Topic: Environment

Leading By Example: How Costa Rica Became a Model for Climate Action

April 17, 2023

By Anthony Flint, April 17, 2023

 

By many accounts, Costa Rica has been a unique Central American success story—“a beacon of Enlightenment” and “a world leader in democratic, sustainable, and inclusive economic growth,” according to the prominent economist Joseph Stiglitz.

A nation of about 5 million people roughly the size of West Virginia, Costa Rica has been punching above its weight particularly in the realm of sustainability and climate action: a pioneer in eco-tourism; successful in getting nearly all of its power from renewable sources, including an enterprising use of hydro; and a leader in fighting deforestation and conserving land with its carbon-soaking rainforests.

The Land Matters podcast welcomed two special guests recently who know a thing or two about this country: Carlos Alvarado Quesada and Claudia Dobles Camargo, the former President and First Lady of Costa Rica. They are both in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, area this year—she is a Loeb Fellow, part of a mid-career fellowship program based at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, and he is a visiting professor of practice at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

 

Former President Carlos Alvarado Quesada and former First Lady Claudia Dobles Camargo of Costa Rica
Former Costa Rican President Carlos Alvarado Quesada and former First Lady Claudia Dobles Camargo at the Lincoln Institute offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in April 2023. Credit: Will Jason.

 

Also in the studio was Enrique Silva, vice president of programs at the Lincoln Institute, who oversees the organization’s research and activities globally, and has years of experience in and familiarity with Latin America.

The conversation, recorded at the Podcast Garage in Allston after a visit by the couple to the Lincoln Institute, included reflections on leadership and climate action, and what it’s been like to take a year to decompress after an eventful time in office, from 2018 to 2022.

Costa Rica has much to show the world when it comes to the implementation of targeted sustainability practices, Quesada said. “We’re not saying people have to do exactly the same [as we did], but we can say it’s possible, and it’s been done in a model that actually creates well-being and economic growth,” he said. “Back in the day, people would say it’s impossible—‘if you’re going to create protected areas, you’re going to destroy the economy.’ It turned out to be the other way around, it actually propelled the economy.”

After seeing big successes in the countryside, the interventions have turned to urban areas. “Costa Rica has done such an amazing job in nature-based solutions, not so much on urban sustainability,” said Dobles, noting the ambitious National Decarbonization Plan she launched with Quesada, which aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. “In order to decarbonize, we really needed to focus also on our urban agenda.”

A big task was reinvigorating public transit, starting with a new electric train that would have spanned the city of San Jose. Quesada’s successor shelved the $1.5 billion project, demonstrating the common mismatch between long-term projects and limited time in office. A pilot project to electrify buses was implemented, however, to rave reviews. The couple says they are hopeful the train will be revived.

“I know that this is eventually going to happen. Sometimes you have political setbacks,” said Quesada. “Your administration cannot own throughout time what’s going to happen, but you can plant positive seeds.”

Costa Rica has been nothing if not creative in addressing the many dilemmas inherent in climate action. Open-ore mining is banned, for example, but entrepreneurs figured out a way to extract lithium from recycled batteries.

“That’s very linked to the discussion of the just energy transition, where the jobs are going to come from, where the exports are going to come from. While there’s a huge opportunity for many developing countries which are rich and are endowed with minerals and metals . . . we need to address those complexities,” said Quesada.

Dobles added, “When we talk about decarbonization, we cannot exclude from that conversation, the inequality conversation. This is supposed to provide our possibilities of survival as humankind, but also it’s a possibility for a new type of social and economic development and growth.”

 

Former First Lady of Costa Rica Claudia Dobles Camargo makes a point as former President Carlos Alvarado Quesada looks on
Former First Lady Claudia Dobles Camargo makes a point as former President Carlos Alvarado Quesada looks on. The pair visited the Lincoln Institute office to discuss their climate and sustainability initiatives in April 2023 while spending a year at Harvard and Tufts universities, respectively. Credit: Anthony Flint.

 

Reflecting on being in the land of Harvard, MIT, and Mr. Bartley’s Burger Cottage, Dobles said she has been immersed in “the whole academic ecosystem that is happening here . . . just to be, again, in academia, sometimes just to receive information, not having the pressure of having the answers . . . . It’s been wonderful.”

“Being a head of state for four years of a country, it’s an experience that I’m currently unpacking still,” said Quesada. “I’m doing a little bit of writing on that, but you get to reflect a lot, because it’s a period of time you live very intensely. In our case, we were not only working with decarbonization, with the projects we mentioned, we [were also working] with the fiscal sustainability of the country. We had COVID. We had [the legalization of same-sex marriage].

“We tend to train ourselves for things that are outside of us, like methods, tools, knowledge,” he said. “There’s a part of it that has to do with training ourselves, our feelings, our habits, our framing, our thinking . . . to address those hard challenges.”

Carlos Alvarado Quesada served as the 48th President of the Republic of Costa Rica from 2018 to 2022, when his constitutionally limited term ended. He won the 2022 Planetary Leadership Award from the National Geographic Society for his actions to protect the ocean, and was named to the TIME100 Next list of emerging leaders from around the world. Before entering politics, he worked for Procter and Gamble, Latin America.

Claudia Dobles Camargo is an architect with extensive experience in urban mobility, affordable and social housing, community engagement, climate change, and fair transition. As First Lady, she was co-leader of the Costa Rica National Decarbonization Plan. Her architecture degree is from the University of Costa Rica, and she also studied in Japan, concentrating on a sustainable approach to architecture.

You can listen to the show and subscribe to Land Matters on Apple PodcastsGoogle PodcastsSpotifyStitcher, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.

Lead image: San José, Costa Rica. Credit: Gianfranco Vivi via iStock/Getty Images Plus.


Further Reading

Showing the Way in San José – How Costa Rica Gets It Right (The Guardian)

Former President of Costa Rica Talks Climate Change, Public Policy During Northeastern Campus Visit (Northeastern Global News)

Costa Rica’s ‘Urban Mine’ for Planet-Friendlier Lithium (Agence France- Presse)

How Costa Rica Reversed Deforestation and Raised Millions for Conservation (Diálogo Chino)

The Hardest Working River in the West

A StoryMap Exploring the Colorado River Through Data

Although not the largest or longest river in the World, the Colorado River is known for its many legacies. The Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy developed a StoryMap about the Colorado River, its tributaries, and the lands upon which communities, economies, and the environment depend. It is also about the places, people, and policies that have shaped water and land management and planning in the past and will continue to shape decisions about how we use, share, and conserve these finite resources today and in the future. With a widening gap between supply and demand, the water resources upon which land use, planning, and development depend are more vulnerable than ever.

This story is told across five sections:

  • A Balancing Act
  • Of Storage and Shortages
  • Who’s Using Water and Where?
  • Water Management Hurdles
  • Tools for a Resilient Future
data

The Babbitt Center has created an Esri ArcHub open data portal that contains the data, maps, and related reports seen or mentioned in The Hardest Working River in the West StoryMap. This allows individuals to download and explore the data for themselves.

Explore the Portal

Fellows in Focus: Mapping Our Most Resilient Landscapes

By Jon Gorey, February 16, 2024

 

The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.

As the director of The Nature Conservancy’s North America Center for Resilient Conservation Science, ecologist Mark Anderson led a team of scientists in the development and mapping of TNC’s resilient and connected network: a detailed, nationwide map of linked landscapes that are uniquely suited to preserve biodiversity and withstand the impacts of climate change. In 2021, Anderson received the Kingsbury Browne Conservation Leadership Award and Fellowship, named for the Boston lawyer and former Lincoln Institute fellow whose work led to the creation of the Land Trust Alliance. In this interview, which has been condensed and edited for clarity, he explains why connected natural strongholds are critical to combating our biodiversity crisis.

JON GOREY: What is the focus of your research?

MARK ANDERSON: Conservation of land and water is extremely expensive, and it’s long term. What we’ve really been focused on is making sure we’re conserving places that are resilient to climate change—really thinking about biodiversity loss, and where are the places on the ground or in the water that we think will continue to sustain nature, even as the climate changes in ways that we can’t fully predict.

As we dove deeper and deeper into the science, the beauty of it is that the properties of land and water—the topography, the soil types, the way water moves and collects—actually build resilience into the system. When you hear about a climate disaster, for example, a drought or a flood, you kind of picture it as a big swash everywhere. But in fact, there’s all sorts of detail to how that plays out on the land, and we can actually use an understanding of that to find places that are much more resilient and places that are much more vulnerable. So the effects of that are spread in understandable and predictable ways, and that’s what we are focused on: finding those places where we think nature will retain resilience.

Climate change is very different than any other threat we’ve ever faced because it’s a change in the ambient conditions of the planet. It’s a change in the temperature and moisture regimes. And in response to that change, nature literally has to rearrange. So a big question is, how do we help nature thrive and conserve the ability of nature to rearrange? Connectivity between places where species can thrive and move is key to that.

We divided the US into about 10 regions, and in each of those regions, we had a large steering committee of scientists from every state. They reviewed it, they argued about the concepts, we tested stuff out, they tested it on the ground, and that’s what improved the quality of the work, it’s all thanks to them. By the time we finished, it took 287 scientists and 12 years, so it was a lot of work. We involved a lot of people in the work, and so there’s a lot of trust now of the dataset.

Resilient Land Mapping Tool
Anderson led the development of The Nature Conservancy’s Resilient Land Mapping Tool, which allows users to generate customized maps of the places in the US where species can survive and thrive in a changing climate. Credit: The Nature Conservancy.

JG: What are you working on now, and what are you interested in working on next?

MA: The US has not signed on to the global 30 by 30 agreement [to protect 30 percent of the world’s lands and oceans by 2030], but we have America the Beautiful, which the Biden Administration has launched as a 30 by 30 plan. People get hung up on that 30 percent, which is important, but if we want to sustain biodiversity, what’s really important is, which 30 percent is it? Are we representing all the ecosystems, are we reaching all the species? Are we finding places that are resilient, and are we connecting them in a way that nature can actually move and be sustained?

Our work is all about resilience and connectivity and biodiversity, and it turns out that the network we came up with, that has full representation of all the habitats and ecoregions and connectivity, turned out to be 34 percent [of the US]. So we have internally adopted it within TNC as our framework: We are trying to conserve that network, and that’s been super exciting. Because over the last five years, we conserved 1.1 million acres, of which about three quarters was directly in the network.

A lake nestled in a forested mountain valley
In 2023, The Nature Conservancy protected high-priority landscapes including Fern Lake, which spans the Kentucky-Tennessee border in the Cumberland Gap. Credit: PapaBear via iStock/Getty Images Plus.

It’s very unlikely that the federal government is going to actually do the conservation; it’s really going to be done by the private NGOs, state agencies, and land trusts. In fact, in the Northeast, private land conservation over the last 10 years surpassed all the federal and state agency conservation combined. So our strategy has been to create a tool and get the science out and just encourage people to be using the science and thinking about climate resilience—with our fingers crossed that, if this makes sense to people, wherever they are, and we’re all sort of working off that, it will conserve the network in a diffuse way.

What we’re working on now is freshwater resilience, focusing on rivers and streams and the connectivity and resilience of those systems. Our vision of a resilient system is a long, connected network with good water quality that allows fish and mussels to move around and adapt to the changing climate. But a lot of those systems are fragmented by dams, their floodplains are developed, their water quality is poor, and there’s a lot of water use, because they’re in a residential area that’s extracting all the water.

JG: What do you wish more people knew about conservation, biodiversity, and ecology?

MA: Well, two things—one good, one bad. I wish more people understood the urgency of the biodiversity crisis. The fact that we’ve lost 3 billion birds—there are 3 billion fewer birds than there were 40 years ago. Our mammals are constrained now to small fragments of their original habitats. There’s a crisis in our insects, that is really scary. Most of my career, we were focused on rare things; now these are common things that are dropping in abundance. So I wish people really understood that.

And I also wish people understood that we can turn that around, by really focusing our energy and conserving the right places, and there’s still hope and time to do that. It’s a big task, and it can only be done by thousands of organizations working on it, but it can be turned around.


River otters in Indiana’s Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge. The Nature Conservancy recently purchased 1,700 acres adjacent to the refuge, expanding the valley’s connected wildlife habitat to more than 20,000 acres. Credit: Steve Gifford via Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

JG. When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?

MA: Well, I’m a scientist, and there are so many potential errors and problems and data issues, they never end. So our results are not perfect. They’re pretty good, they’ve been ground tested a lot, but they’re not perfect.

The other thing is the future. I really want my kids and grandkids to have a wonderful world full of nature, and to get there, we’re going to have to really change our course.

JG. What’s the most surprising thing you’ve learned in your research?

MA: When we started this work, we didn’t have a concept of what the end was going to look like. And I probably thought of the end as a bunch of big places, you know? But it’s not a bunch of big places, it’s a net, it’s a web—a web of connected places, some big, some small. So that was a surprise to me.

JG: You work a lot with maps—what’s the coolest map you’ve ever seen?

MA: We have a concept called climate flow, which is predicting how nature will move through the landscape following unfragmented areas and climatic gradients. And one of our scientists successfully animated that map, so that you can see the movement of the flows—and that is one of the coolest maps. It’s not perfectly accurate, but it gets the concept across really nicely. And it was this map that helped us figure out that there’s a pattern to all this. It’s not random, there’s a pattern—there are places where flows concentrate, there are places where flow diffuses, and that’s really important to know.

Migrations in Motion TNC
The Nature Conservancy’s animated Migrations in Motion map shows the average direction species need to move to track hospitable climates as they shift across the landscape. Credit: Dan Majka/The Nature Conservancy.

JG: What’s the best book you’ve read lately? 

MA: My favorite book recently was Wilding by Isabella Tree. It’s a nonfiction book from the British Isles, where a farming couple in Knepp, they were never able to make the area a productive farm so they decided just to stop farming it and let it go wild, and they document the change from farming to wildness. They introduce some grazing animals that would be the counterpart of the aurochs and warthogs that would have been there, and immediately, the farm becomes a total mess—lots of weeds, dug up areas, the neighbors complain. But over time, all these rare species start to show up, all these owls that have not been seen, nightingales, turtle doves, and pretty soon it is like a total biodiversity hotspot. So it’s a very interesting read, it’s very hopeful.

In the last year I’ve read several books about African American perspectives on the environmental movement, and those are powerful. One was called Black Faces, White Spaces, by Carolyn Finney, and I’m reading one now called A Darker Wilderness, and it’s really eye-opening on the equity issues that are buried in conservation.
 


Related Articles

Fellows in Focus: Rethinking Stormwater Management in the West

Fellows in Focus: Building Affordable Homeownership Opportunities in New Orleans

Fellows in Focus: Designing a New Approach to Property Tax Appraisals
 


Jon Gorey is staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Mark Anderson. Credit: Courtesy photo.

 

Requests for Proposals

Scenario Planning for Disaster Recovery and Resilience

Submission Deadline: February 16, 2024 at 11:59 PM

This RFP will open for submissions on January 16, 2024.

The Consortium for Scenario Planning, a program of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, invites proposals for applications of exploratory scenario planning (XSP) processes in communities to address disaster recovery and resilience.

The consortium is looking for projects that will design community-based XSP workshops that can be used in disaster recovery and resilience planning. Applicants are not required to implement their workshop models, although they are welcome to do so. Following the project’s completion, the Lincoln Institute may select one or more projects to use as the basis for a technical assistance program, implemented the following year by Lincoln Institute staff and the project creator.

Disasters may be on a neighborhood, community-wide, or regional scale. Many specific disasters may be part of a cycle of cascading hazards, where the effects of one disaster bleed into or cause another, such as wildfires that cause catastrophic flooding, or floods that destroy homes, precipitate sanitation crises, and trigger landslides.

For this project, examples of disasters to be considered in workshops might include, but should not be limited to:

    • Wildfires
    • Floods
    • Severe weather events (hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.)
    • Earthquakes
    • Oil spills
    • Drought

RFP Schedule

    • Application deadline: February 16, 2024
    • Notification of accepted proposals: March 4, 2024
    • First draft: December 2025
    • Final draft: February 2025

Evaluation Criteria

The Lincoln Institute will evaluate proposals based on five criteria:

    • Relevance of the project to the RFP’s theme of exploratory scenario planning as applied to disaster recovery and resilience.
    • Adherence to and understanding of XSP method in proposed workshop design.
    • Capacity and expertise of the team and relevant analytical and/or practice-based experience.
    • Potential impact and usefulness of the project for practitioners of scenario planning.
    • Feasibility of project completion within a one-year timeframe.

Details

Submission Deadline
February 16, 2024 at 11:59 PM


Downloads


Keywords

Adaptation, Climate Mitigation, Disaster Recovery, Environment, Environmental Management, Environmental Planning, Floodplains, Intermountain West, Land Use Planning, New England, Planning, Resilience, Scenario Planning

As India Grows Rapidly, Conservationists Seek New Strategies

By Jon Gorey, December 19, 2023

 

With more than 135,000 species of plants and animals, including rare and charismatic cats like Bengal tigers and snow leopards, India is an ecological treasure. Its forests, wetlands, grasslands, deserts, and other ecosystems comprise just 2.4 percent of the world’s land area, but host up to 8 percent of its biodiversity. That same land also holds over 17 percent of the world’s human population, so conservationists are looking at a variety of strategies to ensure ongoing prosperity for humans and wildlife alike. 

Protecting natural habitats is a challenge anywhere. But in a fast-growing place like India—the second-most populous country on Earth—land is under particular strain from development and agricultural pressures, and is also subject to complex legal restrictions.

To better understand those challenges, and some of the efforts to overcome them, a team from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy’s International Land Conservation Network spent two and half weeks in India earlier this year. Their goal, says Chandni Navalkha, associate director of sustainably managed land and water at the Lincoln Institute, was to learn more about land conservation practices and policy in India, and to make connections that will support ILCN’s efforts to expand its network in Asia. Navalkha was joined by Henry Tepper, advisor to the ILCN and strategic conservation advisor at the Chilean land trust Fundación Tierra Austral, and Marc Evans, founder of the Kentucky Natural Lands Trust and advisor to the Wildlife Protection Society of India.

While private land conservation is commonplace in Western countries and throughout much of the Global South, including in several African and Latin American countries, it’s less well known and practiced in South Asian countries, Navalkha says. In India, that’s partly because of strict government regulations on private land ownership, which limit how much land an individual can own, and how that land can be used, especially when it comes to forested and agricultural lands. Nonetheless, Navalkha says, the country has an active civic conservation movement that works to complement government-led conservation efforts, which the ILCN team learned about by meeting with conservation leaders, legal experts, organizations, and networks. One such leader is Belinda Wright, a noted conservationist and executive director of the Wildlife Protection Society of India, who played a key role in connecting the ILCN team with legal experts and civic conservation practitioners and in providing important context for understanding land conservation efforts across the country.  

“What was really inspiring to us was to see that, in a unique context for civic efforts for land conservation, there were a huge number of initiatives and people who are making their best efforts using the laws and policies in place to protect the places that they love,” Navalkha says. “There’s so much good work happening, so much intact, amazing landscape and wildlife to protect.”

For example, the group visited a 40-acre forest reserve bordering Ranthambore National Park, one of the world’s best-known Bengal tiger sanctuaries. The reserve was created piece by piece, through persistence and passion, by wildlife photographer Aditya “Dicky” Singh and his wife, Poonam Singh. The couple first visited and fell in love with the area in the late 1990s; over the course of two decades, they purchased parcels of farmland bordering the national park and set about cultivating the land with native trees and shrubs, creating more habitat—and even watering holes, as the new greenery helped retain rainfall—for the park’s famed tigers.

Dicky Singh passed away unexpectedly in September, at age 57. But his efforts to celebrate and protect India’s wildlife will leave an enduring legacy. “Aditya was a passionate conservationist and photographer, whose love of wildlife is a beacon for youth in India,” says Balendu Singh, former honorary wildlife warden of Ranthambore National Park, who helped the ILCN group connect with conservationists in Rajasthan.

Land ownership is highly regulated in India, and many private and civic conservation efforts are similarly small in scale. But one sentiment the ILCN team heard repeatedly, Navalkha says, was that the country’s extraordinary biological diversity, set against a backdrop of relentless development pressure from a population of 1.4 billion and growing, “makes every effort at land conservation important, no matter how modest.”

Recognizing Informal Land Conservation

Between 7.5 percent and 22 percent of India’s land is formally protected in accordance with criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). But many additional areas could be considered conserved through a designation known as “other effective area-based conservation measures,” or OECMs.

These areas aren’t formally protected the way a national park or wildlife preserve would be, but still provide enduring conservation and biodiversity outcomes—even if protecting nature isn’t their primary objective. Examples could include a sacred grove, or the watershed around a community reservoir. Since these lands lack formal recognition as conserved spaces, they typically don’t convey clear benefits to landowners. “The concept of an OECM, ideally, is that you’re recognizing protection that already exists, but that has not been recognized or supported,” Navalkha says. “I think that’s valuable, especially in a country like India.” 


Transferring seedlings as part of a reforestation effort at Aravalli Biodiversity Park, a former mining area in the city of Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The 390-acre site was named the country’s first OECM (other effective area-based conservation measure) in 2022. Credit: Vijay Dhasmana via Wikimedia.

OECMs represent a fairly new approach to tabulating conserved spaces; the term was only formally defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2018. But many countries are exploring the role OECMs can play in accomplishing the ambitious global conservation goal known as 30×30—a commitment to conserving 30 percent of the world’s land and oceans by 2030—which 190 nations signed on to at the United Nations COP 15 biodiversity conference in 2022. India is “really ahead of the curve working on identifying, designating, or recognizing OECMs,” Navalkha says.

One challenge, however, is that benefits to landowners and communities for their stewardship efforts are not well established or understood, crucial as they may be to the country’s conservation goals. Navalkha says some kind of incentive program could help to align the motivations of conservationists and government.

“I met three or four different people who are undertaking conservation efforts that would not meet any of the categories of the IUCN’s protected area, but may meet the criteria for an OECM. And there’s still some debate by those individuals about whether being designated as an OECM does anything for them,” Navalkha says. “What benefit does being designated give to a landowner who has helped to create this conservation area and keep it protected?”

Another takeaway from the trip, Navalkha says, was the important role that protecting wildlife—particularly tigers and elephants—plays in India’s land conservation efforts. “A lot of the conservation planning and programming is about human-wildlife conflict, and mitigating and preventing it, to protect these key species,” Navalkha says. In that context, the priorities for the landscape are different and need to be large-scale, community-centered, and multifunctional.

An Array of Approaches

Navalkha and Tepper visited several land conservation initiatives in northwestern and central India, and spoke to other practitioners while attending the fifth Central Indian Landscape Symposium, convened by the Network for Conserving Central India at Kanha National Park. These reserves varied in size, landscape, and approach—some were intended to protect wildlife or create biodiversity corridors, others focused on restoring degraded landscapes—and the team found that no two were alike, except, perhaps, for the amount of work it took to establish them.

The Singhs’ preserve was hardly the only one that took decades to establish. In the foothills of the Himalayas, for example, researcher Subir Chowfin created the Gadoli and Manda Khal Wildlife Conservation Trust to manage several hundred acres of family-owned forestland, with a focus on conservation and scientific research. It took a lengthy legal battle before Chowfin could legally manage the land for conservation purposes; in 2022, the United Nations Development Programme recognized the sanctuary as one of 14 potential OECMs in India.


The boundaries of the Gadoli and Manda Khal Fee Simple Estates, former tea estates in the Himalayas that were once owned by the British East India Company. Now privately owned, the land is managed by a conservation trust that focuses on biodiversity conservation, ecological research, and sustainable agriculture. Credit: Gadoli and Manda Khal Wildlife Conservation Trust.

Indeed, every situation the team encountered was unique. “One of the things I heard that really struck me was that, in India, there’s no such thing as a model,” Navalkha says. “No single approach is going to be replicable across states or places, as every project or initiative is navigating its own unique complexities and contexts. Every single civic land project that we saw was structured in a completely different way.”

Navalkha says she heard, often, of a need for someone to perform a legal analysis across the 28 states and eight Union territories of India to understand the role and opportunity for civil society efforts in particular places. Beyond the complex legal landscape, conservation groups also face funding challenges for land stewardship and management—and it’s not always for a lack of willing donors. Foreign funding is tightly regulated “for conservation, and for land purchase, and even for philanthropic donations,” Navalkha says.

Navalkha says the team returned from India feeling optimistic and excited about the work occurring there, and looks forward to connecting with Indian conservationists who expressed interest in engaging with the ILCN. She hopes some of them will attend ILCN’s next Global Congress, to be held in Quebec City in 2024. “This is the beauty and promise of a truly dynamic ILCN global network,” she says, “especially one with increased geographic representation.”


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: A Bengal tiger at Ranthambore National Park. Credit: eROMAZe via E+/Getty Images.

People speaking on a stage in front of a mural

Lincoln Award Recognizes Outstanding Land Policy Journalism in Latin America

By Jon Gorey, December 11, 2023

 

Land policy decisions may not pack the headline punch of celebrity gossip or World Cup comebacks, but they can be far more consequential to people’s everyday lives. In that spirit, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy awarded prizes for excellence in journalism on urban policy, sustainable development, and climate change at the 2023 Latin American Conference of Investigative Journalism (COLPIN) in Mexico City.  

The winning entries included an exploration of how climate finance mechanisms trap poorer countries in a cycle of debt and dependency, an account of indigenous land grabbing by an unscrupulous palm oil exporter, and a look at how luxury megaprojects in a Mexico City neighborhood threaten to drain the water supply for longtime residents. (Jump to the list of winners.)

This marks the second year that the Premio Lincoln has been awarded at the prestigious conference, which includes its own investigative reporting competition, as well as dozens of workshops and panel discussions held over four days. COLPIN is organized by the Lima, Peru–based Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (Press and Society Institute), or IPYS.  

Competition for the 2023 award—which drew 141 entries from 47 cities and 15 countries—was inspiring, says Laura Mullahy, senior program manager at the Lincoln Institute. The contest attracted so many worthy entries that she and the other judges decided to name three honorable mention winners this year, in addition to the top prizes. The 2023 winners hailed from Costa Rica, Brazil, and Mexico; last year’s winning entries were published in Mexico and Colombia.

The breadth of geography, topics, and media formats represented in the contest is an encouraging sign for Latin American journalism, Mullahy says—as are the winners themselves. “It was really very heartening to meet these talented, young, earnest journalists,” says Mullahy, who presented the awards both years. 

Empowering the Press

The Lincoln Institute has a long history of engaging journalists with its research, both in the United States—where for over 20 years, the organization’s Journalists Forum has convened members of the press around a central topic, such as climate change and housing—and in Latin America. The institute began offering land policy training classes for Brazilian journalists a decade ago, when economist Martim Smolka was the director of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) program. “Back when Martim was director,” Mullahy recalls, “he always said, ‘There are three audiences I would do anything to get in a room, but they’re hard to get: members of parliament, judges, and journalists.’ So that was always in the back of my mind.”

At the time, Mullahy says, there was very little coverage of land policy in Latin American media, and what coverage did exist wasn’t always well informed; it wasn’t a topic journalists in the region encountered in their formal education. “Land policy is a little bit niche,” Mullahy says. “And so the thought was, well, maybe we’re the ones who can provide this.” 

With the goal of introducing core land policy concepts to journalists, the Lincoln Institute then partnered with IPYS to host a larger series of Latin America-wide training courses. Each session drew 30 or more participants, all of whom had to submit professional clips to be accepted into the program. By 2022, enough journalists were creating well-researched, engaging land use stories throughout Latin America that Mullahy and Adriana León at IPYS discussed the idea of offering a prize for urban land use reporting. “The stars seemed to align,” Mullahy says, and the inaugural Premio Lincoln drew more than 160 entries from 19 countries.


Lincoln Award recipients including Jennifer González Posadas, foreground, participated in a panel discussion at the 2023 Latin American Conference of Investigative Journalism.

In addition to cash prizes—$3,000 for first place, $2,000 for second, and $1,000 for third—Lincoln Award winners are invited to attend and participate in the four-day COLPIN conference. At the 2022 conference in Rio de Janeiro, “Our panel discussion with the award recipients and two seasoned journalists who served on the selection committee highlighted how land policy-related stories can be developed as compelling journalistic reporting,” Mullahy says. This year’s winners joined a trio of veteran journalists—Miguel Jurado and Vanina Berghella of Argentina, and Chico Regueira of Brazil—for a session on researching cities and urban development.

Journalists are important allies to the Lincoln Institute’s mission, Mullahy says, but even those with an interest in land policy issues don’t always get the support they need from their editors or organizations. So it’s important to recognize and support those who bring quality urban and land use reporting into the mainstream.

Alongside the Lincoln Institute’s more than 30-year tradition of conducting research and offering free professional development courses in Latin America, the efforts to encourage and celebrate informed land use journalism is paying off, and not just for the prizewinners. Mullahy can see positive changes in Latin American land management practices “in which Lincoln Institute courses and their students have had an influence and, in some cases, an active role,” she told the LatAm Journalism Review. “We know our presence can make a difference.” 

2023 Winners

Here are the winners of the 2023 Lincoln Prize for Journalism on Urban Policy, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change: 

First place: Hassel Fallas and Michelle Soto from Costa Rica for their eight-article series, “¡Muéstrame el dinero! La ruta de los fondos climáticos en un mundo cada vez más caliente” (“Show Me the Money! The Route of Climate Funds in an Increasingly Hot World”), published in a collaboration between La Data Cuenta and Ojo al Clima.  

The series explores the global climate financing system to reveal a complex but unequal financial architecture that favors the interests of the Global North and hurts the most vulnerable countries, who have contributed least to the problem. Based on the analysis of databases from multiple sources, the series signals the need to correct the inequities in the distribution of resources and protect the planet for future generations.  

Second place: Karla Mendes for her article “Exportadora de óleo de palma acusada de fraude, grilagem de terras em cemitérios quilombolas” (“Brazil Palm Oil Exporter Accused of Fraud, Land-Grabbing in Quilombola Cemeteries”), published in Mongabay, Brazil.  

The article exposes a wide range of land-grabbing allegations against Agropalma, the only Brazilian company with a sustainability certificate issued by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), claiming that more than half of the 264,000 acres registered by Agropalma was derived from fraudulent land titles and even the creation of a fake land registration bureau. Moreover, the allegations assert that part of the area occupied by Agropalma overlaps with ancestral Quilombola land, including two cemeteries. The feature is available in three languages: 

Portuguese:  Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3  
English: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3  
Spanish: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 

Third place: Alejandro Melgoza Rocha and Jennifer González Posadas for “Ciudad sin agua. Un pueblo contra el gigante de concreto” (“A City Without Water: The People Against a Concrete Giant”), published in Mexico’s N+.  

This multimedia feature and video examine the complex issue of water scarcity in Mexico City, where the construction of luxury towers and shopping centers has depleted aquifers in the metropolitan zone, putting the ecosystems of the city at risk. As communities and indigenous peoples suffer from water shortages, road congestion, destruction of green areas, increased costs of services, and dispossession of their territory, the inaction of the authorities against developers has resulted in chaotic conflict. The article tells the story of residents taking on the most powerful player in the real estate industry.   

Honorable mention: Thiago Medaglia, Brazil, for “Aquazônia—A Floresta-Água” (“Aquazonia—The Water Rainforest”)  

Honorable mention: Aldo Facho DedeKenneth Sánchez Gonzales, and Vania García Pestana, Peru, for the podcast series “Ciudades Que Inspiran” (“Cities That Inspire”) 

Honorable mention: Juan Diego Ortiz Jiménez, of Colombia, for “Nómadas, Airbnb y falta de casas: en Medellín no hay cama para tanta gente” (“Nomads, Airbnb, and Housing Shortage: In Medellín, There Aren’t Enough Beds”) 

2022 Winners  

First place: Alejandro Melgoza Rocha (N+ Focus, Mexico), for “Tulum: un paraiso ilegal” (“Tulum, an Illegal Paradise”) 

Second place: Mónica Rivera Rueda (El Espectador, Colombia), for “Lo que debe saber del POT en Bogotá” (“What You Need to Know about the Land Management Plan in Bogotá”)  

Third place: Andrés de la Peña Subacius (Zona Docs, Mexico), for “La ciudad inhabitable: ¿Redensificación o destrucción de la vivienda?” (“The Inhabitable City: Housing Redensification or Destruction?”) 

 


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: The opening ceremony of the 2023 Latin American Conference of Investigative Journalism (COLPIN) at the Colegio San Ildefonso, Mexico City. The backdrop is Diego Rivera’s first mural, La Creación (Creation), 1922. Credit: Laura Mullahy.

Map of Mississippi River watershed and Gulf of Mexico

Feed the Farm, Not the Algae

By Jon Gorey, November 1, 2023

 

Natural ecosystems offer some powerful solutions to our climate crisis. And nature holds answers to other environmental challenges as well—like figuring out how to feed a growing human population without contributing to climate change, pollution, and toxic algal blooms.  

The invention of synthetic fertilizer allowed farmers to double their yields per acre in the past century, supporting some four billion additional humans. But its use and production can have serious ecological impacts. Along with methane from livestock and the carbon released by soil disturbance, fertilizer is a primary reason why agriculture accounts for about 10 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the US. But new funding models in the Midwest are providing an incentive to farmers to swap status quo techniques for more sustainable practices.    

The high-temperature production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is by itself responsible for 1.4 percent of global carbon emissions. After that fertilizer is applied to crops, it can release nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 245 times more potent than carbon dioxide. And excess nitrogen also finds its way into waterways, polluting drinking supplies and wildlife habitat and, in the American Midwest and Plains, flowing down the Mississippi River to create a vast, headline-making “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico, where it feeds toxic algal blooms that suck the oxygen out of the water. 

“That is the principal cause of these dead zones and toxic algal blooms in the Gulf of Mexico,” says Jim Levitt, director of the International Land Conservation Network at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. “The Mississippi River collects fertilizer runoff from Montana all the way to Pittsburgh, and sends it down in one big spout that flows into the Gulf of Mexico, and it becomes this concentrated soup of nitrogen and phosphorus.”  

However, some fairly simple practices can reduce how much fertilizer farmers need, and how much ends up polluting watersheds. First and foremost, says Matthew Helmers, director of the Iowa Nutrient Research Center at Iowa State University, is resisting the tendency to over-fertilize. About a third of farmers apply more nitrogen than necessary, sometimes in an effort to maximize yields or hedge against risk.  

“If we can reduce the rate, and not reduce yields for the crop,” he says, that cuts nitrogen loss as well as costs for the farmer. Iowa State and other universities developed a calculator to help Midwestern farmers determine the best amount of nitrogen to use depending on their goals. And simply fertilizing in the spring instead of in the fall can also reduce nitrogen runoff by an average of 6 percent.  

Beyond better fertilizer management, regenerative farming—a more holistic and sustainable approach to agriculture that can help restore degraded soil, enhance biodiversity, and protect water and other resources—can also help reduce nitrogen runoff. 

One of the most basic regenerative farming practices is planting cover crops in between growing seasons. “That’s where we try to have something green out there during the period when we’re not growing our cash crop,” Helmers says, “covering the soil surface and taking up nutrients that might otherwise be susceptible to loss.”  

A perennial cover crop such as rye or oat stabilizes the soil, but also converts excess water-soluble nitrate into plant matter, “so there’s less nitrate that could be leached away in the next rainfall event,” Helmers explains. Rarely employed just 30 years ago, the use of cover crops nearly doubled in Iowa between 2017 to 2021, to an estimated 2.8 million acres.  

Other in-field practices include a diverse crop rotation—alternating corn or soybean seasons with forage crops, for example—or growing an energy crop such as switchgrass, which can be used to produce renewable natural gas. (That may sound like gas-powered greenwashing, but it’s a real technology.) Low- or no-till farming, meanwhile, which reduces soil disturbance and leaves most of the plant residue on the surface after harvest, can cut nitrous oxide emissions and help soil retain more carbon and nutrients. No-till farming is now employed on 41 percent of Iowa farmland, or 9.5 million acres.

 

Corn field
No-till farming minimizes soil disturbance, helping soil retain more carbon and nutrtients. Credit: Jason Johnson, USDA Resources Conservation Service.

 

The edge of a farm offers one more chance to halt nitrogen loss as water drains off the cropland and into nearby waterways. “We have a whole suite of practices to treat that water before we deliver it to a stream, and they’re kind of utilizing Mother Nature to promote denitrification,” Helmers says, referring to the natural process that converts nitrate into dinitrogen, the inert, stable gas that makes up most of Earth’s atmosphere.  

In one configuration, underground drainage systems can be diverted so they release water perpendicular to a stream instead of directly into it, forcing it to flow slowly across a 30-foot vegetated buffer. If the soil in that buffer zone doesn’t contain enough organic matter to promote denitrification, then installing a bioreactor—which sounds high-tech, but is simply a trench full of wood chips—can help do the job. These simple methods can reduce nitrate loss by 42 percent or more

“We could also route that drainage water to a wetland—that might be a riverine wetland next to the stream, or an oxbow wetland, or one that we restore,” Helmers says. In addition to providing ecological benefits to the landscape, “those can be very effective for promoting denitrification.”   

Despite the impact of nitrates on both local drinking water and the Gulf’s marine environment, these practices remain voluntary in Iowa and in most other states. But there are federal and local cost-share programs designed to encourage their adoption, some more robust than others.  

Iowa’s Polk County, for example, offers both financial and logistical assistance for installing edge-of-field buffers, making it easier and more economical for farmers who might otherwise be put off by the hassle or cost. And since water treatment plants are finding that it’s more efficient to pay farmers to reduce fertilizer runoff at the source than to build additional treatment facilities, new funding models have emerged that encourage more farmers to introduce conservation measures to their land.  

The multistate Soil and Water Outcomes Fund, for example, pays farmers to create vegetative buffers, plant cover crops, or employ other regenerative agriculture techniques chosen by the farmer. Later in the year, an independent scientific team measures and verifies the reduction in nitrogen or increase in stored soil carbon. The fund then sells a mix of environmental credits to various public and private entities seeking to meet required or voluntary sustainability goals. Water quality credits, for example, allow water treatment facilities subject to strict nutrient reduction standards to fund pollution mitigation at the source instead of paying for expensive new equipment. Carbon offsets, meanwhile, are tied to the amount of additional carbon stored in the soil.  

Importantly, given the growing and valid criticism aimed at carbon offset schemes, those credits are tied to actual outcomes, “after they have been produced and verified,” says Eric Letsinger, CEO of Quantified Ventures, whose AgOutcomes subsidiary jointly manages the fund with the Iowa Soybean Association. The outcomes-based model is “a demonstrably more cost-effective means of achieving environmental improvements than existing ‘pay for practices’ approaches,” he adds, in a paper prepared for the Environmental Defense Fund.  

“Basically the sewage treatment plant pays into a fund, and the fund will contract with soybean farmers to manage their land in a different way, so as to reduce the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen that reaches the streams,” Levitt explains. “That’s a natural climate solution that is applicable to the entire Mississippi River Valley, and will clean up the water more efficiently than building engineered filters into the streams of Guttenberg, Iowa, or Des Moines.”  

In 2021 and 2022, the Soil and Water Outcomes Fund expanded from Iowa into eight more states, and paid farmers an average of $31 per acre to implement new conservation measures on over 241,000 acres of cropland. Those practices prevented 3.4 million pounds of nitrogen and 206,000 pounds of phosphorus from reaching waterways, and sequestered over 465 million pounds of carbon.  

Still, there’s a lot more ground to cover—literally—including millions of acres in Iowa alone. Cultural barriers remain, with some longtime farmers wary of deviating from a proven formula.  

“We need to get over that hump of changing what’s the norm,” Helmers says, perhaps hinting at the most powerful untapped nature-based solution of all: human nature. “We still need to create a sense of urgency—that we have a problem, and we need to do something about it.” 

 


 

Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: This map illustrates how runoff from farms (green areas) and cities (red areas) drains into the Mississippi River, delivering nutrients into the Gulf of Mexico and fueling the annual hypoxic zone. Credit: NOAA.

 

Los manifestantes sostienen carteles que se oponen a un corredor hidroeléctrico planificado en Maine

Desafíos con las redes

Cómo las batallas de uso del suelo dificultan la transición hacia la energía limpian
Por Anthony Flint, July 31, 2023

Un consenso emergente sobre cómo combatir el cambio climático es cada vez más evidente: electrificar todo, y producir dicha energía con fuentes renovables, como la energía eólica, solar e hidroeléctrica. La eliminación de los combustibles fósiles de la producción de electricidad puede realizarse sin exabruptos, ya que las instalaciones de energía limpia se han vuelto más rentables rápidamente. Las energías renovables representan el 20 por ciento de la producción de energía de los Estados Unidos y siguen creciendo de forma paulatina.

Pero existe una tarea de uso del suelo colosal y desafiante que es necesaria para concretar la transición hacia la energía limpia: no solo el emplazamiento de paneles solares y parques eólicos, sino también la construcción y mejora de líneas de transmisión, subestaciones y tuberías a lo largo de miles de hectáreas de suelo.

Investigadores de la Universidad Princeton calcularon que, si la capacidad de fabricación de las turbinas y los fotovoltaicos sigue aumentando como lo hizo hasta el momento durante los últimos años, se necesitarán hasta 640.000 kilómetros cuadrados en los Estados Unidos para aprovechar la energía eólica sola (Larson et al., 2020). Esto implica mucha infraestructura de energía renovable visible en las cumbres, en barrios suburbanos y en lo que puede considerarse patios de las viviendas de las personas.

A falta de una autoridad o un control federal, se están librando batallas de manera individual en cada estado sobre el emplazamiento de instalaciones eólicas y solares, y la oposición a modernizaciones y expansiones clave de la red que permitirán que la energía limpia se convierta en tendencia. En muchos casos, las instalaciones de energía renovable han recibido autorización para empezar a funcionar por medio del proceso de permisos, pero permanecen en el limbo porque no pueden conectarse a la anticuada red actual.

Power lines in California
Líneas eléctricas en California. Crédito: pgiam vía E+/Getty Images.

Una combinación alocada de regulaciones de uso del suelo, incluidos los estatutos que restringen los campos de energía solar y los parques eólicos, amplificó las voces de oposición de los vecinos y grupos organizados, entre los que se encuentran algunas organizaciones medioambientales, lo que según muchos defensores climáticos es una profunda ironía de los tiempos.

Además, conflictos en torno al uso del suelo están obstaculizando otro componente crítico de la transición hacia la energía limpia: la minería de metales como el litio para hacer baterías recargables de gran capacidad, para los vehículos eléctricos y el almacenamiento de energía de las fuentes renovables cuando el sol no brilla o el viento no sopla.

Quienes apuntan a neutralizar las emisiones de carbono para mediados de siglo esperaban una ola alta de energía renovable que transformaría la forma en que todas las personas obtienen energía. Por el contrario, existen pulseadas y cuellos de botella a nivel local y estatal, ya que la ejecución de esta extraordinaria transición se empantana, literalmente, en la tierra.

“Estaría de acuerdo con que las cosas no están yendo bien ahora mismo; sin embargo, sugeriría que además tenemos muchas más oportunidades que en años previos, es decir que hay más historias de proyectos bloqueados debido a que son más las propuestas de proyectos”, dijo Banas Mills, gerenta de proyectos sénior en Graham Sustainability Institute y profesora en la Escuela de Medioambiente y Sostenibilidad de la Universidad de Michigan.

A medida que crece la frustración en lo que muchos ven como un mal pase de pelota en un momento clave en la lucha contra el cambio climático, Mills, que viene haciendo un seguimiento de las batallas sobre la energía renovable en todos los Estados Unidos y corredactó un artículo científico sobre el tema (Bessette y Mills, 2021), dice que se necesita un análisis más matizado sobre todos los lugares, ahora que las instalaciones están aumentando considerablemente. Los proyectos eólicos en lugares con más personas y mayores atractivos paisajísticos tienen más probabilidad de ser objetados; los vecinos, además, son más propensos a resistirse a los grandes paneles solares en las tierras agrícolas, que muchos defensores de la energía limpia pensaron que serían más fáciles de vender.

“Las fuentes renovables presentan una de las oportunidades económicas más grandes que las comunidades rurales hayan visto en décadas”, dijo. “Pero todas las oportunidades implican concesiones. Hay muchas comunidades que se niegan a la propuesta porque, en muchos lugares, se están dando cuenta de que las ventajas, los beneficios económicos, no superan las desventajas. Los cambios pueden requerir que se proyecten características, como el tamaño, la ubicación dentro de la comunidad y la distribución de los beneficios económicos . . . para lograr que las comunidades acepten”.

No fue siempre así. En el pasado, casi no se ejerció el poder de veto a nivel local, ya que la industrialización avanzó y la infraestructura crítica se consideró necesaria, tanto canales, vías de tren y líneas de telégrafos en el siglo IX como el sistema de avenidas conectadas en la década de 1950.

Un denominador común para la infraestructura es el uso intensivo del suelo, que se necesita para completar redes y distribuir beneficios a lo largo de grandes extensiones. Esto fue especialmente cierto en el desarrollo de la red eléctrica. Las centrales eléctricas se construían donde fuera necesario, incluso cerca de una mina de carbón o en un río. Luego, un sistema descentralizado pero altamente conectado de subestaciones, transformadores, y líneas de distribución y transmisión llevaba la energía hasta los usuarios finales, hogares y negocios. El flujo de la energía va de un punto a otro y en el momento, ya que no se almacenan grandes cantidades de electricidad; la energía se usa a medida que se produce, y vice versa.

A pesar de que la construcción, la organización y la regulación de la red comenzaron en un marco fragmentario regional, en cada estado por separado, el gobierno federal estableció un control mediante la Ley Federal de Energía de 1920, que el Congreso aprobó para coordinar el desarrollo de proyectos hidroeléctricos como la represa Hoover. Importantes agencias nuevas como Tennessee Valley Authority, creadas en 1933, ayudaron a elaborar un sentido de intención y propósito. Llevar electricidad a las áreas rurales fue parte de una movilización nacional en el desarrollo económico durante la Gran Depresión (y, además deliberadamente, una fuente de trabajo). Entre otras agencias federales, la que se conoce como la Comisión Federal Reguladora de Energía (FERC, por su sigla en inglés) tomó la iniciativa de administrar la producción de energía y la red, a pesar de que, por lo general, la supervisión de los servicios públicos y los precios que se cobran por estos en particular, sigue siendo una responsabilidad del estado.

Rural electrification work in the 1930s in California's San Joaquin Valley.

Construcción de líneas eléctricas en Cashion, un pueblo del condado de Maricopa en Arizona, en 1934. Crédito: Biblioteca Estatal de Arizona, Archivos y Registros Públicos, División de Archivos e Historia, Phoenix, #98-3250.

En términos de los logros extraordinarios de la red eléctrica, el resultado final de la planificación y la coordinación es el paisaje familiar actual: 256.000 kilómetros de líneas de energía de alto voltaje colgadas sobre soportes de metal de hasta 60 metros de alto, despojadas de bosques y maleza a sus pies, que van y vienen por los campos, suministrando la electricidad generada por 7.300 centrales eléctricas a unos 150 millones de clientes en los Estados Unidos, según la Administración de Información Energética de los Estados Unidos. La red eléctrica de América del Norte, tres redes, técnicamente llamadas Eastern, Western y Texas Interconnect, se completa con miles de millones de líneas de electricidad de bajo voltaje y transformadores de distribución (EIA 2016).

Hasta la fecha, la mayor parte de la electricidad se produce utilizando las fuentes convencionales como el gas natural, el petróleo, el carbón y la energía nuclear. Pero, ahora, al menos un 20 por ciento de la energía del país se produce por medio de infraestructura de energía renovable (eólica, solar, hidroeléctrica, biomasa, geotérmica), y tal proporción está creciendo, a medida que las centrales eléctricas alimentadas a carbón, por ejemplo, se están eliminando de forma gradual. Durante la última década, se desmantelaron 290 centrales alimentadas a carbón en los Estados Unidos, lo que dejó un saldo de 224 en funcionamiento.

La administración de Biden prometió eliminar los combustibles fósiles como una forma de generación de energía en los Estados Unidos para el 2035, y estableció el objetivo de un 80 por ciento de electricidad libre de carbono para el 2030. La energía eólica, solar e hidroeléctrica ha sido el segmento del sector de la energía con el crecimiento más acelerado, y recibirá un impulso de US$ 370.000 millones de financiamiento en virtud de la Ley de Reducción de la Inflación (Inflation Reduction Act). Los proyectos eólicos y solares, que siguen mejorando de forma constante su tecnología y eficacia, están listos para comenzar.

Pero allí yace el desafío actual de uso del suelo, no solo en el emplazamiento de las instalaciones de energía renovables, sino también en las modernizaciones importantísimas de la red para transportar y distribuir toda esa energía limpia. En ambos frentes, el desarrollo de energía renovable se estancó en los últimos años.

Map of U.S. power grid

La red eléctrica de EE. UU. comprende tres secciones: las interconexiones del Este, Oeste y Texas (ERCOT). Los círculos representan las 66 autoridades equilibradoras del sistema, que garantizan el equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda. Crédito: Administración de Información Energética de EE. UU.

La oposición a los parques eólicos marinos, en particular, al proyecto Cape Wind frente al cabo Cod, fue quizás el primer y más infame ejemplo de propietarios adinerados que rechazaron la infraestructura de energía limpia porque afirmaban que les arruinaría la vista. Pero los parques eólicos en tierra, ya sea en la cima de las cumbres o sobre suelos agrícolas, han despertado una oposición feroz, incluso en áreas remotas.

En Carolina del Norte, supervisores del condado de Shasta rechazaron la propuesta por parte de Connect Wind/Fountain Wind de 48 turbinas en suelo rural después de oír preocupaciones sobre los impactos en el hábitat silvestre, las tierras indígenas e incluso la posibilidad de que las turbinas interfirieran con los intentos de apagar los incendios forestales desde el aire. Inmediatamente después de que se prohibieran por completo grandes proyectos eólicos, se aprobó un decreto. La Comisión de Energía de California está permitiendo que los desarrolladores tengan una segunda oportunidad en virtud de una disposición del Proyecto de Ley 205 (Assembly Bill 205), que puede invalidar el poder de veto para los proyectos de energía limpia.

En Iowa, un juez ordenó que los desarrolladores desmantelaran tres turbinas de 140 metros en tierras agrícolas después de que los propietarios de las tierras se quejaran del ruido que estas hacían. Los oponentes victoriosos, que argumentaron con éxito que la junta de zonificación no debería haber emitido los permisos, esperan que su batalla “empodere a otros propietarios rurales y pequeños pueblos a enfrentarse a la energía eólica”, según Des Moines Register (Eller 2018).

Otra preocupación típica es el peligro que presentan las turbinas eólicas para las aves, a pesar de que los pesticidas, las construcciones y los gatos domésticos matan en muchas oportunidades más aves que las paletas de rotación lenta, y los investigadores de energía limpia, que utilizan inteligencia artificial, han ideado formas de mantener a las aves lejos.

A las instalaciones solares no les fue mucho mejor. Si bien en los Estados Unidos hay más de 2.500 parques solares finalizados y en funcionamiento, en Indiana, Ohio, Virginia y otras partes se están bloqueando proyectos de energía solar. A menudo, los vecinos se escandalizan cuando ven lo enormes y visibles que son los paneles solares, sumado el uso intenso que hacen del suelo, que describen de un modo alarmante, por ejemplo, en una batalla sobre una propuesta del Medio Oeste, los compararon con llenar miles de canchas de fútbol con paneles de color azul intenso y brillante.

Solar array in western Masscahusetts

Instalación solar en el oeste de Massachusetts. Crédito: Jerry Monkman/EcoPhotography.

En un estudio que realizaron investigadores de Michigan en 2021 observaron que, a pesar de que se reconocen fácil los beneficios como el desarrollo económico, los pagos de impuestos y las compensaciones para los propietarios de tierras y las comunidades, “los proyectos se han enfrentado a una resistencia creciente . . . [debido a] la estética, el ruido y los impactos negativos para la cultura, los valores rurales y tribales, y la soberanía energética de la comunidad, junto con . . . el riesgo de la vida silvestre, las tierras agrícolas productivas, la biodiversidad y la salud de las personas” (Crawford, Bessette y Mills, 2022). Otros riesgos percibidos incluyeron la disminución de los valores de las propiedades inmuebles y las viviendas, el aumento de las tasas de electricidad, el impacto sobre el turismo y la toxicidad de los materiales utilizados en la construcción y la ejecución, según describe el estudio.

Un equipo del MIT estudió 53 proyectos de energías renovables de los Estados Unidos que se pausaron, retrasaron o cancelaron entre 2008 y 2021 en 28 estados debido a la oposición local. Los investigadores identificaron siete factores de conflicto en común: impacto medioambiental, viabilidad financiera, calidad de la participación pública, derechos tribales, preocupaciones sobre la salud y la seguridad, y preocupaciones relacionadas con los valores de las tierras y las propiedades inmuebles (Susskind et al., 2022).

“Encontramos pruebas abrumadoras que sugieren que los reguladores locales, estatales y federales deben repensar el diseño y la ejecución de los procesos de emplazamiento de la infraestructura”, concluyen los investigadores. “En los Estados Unidos, no se logrará una transición rápida y justa a una energía renovable si los gestores de políticas y los desarrolladores de energía no se anticipan y responden de forma proactiva a todo el surtido de fuentes de oposición local”.

Pulseadas de gran repercusión mediática tienen el efecto de ahuyentar a los socios preocupados por la mala publicidad. En Queensland, Australia, la compañía tecnológica Appe se retiró de un acuerdo de comprar energía de un parque eólico propuesto con 80 turbinas en una extensión de 800 hectáreas, un proyecto que el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF, por su sigla en inglés) había criticado por amenazar a koalas, ualabíes y azores rojos. Un vocero del WWF aplaudió la decisión y dijo que demuestra “liderazgo y compromiso con las energías renovables que son buenas para el clima y la naturaleza”.

La oposición a las líneas de transmisión que se necesitan para controlar la energía limpia nueva ha sido quizás lo más estresante de todo, y deja en un limbo a las instalaciones que ya se construyeron o autorizaron, un escenario insostenible para las empresas y los inversionistas de tecnologías verdes.

Una batalla legal de cuatro años sobre una línea de transmisión de 232 kilómetros que transportaría energía hidroeléctrica desde Quebec a Massachusetts ha sido representativa de la pelea despiadada sobre el uso del suelo. Los grupos de conservación dijeron que las tuberías amenazaban las áreas naturales en Maine, donde la mayor parte de la línea se construiría, lo que incitó a una votación en contra del proyecto a nivel nacional, a pesar de que ya se lo había autorizado. Recientemente, un juez dictaminó que la construcción podía reanudarse.

Los defensores se quejaron de que la oposición había sido financiada y motivada por un servicio público de gas natural rival para bloquear la competencia. Joseph Curtatone, presidente del Consejo de Energía Limpia del Noreste, dijo que esperaba que la decisión de la corte “ponga fin a los intentos egoístas de sabotear este proyecto financiados por empresas”. Construir el proyecto como se planificó, dijo, eliminaría más de tres millones de toneladas métricas de carbono por año y proporcionaría US$ 200 millones en modernizaciones urgentemente necesarias para la red eléctrica.

“Es un trabajo esencial en nuestro esfuerzo por electrificar todo a fin de evitar los peores efectos del cambio climático Si no se moderniza la red, no podemos distribuir electricidad para calentar las bombas y los vehículos eléctricos. Estos son los tipos de zancadas que tenemos que dar después de décadas de progreso mínimo en materia de acción climática”, dijo. “Si estamos luchando con uñas y dientes por eliminar tres millones de toneladas de CO² con energía de bajo costo, nunca vamos a alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono”.

En el libro Superpower (Superpoder), la autora Russell Gold hizo una crónica del intento, finalmente en vano, por parte del empresario de Houston Michael Skelly de obtener la aprobación de una línea de transmisión para conectar los parques eólicos en Oklahoma con la red de Tennessee, que se volvió emblemática por la oposición de la comunidad acompañada de los políticos (Gold 2020). Pero se sigue repitiendo el mismo problema. Pasaron 18 años hasta que las autoridades federales aprobaron una transmisión de 1.178 kilómetros para transportar energía limpia desde el propuesto parque eólico TransWest de 700 turbinas en unas tierras de haciendas en Wyoming hasta viviendas y negocios en California. El proyecto interestatal requirió múltiples aprobaciones en virtud de la Ley Nacional de Protección Medioambiental (National Environmental Protection Act, NEPA), con una examinación detallada de los impactos sobre la flora y la fauna, incluido el urogallo de las artemisas.

Wind turbines in Washington state

Turbinas eólicas en el estado de Washington. Crédito: Ryan J Lane vía E+/Getty Images.

Las objeciones a la infraestructura verde han evocado batallas pasadas sobre las especies en peligro, sitios sagrados y otras tierras de valor cultural. El proyecto Greenlink West, una línea de transmisión de 760 kilómetros a lo largo de Nevada, está siendo blanco de críticas porque puede afectar los fósiles de colmillos de mamut lanudo.

La ironía no pasa desapercibida para muchos de que leyes medioambientales aprobadas en la década de 1970 para combatir la contaminación desenfrenada ahora se están utilizando para luchar contra proyectos de energía renovable que frenarán el cambio climático. La litigación medioambiental está amenazando una gama amplia de iniciativas beneficiosas para el medioambiente en el país, desde la vivienda densa hasta bicisendas y tarifas por congestión.

“Soy ambientalista, lo que significa que tengo experiencia en decir no. Es lo que hacemos”, escribió Bill McKibben en su ensayo para Mother Jones titulado “Yes in Our Backyards” (Sí en nuestros patios) (McKibben 2023). Las décadas de activismo de McKibben incluyen luchas exitosas contra las tuberías de combustibles fósiles de Keystone XL. “Pero ahora estamos en un momento bisagra, en el que resolver nuestros mayores problemas, medioambientales pero también sociales, implica que debemos decir sí a algunas cosas . . . Una forma puede ser retroceder un poco y pensar en un plazo apenas más largo”.

Sin ningún sentido de un gran plan o razonamiento, y ambientalistas divididos (un bando que dice que siempre deben considerarse los impactos sobre el medioambiente, y otro que dice que no habrá ningún hábitat silvestre en funcionamiento o especies prosperando si no se detiene el cambio climático), los proyectos de energía renovable se están viendo cada vez más como lo que el profesor de Harvard Alan Altshuler llamó en inglés LULU: “usos del suelo localmente indeseados”, como cárceles o vertederos

Recientemente, surgieron diversas soluciones para superar este punto muerto, entre ellas la legislación que se introdujo este mismo año.

Se necesitan por lo menos tres pasos para implementar infraestructura de energía limpia de forma eficaz y adecuada, dice Patrick Welch, analista del grupo de estrategias climáticas del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo: reforma de los permisos a nivel federal, cambios en la regulación local, y más planificación estratégica y creativa.

“En muchas instancias, existen problemas genuinos con relación a los emplazamientos propuestos para proyectos de energía hidroeléctrica, eólica y solar, ya sea asociados a temas de escorrentía de aguas pluviales, otros impactos sobre ecosistemas importantes o apropiaciones de tierras nuevas en suelos de comunidades indígenas”, dijo Welch. “Debemos ser más estratégicos y creativos. Cosas como la coubicación de paneles solares en espacios de estacionamiento y terrazas o derechos de paso interestatales, en lugar de despojar bosques, son soluciones buenas”.

La iniciativa Derechos Renovables del Lugar (Site Renewables Right) de The Nature Conservancy, que identifica lugares apropiados para la energía solar y eólica en el centro de los Estados Unidos al trazar un mapa de los factores, incluido el impacto medioambiental y la producción agrícola, es un buen ejemplo de cómo intentar encontrar soluciones factibles, añadió Welch. Otro es el estudio del condado de Baltimore sobre el emplazamiento de los paneles solares, que identificó alrededor de 14.000 hectáreas de lugares potenciales óptimos para la energía solar en terrazas, espacios de estacionamiento y suelo degradado (Minnemeyer y Wiggans, 2020).

Solar installer in Lowell, Massachusetts

Instalador de paneles solares en Lowell, Massachusetts. Crédito: Jerry Monkman/EcoPhotography.

Pero, incluso con emplazamientos más adecuados, expresó Welch, las regulaciones de permisos de uso del suelo locales pueden entorpecer el paso. “Ambos bandos han sabido por décadas que NEPA y la telaraña de permisos asociada son responsables de los retrasos innecesarios y extensos. Hoy en día, la crisis climática suma una urgencia nueva a ese debate. Las regulaciones locales también deben permitir el emplazamiento adecuado de infraestructura de energía renovable”.

A muchos, la coordinación federal, que rememora el establecimiento más intencional de infraestructura en la primera mitad del siglo XX, les pareció un primer paso obvio. Esta primavera, el senador de los Estados Unidos Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) y el representante de los Estados Unidos Mike Quigley (D-IL) introdujeron la Ley de Optimización de la Transmisión Interestatal de Electricidad (SITE Act), que establecería una autoridad nueva de emplazamiento federal en la Comisión Federal Reguladora de Energía (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) para facilitar el proceso de construcción de líneas de transmisión de alto voltaje y largo alcance.

“Si no construimos más líneas de transmisión de largo alcance, gran parte de la energía limpia de bajo costo que recibimos en línea simplemente no podrá llegar a los hogares y las empresas que la necesitan”, afirmó la Casa Blanca cuando se presentó la ley. El objetivo es mejorar la confiabilidad, modernizar la infraestructura de la red decrépita del país, y reducir las emisiones, a la vez que se establece un “equilibrio responsable entre las necesidades y las preferencias locales”, dijo.

Existe acción a escala nacional y regional. Después de las críticas de que las autoridades reguladoras estatales dieron muchas vueltas en torno a la energía limpia, el gobernador de Massachusetts, Maura Healey nombró a comisionados expertos en clima para el Departamento de Servicios Públicos del estado, y estableció dos comisiones nuevas, una para revisar el emplazamiento y los permisos de la energía limpia, y otra para coordinar los desarrollos eólicos trasnacionales.

En el estado de Washington, hace poco, el gobernador Jay Inslee firmó un proyecto de ley que exige la planificación a largo plazo por parte de los servicios públicos y autoriza que los proyectos de transmisión más grandes puedan avanzar en el proceso de emplazamiento optimizado del país. Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), que gestiona la energía hidroeléctrica de 31 represas federales en el noroeste, propuso algunas mejoras al sistema, que, de concretarse, ayudarán a aumentar la capacidad de transmisión.

El mercado de electricidad se estructura de forma diferente en el noroeste del Pacífico que en California y otros estados, lo que dificulta mucho más la planificación y coordinación, dijo Emily Moore, directora del programa para el Clima y la Energía del Sightline Institute. Washington y Oregón tienen planes de acción climática asertivos para cambiar a la energía limpia, pero incluso si todos los servicios públicos concuerdan en hacer el cambio mañana, la red no podría soportar la carga, dijo, así que cientos de proyectos de energía solar y eólica están languideciendo.

“En un mundo ideal, tendríamos en claro qué cantidad de transmisión adicional se necesita . . . y dónde iría, así que podríamos empezar a construirla antes de que sea demasiado tarde”, dijo. “Pero la planificación, al menos en nuestra región, es ampliamente reactiva, no proactiva. Cambiar eso aquí demandará nuevos niveles de coordinación entre BPA, los servicios públicos individuales, los reguladores y los gestores de políticas”.

Cuando los proyectos de energía renovable o las líneas de transmisión se presentan por primera vez al público, los desarrolladores deberían practicar una mayor participación de las partes interesadas, dijo Josh Hohn, director de la empresa de diseño urbano Stantec. Hohn incita a los coordinadores de proyectos a ayudar a las personas a visualizar lo que realmente se propone “antes de dar rienda suelta a la imaginación”.

Fomentar el consenso sobre la infraestructura para la energía limpia es particularmente desafiante, en parte, porque los problemas de uso del suelo son muy locales, pero se vinculan al problema mundial del cambio climático, lo que exige conceptualizar prioridades, a veces, de formas que van en contra de la intuición. Por ejemplo, parece atroz que se eliminen árboles para hacer espacio para los paneles solares. Pero, según un ecologista de bosques, hacerlo, en realidad, reduce más las emisiones de carbono después de un período que dejar los árboles en el lugar (Canham 2021).

La tecnología también está avanzando a pasos agigantados, la dimensión de uso del suelo de la energía limpia podría volverse menos onerosa. Las excavaciones geotérmicas implican menos suelo, a pesar de su semejanza con las torres de perforación que han manchado el paisaje desde principios del siglo pasado. Las baterías están mejorando, lo que permite que la energía limpia se almacene. Y existe la noción del megaproyecto de energía solar, que consolida todos los paneles solares en uno o dos lugares apartados, como un rincón del desierto del Sahara. Si hacemos un cálculo, una sola parcela de 69.000 kilómetros, 1,2 por ciento del desierto del Sahara, cubierta con paneles solares podrían dar electricidad a todo el mundo (Moalem 2016).

En un nivel más conceptual, McKibben, que fundó la organización Third Act para reclutar a boomers ancianos preocupados por el cambio climático, pidió un cambio en la forma de pensar a la hora de analizar la infraestructura para la energía limpia. En lugar de verla como algo feo, sugiere, podríamos apreciar cómo está ayudando al planeta a dejar los combustibles fósiles y los grandes beneficios económicos que tiene a la vez. “Es otro tipo de belleza”, dijo en una entrevista, a pesar de que reconoció que las personas están acostumbradas a juzgar los paisajes por medio de indicadores más convencionales.

Aún queda por ver si tal reconceptualización puede suceder. Pero es evidente que la relación de las personas con el suelo se convirtió en un elemento clave de la transición hacia la energía limpia. Ante todo, este es un momento propicio para una política de suelo a consciencia, con el futuro del planeta que pende de un hilo, dijo Patrick Welch del Instituto Lincoln.

“Dada la escala y la urgencia necesaria para este despliegue masivo de infraestructura nueva, existe un riesgo significativo de lo que hacemos de modo que conduzca a consecuencias serias no intencionadas”, expresó Welch. “Así que debemos ser conscientes y estratégicos, pero no al punto de la inacción”.


Anthony Flint es miembro sénior del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo, conduce el ciclo de pódcasts Land Matters y es editor colaborador de Land Lines.

Imagen principal: Manifestantes marchan en contra de una línea de transmisión que atravesará Maine para transportar energía hidráulica desde Quebec hasta Massachusetts. Crédito: AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty


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