y las cargas existentes sobre esos servicios públicos”, indica. Algunos proyectos pueden necesitar mejoras en el servicio de agua para incluir un baño adicional, por ejemplo, o un panel eléctrico mejorado, lo que puede ser costoso.
Pero uno de los mayores beneficios de usar un diseño estándar, según Hill, es la previsibilidad. “Los costos de construcción de un plano de planta existente están disponibles incluso antes de que inicie su propio proyecto”, explica Hill, “[lo cual] es ideal para los propietarios que tienen que ceñirse a un presupuesto específico”.
El ADUniverso de Seattle
Si bien el estado de Washington aprobó recientemente una legislación que exige que las ciudades permitan cuatro viviendas en todos los lotes residenciales (y seis unidades cerca de centros de transporte público), Seattle comenzó a adoptar las ADU hace más de una década, para lo cual flexibilizó algunas restricciones locales que se interponían, como el tamaño mínimo de los lotes.
“Ese fue un primer paso importante y viable, porque la ciudad ejerce el mayor control en las regulaciones del uso de suelo”, comenta Nicolas Welch, planificador sénior de la Oficina de Planificación y Desarrollo Comunitario de Seattle.
Aun así, la mayoría de los propietarios tienen poca o ninguna experiencia con el desarrollo de viviendas, por lo que la idea de contratar a un arquitecto y solicitar permisos para construir una casa de campo en el patio trasero puede ser abrumadora, incluso antes de pensar en el alto costo que implica. Seattle pronto decidió que debería hacer más que simplemente mejorar sus regulaciones y, en 2020, creó un sitio web repleto de recursos llamado ADUniverse.
“El sitio se creó para proporcionar todos los recursos que un propietario podría necesitar en un solo lugar con información de mejor calidad y más clara para las personas que básicamente están tratando de emprender la construcción por primera vez, sin ningún tipo de experiencia”, indica Welch. “Una parte de ello era ofrecer algunos diseños preaprobados, la otra, permitirles buscar su propiedad para ver qué es realmente factible en su lote”.
La ciudad invitó a los arquitectos a presentar sus diseños de ADU y, de 165 presentaciones, un jurado seleccionó los 10 planos que obtendrían la preaprobación del departamento de construcción. En los cinco años transcurridos desde entonces, agrega Welch, “se otorgaron unos 350 permisos para los diseños preaprobados”, o alrededor del 10 por ciento de todas las ADU aprobadas en ese momento; la ciudad ahora permite un promedio de unas 900 ADU nuevas por año.
“Por un lado, es un número muy pequeño para una ciudad y un condado con una escasez de cientos de miles de unidades, por lo que creo que es importante dimensionar las expectativas”, agrega Welch. “Es un número muy pequeño e incremental. Pero también son cientos de unidades nuevas en las que ahora viven personas”.
El uso de un plano preaprobado acelera el proceso de revisión en gran medida, indica Welch. “Si las características no son complejas, como estar en una pendiente muy empinada o tener que quitar un árbol gigantesco o algo así, entonces el permiso se obtiene en dos a seis semanas, en lugar de tres o cuatro meses”.
ADU preaprobados en Oregón
Más allá de crear viviendas discretas de alta densidad, las ADU son, casi por definición, pequeñas y, por lo tanto, inherentemente más asequibles que la mayoría de las viviendas unifamiliares nuevas, que promediaron 223,5 metros cuadrados en el tercer trimestre de 2025.
En Oregón, el Proyecto de Densificación Residencial (Residential Infill Project) de Portland produjo más de 1.400 nuevos permisos para ADU y viviendas intermedias faltantes en barrios unifamiliares, que representan casi la mitad de todo el desarrollo nuevo en la ciudad desde 2022 hasta 2024, incluso mientras otros tipos de construcciones se rezagaban.
Pero el programa también limitó el coeficiente de edificabilidad del suelo (FAR, por sus siglas en inglés) y, como resultado, “el motivo económico para los desarrolladores pasó de construir las unidades más grandes posibles a construir la mayor cantidad de unidades posibles”, según un informe de progreso de 2025.
Esta iniciativa demostró una mejora en la capacidad de pago. En 2023 y 2024, los precios de venta de las nuevas viviendas intermedias faltantes promediaron entre USD 250.000 y USD 300.000 menos que las nuevas casas unifamiliares en los mismos barrios de Portland, en gran parte, debido a los tamaños más pequeños.
ADU preaprobados en Louisville, Kentucky
AARP publicó su primer modelo de ordenanza ADU hace más de dos décadas. Desde entonces, la organización ayudó a varias ciudades, incluida Louisville, Kentucky, a volver a legalizar las ADU a nivel local y ayudó a las comunidades a celebrar concursos de diseño para crear planes arquitectónicos gratuitos para uso de los residentes.
Louisville invitó a los arquitectos a presentar sus diseños y luego preaprobó y compró los derechos de tres planos de ADU, que ofrece de forma gratuita a los residentes de Louisville.
Rodney Harrell, de AARP, comenta que las ADU pueden mejorar la libertad de las personas mayores al darles más y mejores opciones en los lugares donde ya viven. “Lo que me encanta es que es una solución que brinda más opciones a las personas que quieren estar en las comunidades donde mejor se sienten”, explica.
“Hablo con muchas personas que están estancadas”, agrega Harrell. “Tienen una casa y quizás, en algún momento, fue la casa de sus sueños, pero ahora se convirtió en una pesadilla. Tienen demasiadas escaleras. Tal vez es demasiado grande y su cónyuge falleció, y ya no puede afrontar los gastos”.
Una persona mayor que ya no puede usar las escaleras de su casa puede permanecer en la comunidad que ama al construir una ADU totalmente asequible y de diseño universal en el patio trasero, explica, y alquilar la casa principal. “Eso le da más libertad”, indica. “Si quiere quedarse en su casa principal y que un cuidador se quede en la ADU, eso también le da más libertad. O tal vez solo necesita un poco de dinero que le permita quedarse en su casa, y podría alquilar la ADU para cubrir los gastos de permanecer en la casa principal”.
Y en otros lugares
En Seattle, Welch comenta que los esfuerzos de la ciudad para legalizar las ADU en barrios unifamiliares ayudaron a allanar el camino para más viviendas intermedias (dúplex, tríplex y cuádruples). “El cielo no se desplomó, por lo tanto, los legisladores estatales se sintieron respaldados y con mayor capacidad de acción”, agrega.
Muchas otras ciudades y estados de los EUA y Canadá también están adoptando las ADU y ofrecen planes de diseño, orientación y “catálogos de ADU” para los residentes interesados en construir una.
If there was ever a clarion call for land use, Yes in God’s Backyard may be the most ethereal. In a riff on the pro-housing movement Yes in My Backyard, YIGBY advocates promote building housing on land owned by churches and other faith-based organizations. More than 100,000 U.S. churches will be closed over the next several years—an estimated one quarter of those in operation—according to the National Council of Churches. Even those that aren’t closing may be looking for new ways to generate income. The major culprit is a drop in attendance. Since these organizations often want to unload land and property, the YIGBY reasoning goes, why not seize the opportunity to convert these sites of houses of worship to include houses.
There is no nationwide analysis of how much religious-owned land might ultimately be available, but state-by-state analysis reveals significant potential. In California, the Terner Center at the University of California Berkeley estimates there are 47,000 acres of developable faith-based land. After filtering out land occupied by cemeteries and the like, Smart Growth Maryland estimates that more than 15,000 acres in that state could be the site of 6,200 new homes. In Massachusetts, the Lincoln Institute’s Center for Geospatial Solutions identified some 5,000 developable parcels totaling 20,000 acres—potentially the site of least 60,000 new homes—in a project with the Lynch Foundation. Most of those parcels had access to existing infrastructure like water and sewer, and were strategically located near transit.
Faced with severe housing shortages, state governments have been actively trying to encourage the conversions. Washington state led the way, followed by Maryland, Virginia, and California, which allowed religious organizations to build affordable housing on their properties by right–and extended the measure to apply to other nonprofit organizations, like veterans’ organizations and fraternal lodges, which face many of the same challenges as houses of worship. Local governments in Atlanta, San Antonio, and Seattle have also sought to streamline the process.
As is the case so often with government-owned parcels, land held by churches can rapidly become contested. When repurposing proposals roll out, neighborhood opposition has been common, manifesting in the original land use acronym that inspired YIMBY and YIGBY: NIMBY, or Not in My Back Yard. If a church property has been quiet for many years, nearby residents are worried about increased activity, parking, and traffic.
A redevelopment proposal for a Presbyterian church in Arlington, Virginia triggered a Change.org petition, Stop High Rises in Arlington Residential Neighborhoods, alleging that the project “will have serious detrimental effects on our community’s character, quality of life, and historical heritage.” In Colorado, YIGBY legislation was sidelined after local governments expressed a concern over loss of local control.
Still, with land in limited supply and restrictions on building so pervasive, an increasing number of communities are determined to seize the opportunity for infill redevelopment on church and nonprofit properties. The key is not to be overzealous, said Richard Reinhard, principal of Niagara Consulting Group, who has been advising cities and houses of worship on how best to proceed with reuse and redevelopment. “YIGBY is promising, but the notion that all surplus faith properties should become 100 percent affordable housing is carelessly simplistic,” he said. He suggests a “360-degree assessment” of each site, which may reveal potential for mixed-use development or a partial repurposing of the property, allowing faith-based organizations to continue operating in some form.
Much like publicly owned land that is being eyed for new uses, the emptying chapels and temples and rectories—not to mention the Knights of Columbus clubhouses or the YMCA gyms—await a new purpose that fulfills another mission of the community: the peaceful dwelling places and secure homes promised in the Bible.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor to Land Lines magazine.
Lead image: Site plan from a design charrette in Durham, North Carolina, led by the Faith-Based Housing Initiative. Credit: Faith-Based Housing Initiative.
Enabling Environments: Local Strategies for the Redevelopment of Public Land
Ballantyne, North Carolina, is a developing edge city along the south side of Charlotte. With good schools, a number of large employers, and a median household income about 50 percent higher than the national median, it is a desirable and growing area—and it needs more affordable housing.
In response to that need, the City of Charlotte took a new look at one of its most important assets: land. In 2023, the City agreed to lease a 3.4-acre parcel to CSE Communities, a division of the developer Crosland Southeast that specializes in residential mixed-income projects.
Under the lease terms, CSE Communities will pay $1 per year for 75 years and build Evoke Living at Ballantyne, a 60-unit development that will be affordable to low- and moderate-income households. The project will include 12 units affordable to very low-income residents earning 30 percent or less of the area median income (AMI), 32 units affordable to households earning 51 to 60 percent of AMI, and 16 units affordable to those earning 61 to 80 percent of AMI.
As Shawn Heath, the city’s deputy city manager, explained to the South Charlotte Weekly, the project is “a wonderful way to leverage city-owned land to get affordable housing in an area that could use it.” Heath drew special attention to the location of the lot, noting that “it is absolutely hands down in a phenomenal area for affordable housing. It checks all the boxes in terms of access to jobs, amenities, services, local public schools.”
With about a third of U.S. households now cost-burdened—spending more than 30 percent of income on housing and facing tough choices about how to stretch limited budgets—communities across the country are taking on the housing affordability crisis, using a resource they already own. Many are finding that urban sites like surface parking lots, vacant lots, institutional land, and government buildings can be used strategically to boost supply.
The current housing crisis stems from many factors, of course, including stagnant wages, elevated construction costs, and restrictive zoning. But ultimately, the problem comes down to this: the nation has a housing crisis because we don’t have enough housing, by millions of units.
As they seek to increase their stock by redeveloping public land for affordable housing, communities are taking different approaches. In the case of Charlotte, the municipality maintains ownership of the land and issues the developer a ground lease, which ensures that the city retains the land value. In other instances, city governments sell or donate their land.
Sometimes the municipality is actively engaged in the development project through a public-private partnership. Other times, its role is limited to holding the developer accountable to agreed-upon terms. In all cases, municipalities are capitalizing on the land’s potential to address a crucial housing need, and, in doing so, fulfilling the responsibility of government to maximize public assets for public good.
Legislating the Use of State and Local Land
According to an analysis by the Center for Geospatial Solutions (CGS) at the Lincoln Institute, the country has about 276,000 buildable acres of government-owned land that are in urban areas (read: places where people want to live and that already have public infrastructure), accessible to public transit (read: reduce traffic congestion and promote walkability), and are not a park, wetland, conservation easement, or anything else whose development would sacrifice open space. This acreage could support more than 6.9 million homes in places closer to jobs and schools than many traditional development sites tend to offer.
Much of this land is in states with exceptionally high housing costs, including Massachusetts (25,775 acres), Florida (20,800 acres), Washington (15,900 acres), Texas (15,000 acres), and California (14,600 acres). Because this list is a “who’s who” of expensive housing markets, it’s also a register of the places most in need of additional affordable housing.
Crucially, more than 98 percent of this acreage is held by state and local governments. The lack of a federal claim to the land not only helps to streamline and simplify the work of redeploying it, but also empowers state and local governments to determine its highest and best use. Some of it may be better suited for community benefits besides housing, such as open space, a rain garden or other green infrastructure, or recreational facilities.
The Center for Geospatial Solutions conducted a national analysis of potentially buildable government-owned land in transit-accessible, urban areas. Credit: Center for Geospatial Solutions.
One of the most important tools to support state and local governments as they seek to redeploy their land is legislation. There are two key functions that legislation plays in this context. The first is to establish the necessary conditions to enable these sorts of transactions. At the state level, this may include empowering local governments to sell or lease their property at below-market rates, which makes affordable housing developments pencil out.
An example of effective legislation is Washington, DC’s Disposition of District Land for Affordable Housing Amendment Act of 2014, which enables the city to transfer its property for less than the appraised value for affordable housing projects. Under the law, all new multifamily developments must include at least 20 to 30 percent of units affordable to households with annual incomes between 30 to 50 percent of area median. The percentage of units that must be affordable varies depending on the parcel’s location. The closer the parcel is to public transit, the higher the required percentage of affordable units.
Legislation can further promote efficient use of public land by requiring municipalities to include, or consider including, housing as part of publicly sponsored projects. In Montgomery County, Maryland, Bill 37-12 requires the County to assess the feasibility of including a “significant amount” of affordable housing in proposed capital improvement projects, such as libraries, recreation centers, and transit stations.
An added benefit of legislation is that it can help all stakeholders get on the same page about what is or is not allowed or required when repurposing publicly owned land. Given the multiple government entities that may be involved in such a transaction, this clarity is helpful in resolving confusion between and among agencies.
Nevertheless, some elected officials will inevitably hesitate to redeploy public land for housing because of the political risk, says George W. McCarthy, president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute. “Public land is really contested territory,” he notes. “Everybody has an opinion about how any piece of publicly owned land should be used. And anytime somebody allocates this land, somebody will be mad, and that somebody will use it as fuel to make sure that that decisionmaker doesn’t get reelected.”
But McCarthy, who oversaw the design and launch of the Lincoln Institute’s Community Land for Community Benefits campaign earlier this year, says that’s all the more reason to be strategic: “There are ways to release public land efficiently and effectively so that governments are really squeezing all the public benefit out of it.”
Identifying Suitable Parcels
Once a local government has confirmed that it has the legal right to redeploy its land for affordable housing or other community benefits, the question becomes how best to proceed. There are a number of considerations. The first is to identify all eligible parcels.
Determining exactly which public entity owns which piece of land can be difficult. Despite the numerous entities dedicated to overseeing land use in a given community—the zoning boards, the planning departments, the land use commissions—virtually every community lacks a structure that oversees use of the entire portfolio of the land it owns. Consequently, municipal governments usually don’t have a comprehensive, strategic plan for deploying their land. Instead, they typically take an ad hoc, parcel-by-parcel approach that doesn’t consider whether one piece of land is better suited than another for a certain type of redevelopment. The result can be a failure to maximize a parcel’s unique strengths and opportunities.
This is a solvable problem. It begins by inventorying a community’s publicly owned land. “You can’t come up with a good policy to convert land into housing or anything else if you don’t even know what’s out there,” explains Reina Chano Murray, associate director of CGS.
Conducting a complete land audit can be harder than it sounds. Public land can be owned by a range of public entities, such as a transit authority, a water or sewer district, or a parks department, some of whose names may have changed over time and through various mayoral administrations, creating a jumble of owners that must be unraveled.
Once ownership is established, there are the questions of suitable use. As Murray explains, “You need to know the condition of the land. What is its current zoning and the zoning of the surrounding area? Is the area already being supported for water and other utilities? Is it near public transit? This is important context in order to determine which sites are more appropriate for housing development versus some other public need.” CGS is working with communities in Colorado and elsewhere on this kind of land identification and cataloguing, helping communities find the right places to develop housing, implement nature-based solutions, and mitigate climate risks.
Once a local government has identified the parcels that are best suited for affordable housing, it can turn to project configuration. Key considerations include property interest, organizational structures, housing tenure, and affordability requirements. However, there is no universal formula for these transactions, but rather a range of options depending on a community’s assets, needs, and opportunities.
That said, there is one element that McCarthy considers a good idea for any government, regardless of size or circumstances: maintaining ownership. “We recommend not giving away the land if possible,” he advises. “The preferred idea is to lease it because it allows the government to maintain control. If the city owns the land, it can enforce its will. It can say, ‘These are the terms upon which we will give you this lease, and if you don’t comply, we will just take back the land.’”
Putting Policy into Practice
Cities and counties have long dedicated municipal land for purposes ranging from public parks, green infrastructure, and conservation areas to infrastructural needs like transit and utility corridors. But it has been less common for housing to be built on publicly owned land. Here’s how three cities are doing it.
Hamilton, Ontario
The city of Hamilton, Ontario, home to about 570,000 people, began developing housing on municipally owned land about a decade ago. Credit: benedek via iStock/Getty Images.
The City of Hamilton, Ontario, has been strategically deploying its land to facilitate the development of additional housing for about a decade. During that time, the City’s approach has changed, says Ray Kessler, who, as the City’s chief corporate real estate officer, manages the city’s portfolio of about 2,300 parcels of land. (In stark contrast to virtually every American city, Hamilton has an Office of Corporate Real Estate that is tasked with strategically managing all city-owned land as a single portfolio.)
“Initially, when we first began disposing of our land for housing in 2016, we were selling off properties, just like everyone else,” Kessler explains. “But more recently we have adopted what we call a ‘lease-first’ policy, where we prioritize leasing instead of selling our land, when possible.”
When leasing is determined to be a viable option, the City will offer a selected nonprofit housing organization a long-term ground lease, typically at least 40 years in duration, to build and/or operate affordable housing. The rent is nominal, and all approved projects must comply with the City’s Affordable Housing Supply Schedule, which outlines different guidelines depending on the specific piece of land.
In the case of the City-owned parcel at 1126 Garth Street, the Schedule requires that the units be either two- or three-bedroom townhouses, available for rent or purchase (though the developer may be able to build a multi-unit dwelling subject to rezoning). If the townhouses are for sale, at least 50 percent of them must be offered for no more than 90 percent of the average purchase price, and no more than 10 units can be built, per the zoning bylaw.
In the event the townhouses are for rent, at least 30 percent of the units must have a rent level that is no more than 80 percent of the average market rent. And, rents may only be increased annually, and must comply with the Provincial Rent Increase Guidelines, annual guidelines that cap maximum rent increases in Canada and vary by province. In 2026, for example, Ontario’s guideline is 2.1 percent, while it is 2.3 percent in British Columbia.
The City prefers to lease the property because it grants them more ability to ensure that the units are affordable over the long-term. As Kessler explains, “When you have a change of ownership, even if you put controls in place, you can’t guarantee compliance over the long term because you’ve lost the property. With a lease contract, we still own the land, and as long as that contract is written properly, those contractual obligations will give you a lot more power than relying on title-related instruments.”
Additionally, leasing creates economic opportunities for the City. “We haven’t done this yet, but with a lease, we may be able to generate revenues to reinvest into other affordable housing projects. Or, in a denser area like our downtown core, we may be able to sell development rights on, for example, land we own that has a performing arts center on it. That land is zoned by right for 30 stories, but it only has six stories, so if we can transfer some of the density to another site then we can harvest revenue that way.”
Boston, Massachusetts
As part of a larger push to redeploy underutilized public land for public benefit, in 2023 the City of Boston launched “Welcome Home, Boston,” a multi-phase initiative to repurpose city-owned land to build housing affordable to residents with low and moderate incomes. The program follows the completion of the 2022 Citywide Land Audit, an inventory of all property owned by the City—one of Boston’s largest real estate owners.
The audit identified 1,238 parcels totaling 9.5 million square feet of land (5.4 percent of total City holdings) that qualifies as either vacant or underutilized, including small parcels appropriate for infill. One hundred and fifty of these parcels have been made available for affordable homeownership opportunities under “Welcome Home, Boston,” which is funded with $58 million from the City’s American Rescue Plan (ARPA) allocation.
New housing built on a former vacant lot in Boston’s Hyde Park neighborhood. Credit: City of Boston.
Since releasing its first Request for Proposals in June 2023, according to a spokesperson, the City of Boston has approved 10 proposals on 28 parcels that will produce 144 new units of housing affordable to residents with a household income between 80 percent and 100 percent of the area median. In the spring of 2026, the City will approve new proposals for 11 parcels that will produce approximately 40 units, targeting household incomes between 120 percent and 135 percent of the area median. An additional 30-plus parcels are in the planning stages and expected to begin the community engagement process this calendar year.
To help ensure that these affordability goals can be met, the City sells the parcels to the participating developers for a nominal fee. As Sheila A. Dillon, the City’s Chief of Housing, explains, “By making underutilized City parcels available for housing, we can support first-time homebuyers, strengthen neighborhoods, and ensure public land delivers lasting public benefit. In some cases, selling parcels with strong deed restrictions allows the homes to remain affordable for future buyers while reducing the long-term administrative burden of managing land leases. That approach helps the City focus more resources on creating and preserving affordable housing across Boston.”
For example, in 2024, the City sold four vacant lots totaling nearly 16,000 square feet in the Dorchester neighborhood, with an appraised value of $1.26 million for $400, to Norfolk Design & Construction LLC to build 20 affordable homes targeting first-time homebuyers.
“Welcome Home, Boston” is only one of multiple initiatives that the City uses to manage its land. Other larger parcels are moving through a community process to determine the best uses for development. One such parcel is the 18,915 square feet of city-owned land at 55-57 Hudson Street, in Chinatown. The City conveyed the land to the nonprofit Asian Community Development Corporation for a nominal land lease fee to build 110 units of affordable housing, including 66 rental units and 44 condominiums for purchase. The new building will also include a 17,000-square-foot permanent Chinatown branch of the Boston Public Library.
Atlanta, Georgia
As part of a goal to add 20,000 homes to the city’s affordable housing stock by 2030, the City of Atlanta is working to redevelop Fire Station 15, a 0.78-acre parcel of land with a market value of $14.1 million. Located in the popular Midtown neighborhood, the property currently houses a single-story building with a partial basement. Under the proposed redevelopment, a residential, mixed-income 21-story building will be constructed. The latest plans call for 21 stories with a three-story fire station and a five-story parking garage. The remaining floors will offer about 230 apartments, of which about a third will be affordable, a much-needed stock in the amenity-rich neighborhood where median household income is about 70 percent above that of the city at large, and rent is roughly 33 percent higher than the citywide median.
In Atlanta, plans call for this low-lying fire station to be replaced by a 21-story structure that combines a new fire station with affordable housing. Credit: Atlanta Housing.
In this instance, the deal is a public-private partnership. The City of Atlanta will continue to own the ground rights and will grant an option to purchase the air rights above the fire station for a nominal fee (e.g., $1) to the Atlanta Urban Development Corporation (AUDC), a nonprofit organization created in 2023 by the City of Atlanta and the Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta (HA) to lead housing development on publicly owned land. AUDC is a subsidiary of the housing authority, effectively acting as a public development agency that is able to collaborate with private investors.
Once the property is redeveloped, AUDC will continue to hold the project (i.e. the land and improvements but not the fire station) in a long-term ground lease structure with the developer. It is expected that the City will own the permanent Fire Station 15.The remainder of the development will be owned by a joint venture between the selected developer partner and AUDC.
Under the proposed structure, AUDC will be the majority stakeholder, retaining at least 51 percent ownership, and will split the project cash flows with the developer, as described in a joint report by Drexel University’s Nowak Metro Finance Lab and Putting Assets to Work (PAW), a national incubator that helps state and local governments transform underutilized public properties into assets that generate long-term public value. As explained in the report, “The joint venture arrangement allows the developer to enjoy some upside from project cash flows with relatively low downside risk while ensuring long-term affordability, thanks to AUDC’s majority ownership.”
Fire Station 15 is part of the larger push by Atlanta Mayor Andre Dickens to activate city-owned vacant land for housing. Parcels in the City’s diverse and growing portfolio are selected for redevelopment based on a comprehensive map of publicly owned assets that city officials created through participation in PAW’s incubator program in 2023.
Building Momentum
In the same way there is no single driver of the housing affordability crisis, there isn’t a single solution. Repurposing publicly owned hand for affordable housing is not a panacea. But it is an efficient, scalable solution that could make a massive dent in the problem. If the relevant governments developed the 276,000 buildable acres of publicly owned land identified in the CGS analysis, even to the low-density standards of seven units per acre, the nation could add more than 1.9 million new housing units. If ambitions were raised and developers built to higher-density standards of 25 units per acre, government-owned land could yield 6.9 million units of new housing.
Of course, not all public land should be developed by right. It’s still critically important for communities to protect open space, which has extensively documented benefits for public and planetary health, and to ensure that the intended use of a property aligns with its attributes.
But the momentum is building, at the state and municipal level. California has strengthened its Surplus Land Act, which requires local agencies to inventory available parcels, offer them first to affordable housing developers, and follow transparent, enforceable procedures. Massachusetts has identified a portfolio of surplus state parcels with the aim of producing thousands of homes. San Francisco’s Public Lands for Housing program is putting large, underperforming sites such as the 17-acre Balboa Reservoir to work for mixed-income housing, and Sound Transit in Washington state dedicates surplus properties for income-restricted housing near stations.
Through thoughtful and balanced strategies, communities can use the land they already own to provide affordable housing and adapt to climate change, and they can use the value derived from these arrangements—whether it comes in the form of lease payments, the purchase of development rights, or another mechanism—to finance infrastructure and social services. As communities like Charlotte, Hamilton, Boston, and Atlanta are demonstrating, public land is an essential component of 21st century policy solutions to our most serious societal challenges.
Loren Berlin is a writer and editor specializing in housing. Read more about her work at www.lorenberlin.com.
Lead image: A rendering of Evoke Living at Ballantyne, a 60-unit development that will be built on municipal land in Charlotte, North Carolina, and will include affordable units. Credit: Evoke Living at Ballantyne.
Lots of Opportunity: How Communities Can Address the Affordability Crisis on Land They Already Own
Shortly after taking office in 2022, Atlanta Mayor Andre Dickens made the kind of promise voters tend not to forget: he pledged to pave the way for 20,000 new homes within city limits by 2030, amid rapidly rising rents and home prices.
With the pressure on, one of the first things Dickens did was form a housing strike force to investigate parcels and property owned by the city. The mayor saw that as the quickest route to get shovels in the ground, with the added benefit that the parcels would be cheaper to build on, because the land—almost always the most expensive element of the construction process—was already accounted for.
The mayor’s team also established a housing help center, streamlined permitting, made different kinds of financing available for developers, and created an eviction diversion program to help stem the tide of homelessness. But the more than 50 sites and 536 acres that have been identified—from closed schools to land and property under MARTA, the city’s public transit system, to a vacant lot directly across from Atlanta City Hall where a mixed-use development is now rising—allowed the city to take advantage of the special leverage public ownership provides. “The capacity building efforts are paying off in the form of a sophisticated, collaborative vehicle for developing mixed-income, neighborhood-anchoring housing on publicly owned land,” Dickens said.
The Atlanta strategy is part of a nationwide movement to make better use of government-owned land. And the amount of land in that inventory—vastly underutilized in the form of vacant lots, abandoned parking areas, or decommissioned buildings, owned by entities ranging from school districts to housing authorities—is not insignificant. Across the country, more than 230,000 acres of municipally owned, transit-accessible land could be feasibly built on, according to the Center for Geospatial Solutions. That’s more than the total land area of New York City.
The CGS analysis of local, state, and federally owned land found a total of 276,000 acres of potentially buildable, government-owned land in transit-accessible urban areas with existing infrastructure. This land could support nearly 7 million new homes at a modest density, according to CGS, which is part of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. The potential of these lands was dubbed by one prominent urban affairs commentator as a solution “hiding in plain sight.”
To encourage communities across the US to identify publicly owned land that could be used for housing or environmental improvements, the Lincoln Institute has launched an initiative called Community Land for Community Benefits. “Public land has a crucial role to play in addressing housing affordability, but local governments need support to enable the transformation,” said George W. McCarthy, president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute. “The Community Land campaign will help policymakers and their partners identify and leverage publicly owned land.”
An estimated six to eight million new homes need to be built to overcome restrictions in supply that are contributing to higher housing costs, according to analyses by sources including Freddie Mac, Zillow, Goldman Sachs, and McKinsey. The advantage of developing or redeveloping publicly owned land is that government can dictate the terms of use and ensure that whatever housing is built is permanently affordable. Leasing the land or turning it over to a nonprofit developer can also have the effect of keeping overall costs down. “Land affordability is the biggest obstacle to affordable housing,” explains McCarthy. “If a developer has to buy land at the market rate, that almost automatically eliminates the possibility of building affordable housing. The land cost will just be too high to ever make it work.”
As governments take stock of publicly owned land, an array of other options for new housing construction reveals itself, on land in a range of tenure and ownership status: underperforming commercial land, like a failed strip mall; underused private parking lots; land occupied by freight or passenger rail; stockyards; property being developed by Tribal communities; or land owned by religious institutions, which for a variety of reasons are seeking to sell their real estate assets right now. (Learn more about the movement to build homes on faith-owned land.)
Civic institutions like universities, hospitals, and community foundations often have large land holdings and a community-oriented mission, too. A coordinated effort to map these acres, across overlapping jurisdictions and civic institutions, can inform efforts to address housing affordability and climate resilience—while revealing potential opportunities to assemble larger, contiguous plots from fragmented parcels.
What follows is a breakdown of transit-accessible government-owned land by category—federal, state, and local—beginning with land under the control of municipalities, which is by far the largest segment of public ownership.
LOCAL: 237,000+ Acres
Several cities, large and small, are joining Atlanta in assessing their real estate assets, determining how they might be used, and moving ahead with projects. In the Morgan Park section of Chicago, 11 city-owned vacant lots are being redeveloped for housing, as part of the city’s Missing Middle infill housing initiative. A database of vacant city-owned lots reveals there are 7,000 more.
Detroit, where Mayor Mary Sheffield signed an executive order to dedicate all of the proceeds from the sale of city-owned commercial properties to the city’s affordable housing development and preservation trust fund, is similarly examining the status of 100,000 empty parcels, most of which are city-owned, according to the non-profit Detroit Future City. The vacant lands are candidates at a minimum for natural improvements like community gardens, if not used for housing, the organization says.
Vacant lots represent the low-hanging fruit in the exercise of identifying suitable municipal-owned land, however. Emma Mulvaney-Stanak, the mayor of Burlington, Vermont, released a plan to use parks, parking lots, and other underutilized public parcels for housing. The sites in the pipeline include a blighted three-block commercial area downtown anchored by a defunct auditorium; and a sprawling city-owned parking lot adjacent to a tech start-up incubator that now occupies a factory formerly used for making ovens and other kitchen equipment.
Tensions and conflict can arise when the land is viewed as a community asset, even if the property has long been forgotten or conditions there have deteriorated. Since publicly owned land can be a lightning rod for competing interests—especially if it involves any kind of recreational or open space—the city has adjusted its procurement process, said Charles Dillard, Burlington’s director of planning. “We want to flip the Request for Proposal process on its head,” he said, by getting community input first and identifying a developer and design scheme that conforms accordingly.
By combining a city-owned parcel with two privately held lots in the South End of Burlington, Vermont, local leaders created an area that is slated to be redeveloped into a mixed-use neighborhood. Credit: Burlington Community and Economic Development Office.
“There is rarely consensus on what, if anything should be built,” Dillard said, noting that conflicts typically arise around “questions of affordability and public benefit—what is being built and for whom .… So ultimately, this is about democratizing development and reasserting the public sector’s role as a leader in creating the vision for housing and the evolving city.”
In Atlanta, city officials are building a narrative that emphasizes the broader context of city-owned land—how any housing development ultimately fits in with a well-functioning neighborhood. According to the mayor’s office, the approach is to “frame housing production within a holistic, neighborhood revitalization strategy. When we talk about new housing, we talk as well about grocery stores, parks, trails, childcare, schools, [and] legacy resident retention.” The lofty goal is to ensure every Atlanta resident “has a place they can afford to live, but that everyone can afford to live in a complete, healthy, thriving neighborhood.”
Yet the city is also mindful of producing quick results. Municipal land has become the perfect place for the mayor’s rapid housing initiative, delivering factory-built and modular construction. An underutilized surface parking lot for city vehicles was transformed into The Melody, 40 units of permanent supportive housing next to the Garnett MARTA station. Late last year, the city celebrated the opening of Waterworks Village, 100 units of supportive housing built across three floors of stacked modular housing on land transferred from the City’s Department of Watershed Management.
Atlanta Mayor Andre Dickens, right, tours the Waterworks, an affordable development on city-owned land that is part of the Rapid Housing Initiative. Credit: City of Atlanta.
Another advantage of the greater amount of land under municipal control is that it allows cities and towns to pick and choose, as they sort through parcels whose development would involve varying degrees of difficulty. The Center for Geospatial Solutions analysis can be especially useful in calculating trade-offs, as deep dives reveal different levels of complexity in disposing of government properties. A decommissioned public works garage might be at a site with fewer neighbors to object to redevelopment, but may require extensive environmental remediation.
“We are diligently studying each city-owned parcel to determine not just the lowest-hanging fruit, but also more complex properties that ultimately may have more significant contributions to housing creation, community development, and catalytic transformation,” said Dillard, the Burlington city planner.
Counties are also joining the effort. Smart Growth America’s “Guide for Developing Housing on County-Owned Land” aims to help county governments, which tend to have less capacity, in identifying suitable parcels, evaluating zoning constraints, and modeling financial feasibility and ownership structure. San Mateo County, just south of San Francisco, recently leased a parcel for $1 a year so an affordable housing developer could build 160 units of affordable senior housing. In Virginia, more than 10 acres of land owned by Fairfax County is now the site of much-needed affordable housing for students and seniors.
STATE: 33,000+ Acres
States are adopting a coordinating role, helping cities and towns identify land they own. But states have significant land holdings as well, and legislators have been clamoring for a clearer picture of where the promise of new housing might be. Virtually every state has long had a process of disposing of state-owned property, whether an obsolete armory or a shuttered mental health hospital, but that exercise is notoriously drawn out and unfolds on a case-by-case basis. Given the urgency of the housing crisis, policymakers today are seeking a more strategic overview and quicker turnarounds.
This spring, Colorado Gov. Jared Polis signed the Housing Opportunities Made Easier Act (HOME), which allows school districts, universities, housing authorities, transit districts and qualifying nonprofits to build housing on properties up to five acres, regardless of local zoning rules. That follows a 2019 measure requiring each state agency and state institution of higher education to submit a list of all non-developed land owned by or under control of the agency or institution, that could potentially be developed for affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households, either on a for-sale or rental basis. The state Department of Local Affairs (DOLA) has partnered with the Center for Geospatial Solutions to inventory all of the land identified by the agencies and institutions, determining overlaps and accurately assigning ownership. The aim is to allow better coordination down the road.
Colorado Governor Jared Polis signs a law allowing housing development on unused and underutilized community-owned land as the state legislators who sponsored the bill look on. Credit: Office of Governor Polis.
A similar effort in Vermont turned up 140 properties, ranging from one-half to 500 acres, at a variety of locations. California Governor Gavin Newsom launched the Excess Sites Program to identify underutilized state property and speed up the process of developing suitable sites for housing. Builders have access to a new web portal that clearly spells out what the opportunities are. Officials say the properties that are in the mix, ranging from land near a state hospital to vacant parcels owned by the state transportation agency, Caltrans, could be appropriate sites for the creation of 2,000 new homes.
Under a plan announced by Maryland Governor Wes Moore, some 134 acres of state-owned land near transit stations will be activated with potentially 5,000 homes. In Massachusetts, Governor Maura Healey established the State Land for Homes program, which has already identified 450 acres of state-owned land, and includes an interactive map to create a clearer picture of suitable locations and their context.
Campaigns to transform state-owned land consistently run into the same roadblocks that municipalities have encountered. Massachusetts officials believed they had a slam-dunk proposal to develop 180 apartments on an underused five-acre parking lot at the MassBay Community College campus in the suburb of Wellesley, west of Boston. But residents came forward to oppose the plan—stating concerns about impacts on an adjacent 40 acres of conservation land, even though the state was clear in its intentions just to build on the parking lot and not in the forest. The redevelopment appears likely to be put on hold if a threatened lawsuit is filed.
FEDERAL: 5,200+ acres
The idea of building housing on land owned by the federal government is one of the few policies that carried forward from the Biden administration to the Trump presidency.
The Joint Task Force on Federal Land for Housing, a partnership of the Department of the Interior and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, aims to identify federal land that could be suitable for residential construction, and to streamline the transfer process to make that development happen more quickly.
The federal government controls a staggering 650 million acres of public lands, but most of that acreage is in the form of national parks, preserves, and wilderness that would not be suitable for housing development. More likely candidates for redevelopment would be federal buildings and land in more urban settings—an estimated 8,000 properties are vacant, abandoned, obsolete, or underused, according to Congress. The General Services Administration routinely lists properties no longer in use, whether a closed courthouse or administrative office space for federal agencies that is no longer needed.
One precedent for the reuse of federal property is the decommissioning of military bases, many of which have been turned into housing and mixed-use development. Some 350 installations, from shipyards to training facilities and barracks, have become available in the Base Realignment and Closure process, which has been going on for nearly 40 years. In Massachusetts alone, two major military bases are being converted to residential development, Fort Devens and South Weymouth Naval Air Station, which hold the promise of nearly 300 and 6,000 homes respectively.
A rendering of the proposed redevelopment of a former U.S. Navy base in Weymouth, Massachusetts. Credit: OJB Landscape Architecture.
A heated debate has emerged, however, about the difference between identifying specific parcels of federal land that are suitable for affordable housing and simply opening up public land for unfettered development. Recent proposals by Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) and others to sell off millions of acres of what is currently open space in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and other western states have raised concerns that high-cost subdivisions could well rise up in protected areas, damaging critical habitats and draining severely limited water supplies while doing little to address the affordability crisis. Those concerns have been raised in the context of the administration’s push to open up more federal lands for resource extraction.
While the debate over federal land continues, it may well be that the real opportunity lies with state and local governments, which hold most of the prime public real estate nationwide. For every acre of developable federal land, more than 52 buildable acres are controlled by state and local governments. State and local leaders are already beginning to act, but they will need data and evidence to ensure the right land is developed, at the right speed and scale, in the right places, accounting for land and water constraints that affect both livability and conservation.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matterspodcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
Lead image: City leaders in Atlanta identified 104 Trinity Avenue, which sits across from City Hall, as a site for residential development. A 10-story, 218-unit mixed-income building is now under construction on the land, which has been leased for 99 years with an affordability requirement attached. Credit: Google Earth.