Topic: Infrastructure

Atlas of Urban Expansion

The Atlas of Urban Expansion is an open-source online resource with maps, satellite images, and data on spatial changes in cities around the world, created in partnership by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, UN-Habitat, and New York University.

The Atlas of Urban Expansion features a global sample of 200 cities, representing the universe of all 4,231 cities and metropolitan areas that had 100,000 people or more in 2010. The aim is to provide a scientific understanding of how the world’s cities are growing, and to measure performance and identify trends in the implementation of the New Urban Agenda following the Habitat III global cities summit held in Quito, Ecuador in October 2016.

Massive urbanization, accompanied by the rapid expansion of cities and metropolitan regions and the sprawling growth of megacities the world over, is one of the most important transformations of our planet. Much of this explosive growth has been unplanned. Cities in developing countries have been unprepared for absorbing the many millions of the rural poor that are still crowding into informal settlements. These cities are set to double their urban population in the next thirty years, and triple the land area they occupy. From 1990 and 2015, the area occupied by cities in less developed countries increased by a factor of 3.5; if that rate continues, the total amount of land taken over by urban land use would be equivalent to the entire country of India.

The Atlas of Urban Expansion provides the geographic and quantitative dimensions of urban expansion and its key attributes in cities the world over. The data and images are available for free downloading, for scholars, public officials, planners, those engaged in international development, and concerned citizens. The empirical data and quantitative dimensions of past, present, and future urban expansion in cities around the world are critical for making minimal preparations for the massive urban growth expected in the coming decades.

Related publications include the Atlas of Urban Expansion 2016 Volume I and Volume IIPlanet of Cities (2012); Atlas of Urban Expansion (2012); and the Policy Focus Report Making Room for a Planet of Cities (2011).

Related Publications

Atlas of Urban Expansion—2016 Edition
Shlomo Angel, Alejandro Blei, Jason Parent, Patrick Lamson-Hall, and Nicolás Galarza Sánchez, with Daniel L. Civco, Rachel Qian Lei, and Kevin Thom

Other Publications

City and Regional Planning

Atlas of Urban Expansion—2016 Edition
Shlomo Angel, Patrick Lamson-Hall, Manuel Madrid, Alejandro Blei. and Jason Parent, with Nicolás Galarza Sánchez and Kevin Thom

Other Publications

City and Regional Planning

Making Room for a Planet of Cities
Shlomo Angel, with Jason Parent, Daniel L. Civco, and Alejandro M. Blei

Policy Focus Report

Book cover for Atlas of Urban Expansion
Atlas of Urban Expansion
Shlomo Angel, Jason Parent, Daniel L. Civco, and Alejandro M. Blei

Book

City and Regional Planning

Book cover for Planet of Cities
Planet of Cities
Shlomo Angel

Book

Urbanization

A Planet of Cities
Shlomo Angel, Jason Parent, Daniel Civco, Alexander Blei, and David Potere

Working Paper

Urbanization

Captura de pantalla de las imágenes satelitales de i-Tree que muestra el desglose de la cobertura de la tierra en Cambridge

Tecnociudad

Cuantificar el beneficio económico de los árboles
Por Rob Walker, May 18, 2018

En 2012, el Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos realizó un estudio de la cobertura arbórea urbana. en él, se estimó que las ciudades del país perdían alrededor de cuatro millones de árboles al año. Según el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza, todos los años, a nivel mundial se eliminan más de 75 000 kilómetros cuadrados de bosques por la agricultura, la explotación forestal y otros factores. Sin embargo, es difícil cuantificar el costo de esta pérdida. Es de amplio conocimiento que las plantas absorben dióxido de carbono y, así, ayudan a atenuar los efectos del cambio climático, pero los planificadores de ciudades podrían beneficiarse si se hiciera una evaluación más precisa y basada en datos del valor del manto verde urbano. Esta evaluación serviría como guía sobre el modo en que los árboles y otras plantas pueden presentarse en el diseño y la planificación de la ciudad contemporánea de la manera más razonable.

Después de todo, así es cómo evaluamos e instalamos infraestructura gris: contamos cada uno de los postes de luz y espacios de estacionamiento, para poder pensar cómo funcionan estos elementos en el diseño de una ciudad. Según David Nowak, científico experto del Servicio Forestal de los EE.UU., históricamente, no hemos sido tan considerados ni exigentes con la cuantificación y, por lo tanto, con la gestión, de la infraestructura verde.

Como regla general, las ciudades compilan los detalles de la infraestructura construida y hacen un seguimiento de estos, pero no hacen lo mismo con los árboles. Así, resulta más difícil planificar e incluso debatir los diversos impactos potenciales que implica mantener, aumentar o reducir la vegetación urbana.

Pero esto ha empezado a cambiar. Nowak encabeza un trabajo pionero manifestado en un proyecto del Servicio Forestal llamado i-Tree, un conjunto de herramientas web que, en parte, funciona con datos de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). I-Tree combina imágenes satelitales con otros datos para ayudar a ciudadanos, investigadores y funcionarios a comprender los mantos urbanos y otros elementos de la infraestructura verde, en general, en términos económicos.

Por ejemplo, en un análisis de i-Tree de Austin, Texas, se descubrió que los árboles le ahorraron a la ciudad unos USD 19 millones al año en consumo de energía residencial, USD 11,6 millones en captura de carbono y casi USD 3 millones en eliminación de contaminación. Por ejemplo, la infraestructura arbórea de la ciudad produce oxígeno y consume dióxido de carbono, lo cual reduce aún más las emisiones de carbono, que i-Tree estima en USD 5 millones al año. Los árboles aportan otras ventajas; algunas de ellas están cuantificadas, otras no. Entre ellas, absorben la radiación ultravioleta, ayudan a absorber el agua de lluvia y reducen la contaminación acústica.

En otro análisis de i-Tree, realizado en 2017, investigadores de los Estados Unidos e Italia concluyeron que, en todo el mundo, las ciudades con más de 10 millones de habitantes alcanzan una mediana de ahorros anuales de USD 505 millones en reducción de contaminación atmosférica, atenuación de los efectos de la “isla de calor” y otros beneficios que aporta su manto urbano.

Gracias a este tipo de análisis, las ciudades pueden implementar recursos verdes para lograr un máximo impacto y comprender el balance entre las ventajas y las desventajas al momento de tomar muchas decisiones de planificación. Nowak destacó que derribar árboles para hacer estacionamientos genera una pérdida y no solo la ganancia asociada a la mayor cantidad de lugares de estacionamiento.

En el pasado, los árboles eran más bien una preocupación relacionada con los parques y el departamento de silvicultura. Ahora, tienen un papel cada vez más primordial en la respuesta de las ciudades al cambio climático. “Le puedo decir con absoluta certeza que, ya sea que se pueda hablar del cambio climático a nivel político o no, las ciudades y los pueblos de todo el país están muy interesados en descifrar la pregunta: ¿qué haremos hoy al respecto, exactamente?”, dijo Jim Levitt, director asociado de los programas de conservación territorial en el Instituto Lincoln y director de innovación en conservación en Harvard Forest. Agregó que eso es cierto desde Nueva Inglaterra hasta Miami, y Newport News, Virginia, y Phoenix, aunque los motivos específicos varíen, ya sea por problemas de inundaciones, los efectos de la isla de calor u otros.

La última tecnología relacionada con la infraestructura de los árboles responde de forma directa a este interés que tienen las ciudades. A fines de 2016, Senseable City Lab, de MIT, en colaboración con el Foro Económico Mundial, lanzó una herramienta llamada Treepedia y, desde entonces, ha publicado análisis de cobertura arbórea en 27 ciudades de todo el mundo. Con una interesante vuelta de tuerca, no obtiene los datos de los satélites, como muchos proyectos SIG, sino de imágenes seleccionadas de Google Street View. Ofrece otro enfoque a la información de los árboles, dado que, por ejemplo, representa en menor escala los parques urbanos grandes. Pero esta es una decisión de diseño. Los creadores de la herramienta creen que, al detallar el “verdor de la calle” que los ciudadanos experimentan de verdad, el proceso de planificación contará con más información. Según indica Carlo Ratti, director de Senseable City Lab de MIT y fundador de la empresa de diseño Carlo Ratti Associati, el laboratorio seguirá agregando ciudades y tiene un listado de pedidos de distritos, académicos y otros.

“Las ciudades intentan adquirir mejor información y comprender el estado actual del manto urbano”, explica. “La mayoría de ellas no posee los recursos para evaluar toda la ciudad de forma manual. Los datos de Treepedia pueden ofrecerles un punto de referencia firme” y se pueden concentrar en donde más se necesitan. “Para otros, como planificadores y diseñadores, es útil como agente para medir la percepción que tienen los ciudadanos sobre el espacio verde y los árboles”, indica, porque captura una especie de perspectiva compartida “desde el suelo”. Pronto, el laboratorio lanzará una versión de código abierto de su software para que las ciudades, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y los grupos comunitarios puedan recopilar sus propios datos. Con esto esperan que las ONG y los grupos locales utilicen Treepedia “como herramienta para determinar dónde se necesita plantar y presionar a los gobiernos locales con campañas basadas en evidencia”, explica Ratti.

Esto se condice con un interés más amplio entre los ciudadanos y los planificadores en las iniciativas de ciudades ecológicas, como los proyectos a gran escala de Nueva York y Atlanta, entre otros. Nowak, del programa i-Tree, dijo que sus herramientas ayudaron a guiar a los organizadores de Million Trees NYC, una iniciativa pública y privada que aumentó en alrededor de un 20 por ciento el total del bosque urbano de Nueva York. El proyecto London i-Tree Eco Project, según su informe de 2015, utilizó i-Tree para cuantificar “la estructura del bosque urbano (los atributos físicos, como densidad y salud de los árboles, área de las hojas y biomasa)”, con miras específicas a la captura de su valor “en términos monetarios”. Según el informe, se registraron ahorros en captura de carbono por GBP 4,79 millones (unos USD 6,75 millones) al año. “Esperamos ofrecer números derivados de forma local, para ayudar a las personas a tomar decisiones informadas, ya sea a favor o en contra de los árboles”, dice Nowak.

Landscape, una aplicación de i-Tree, está pensada para los planificadores en particular. Los usuarios pueden explorar el manto de árboles, cruzado con información demográfica básica que llega al nivel del censo por manzana, y ofrece datos relacionados con la atenuación de contaminación, impactos en la temperatura y otros factores. Por ejemplo, los usuarios pueden identificar con facilidad las zonas con alta densidad de población, pero baja cobertura arbórea. Durante el año que viene, el proyecto i-Tree agregará datos sobre especies de árboles y está intentando obtener comentarios para modificar la herramienta de forma que ayude más en la planificación, indica Nowak.

A grandes rasgos, la idea es la misma que dio forma a i-Tree desde el inicio: un enfoque basado en datos para pensar en la infraestructura verde. “Queremos ayudar a responder la siguiente pregunta: si puedo plantar un solo árbol o hacer un solo cambio en el entorno verde de la ciudad, ¿dónde debería hacerlo?”, dijo Nowak.

 


 

Rob Walker (robwalker.net) es columnista de la sección Sunday Business del New York Times.

Credito de imagen: Servicio Forestal de los EE.UU.

Screenshot of i-Tree satellite imagery showing the breakdown of land cover in Cambridge

City Tech

Quantifying the Economic Benefit of Trees
By Rob Walker, April 10, 2018

A 2012 United States Forest Service Study of urban tree cover estimated that American cities were losing around four million trees per year. Worldwide, agriculture, logging, and other factors eliminate 18.7 million acres of forest annually, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Yet the cost of that loss is hard to quantify. It’s widely recognized that plants absorb carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change, but city planners could benefit from a more precise, data-driven assessment of the urban canopy’s value to guide how trees and other vegetation can most sensibly figure in the design and planning of the contemporary city.

After all, that’s how we evaluate and install gray infrastructure, counting every light pole and parking lot to help us think about how these elements work in a city’s design. Historically, we haven’t been as thoughtful or demanding about quantifying, and thus managing, green infrastructure, according to David Nowak, a senior scientist with the U.S. Forest Service.

As a rule, cities compile and track the details of the built infrastructure, but not trees. This makes it harder to plan for, or even debate, the various potential impacts of maintaining, increasing, or reducing urban vegetation.

But that has been changing. Nowak leads a pioneering effort in the form of a Forest Service project called i-Tree, a suite of Web tools drawing in part on geographic information system (GIS) data. I-Tree combines satellite imagery and other data to help citizens, researchers, and officials understand urban canopies and other green infrastructure elements, often in economic terms.

For example, an i-Tree analysis of Austin, Texas, found that trees save the city about $19 million a year in residential energy use, $11.6 million in carbon capture, and almost $3 million in pollution removal. The city’s arboreal infrastructure produces oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide, for instance, adding up to a reduction in carbon emissions that i-Tree values at $5 million annually. Other tree payoffs—some quantified, others not—include absorbing ultraviolet radiation, helping absorb rainwater, and reducing noise pollution.

In another i-Tree analysis, conducted in 2017, researchers in the United States and Italy concluded that, worldwide, cities with populations over 10 million realize median annual savings of $505 million from reduced air pollution, mitigated “heat island” effects, and other benefits derived from their urban canopies.

This type of analysis can help cities deploy green resources for maximum impact and understand the tradeoffs involved in many planning decisions. Clearing trees to make way for a parking lot entails a loss, not just the gain associated with increased parking, Nowak noted.

In the past, trees were more likely a concern for the parks or forestry department. Increasingly, they’re central to cities’ responses to climate change. “I can tell you definitively that cities and towns across the nation are very interested in figuring out, whether or not you can talk about climate change politically, ‘What exactly are we going to do about it today?’,” said Jim Levitt, associate director of land conservation programs at the Lincoln Institute, and director of conservation innovation at the Harvard Forest. That’s true from New England to Miami to Newport News, Virginia, and Phoenix, he added, even if the specific reasons vary, whether flood issues, heat island effects, or others.

Recent arboreal infrastructure-related technology responds directly to this city-level interest. In late 2016, MIT’s Senseable City Lab, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, launched a tool called Treepedia and has since published analyses of tree coverage in 27 cities around the world. In an interesting twist, it draws not on the satellite data behind many GIS projects, but on imagery culled from Google Street View. It offers a different skew on tree data, since, for example, it underrepresents large urban parks. But this is by design. The tool’s creators believe that detailing the “street greenery” citizens actually experience can inform the planning process. The lab will continue to add cities and has a backlog of requests from municipalities, academics, and others, according to Carlo Ratti, director of the MIT Senseable City Lab and founder of the design firm Carlo Ratti Associati.

“Cities are trying to acquire better information and understand the current state of the urban canopy,” Ratti said. “Most of them do not have the resources to manually survey the entire city. Treepedia data can give them a solid baseline” and focus efforts where they may be needed most. “Others, like planners and designers, find it useful as a proxy for measuring the perception of green space and trees by citizens,” he said, because it captures a kind of shared perspective “from the ground.” The lab will soon release an open-source version of its software to let cities, nongovernmental organizations, and community groups compile their own data. The hope is that NGOs and local groups will use Treepedia “as a tool to both determine where planting is needed and lobby their local governments with evidence-based campaigns,” Ratti explained.

This is consistent with a broader interest among citizens and planners in green city initiatives, including high-profile projects from New York to Atlanta and beyond. Nowak, of the i-Tree program, said that its tools helped guide the organizers of Million Trees NYC, a public-private initiative that increased New York’s aggregate urban forest by an estimated 20 percent. The London i-Tree Eco Project, according to its 2015 report, used i-Tree to quantify “the structure of the urban forest (the physical attributes such as tree density, tree health, leaf area, and biomass),” with a specific eye toward capturing its value “in monetary terms.” Carbon sequestration savings logged in at £4.79 million (roughly $6.75 million) annually, according to the report. “Our hope is to provide numbers that are locally derived, to help people make informed decisions—whether it’s pro or against trees,” Nowak said.

One i-Tree Web application, Landscape, is intended for planners in particular. Users can explore tree canopy, cross-matched with basic demographic information down to the census-block level, offering data related to pollution mitigation, temperature impacts, and other factors. For example, users can easily identify areas with high population density but low tree cover. The i-Tree project is adding data on tree species over the next year and is seeking feedback to modify the tool in ways that make most sense for planning, according to Nowak.

The broad idea is the same one that has shaped i-Tree from the start—a data-driven approach to thinking about green infrastructure. “We want to help answer the question: If I can plant only one tree or make one change to the city’s green landscape, where should I do it?” Nowak said.

 


 

Rob Walker (robwalker.net) is a columnist for the Sunday Business section of the New York Times.

Image credit: U.S. Forest Service

2018 International Conference on Municipal Fiscal Health

May 21, 2018 - May 23, 2018

Detroit, MI United States

Offered in English

The world’s municipalities face deeply troubling fiscal challenges, from infrastructure gaps—such as the estimated $3.6 trillion shortfall in the United States—or precarious financial instruments like China’s $3.3 trillion underfunded municipal debt. In addition to the difficulties of meeting existing infrastructure needs, rising urban populations and a changing climate require local governments to make additional, preemptive investments for the future of their communities in order to plan and prepare for growth and sustainability. As cities contend with historic needs, large-scale municipal bankruptcies, such as the crisis in Puerto Rico, have highlighted assorted and ongoing problems, including chronically meager or diminishing city revenues, increasing costs of providing public goods and services, mounting historical obligations, and expanding responsibilities to both higher-level governments and local citizens.

Recognizing these factors, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy launched the Municipal Fiscal Health Campaign in 2015 to help equip policymakers and local government officials with the tools to address their communities’ fiscal challenges. Our activities have included mobilizing transnational research, providing training, sharing policy ideas, and fostering regional and international dialogue. The campaign has engaged global audiences, including members of Congress, leaders within the Federal Reserve Bank, and state and local government officials.

A seminal event in the campaign’s trajectory, this conference convenes leading experts, scholars, and practitioners for an international dialogue to further elevate municipal fiscal health as an issue of global importance.  

Conference Goals:

  • Convene academics, practitioners, government officials, and regulators to discuss the state of research and practice on municipal fiscal health;
  • Elevate the global importance of municipal fiscal health and create a meaningful opportunity for the productive exchange of ideas among expert stakeholders;
  • Raise awareness of the importance of land policy in promoting sound municipal fiscal health; and,
  • Enable the sharing of experiences, solutions, best practices, and ideas in municipal fiscal health among scholars and practitioners from different countries.

 

View all conference materials, including speaker presentations, here.

 

Conference Sponsors 

          

 

*If you are attending the conference and require a hotel room, the Lincoln Institute and its event planner, Drew Company, have acquired a room block at the Westin Book Cadillac. You can indicate your need for a hotel room during the online registration process, and the event planners will book a room for you. The room rate is $199 per night plus applicable taxes and service fees. You will be responsible for the cost of your hotel accommodations upon check out. Hotel reservation cancellations made by Friday, April 27, 2018 will not be charged, cancellations received after this date may incur a one-night charge.


Details

Date
May 21, 2018 - May 23, 2018
Time
3:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m.
Registration Period
March 22, 2018 - May 17, 2018
Location
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel
1114 Washington Blvd
Detroit, MI United States
Language
English
Registration Fee
$100.00
Related Links

Keywords

Economic Development, Inequality, Infrastructure, Land Value, Land-Based Tax, Local Government, Property Taxation, Public Finance, Public Policy, Suburban, Urban, Urban Revitalization

Course

2018 Professional Certificate in Municipal Finance

March 14, 2018 - March 16, 2018

Chicago, IL United States

Offered in English


Events in Detroit, Stockton, Flint, and Puerto Rico highlight the severe challenges related to fiscal systems that support public services and the continued stress they face given local governments’ shrinking revenue streams.

Whether you want to better understand public-private partnerships, new approaches to debt and municipal securities, or leading land-based finance strategies to finance infrastructure projects, this Professional Certificate in Municipal Finance will give you the skills and insights you need as you advance your career in urban planning, real estate, treasury, or economic development.

Overview

Created by Harris Public Policy’s Center for Municipal Finance and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, this three day program provides a thorough foundation in municipal finance with a focus on urban planning and economic development. It will be led by Michael Belsky, Executive Director, of the Center for Municipal Finance and Lourdes German, Director of International and Institute-wide Initiatives at the Lincoln Institute.

This course will include modules on the following topics:

  • Urban Economics and Growth
  • Intergovernmental Fiscal Frameworks, Revenues, Budgeting
  • Capital Budgeting/Accounting and Infrastructure Maintenance
  • Debt/Municipal Securities
  • Land-Based Finance/Land Value Capture
  • Public-Private Partnerships
  • Cost Benefit Analysis – Across Public Finance Instruments
  • Fiscal Impact Analysis

Participants will learn how to effectively apply tools of financial analysis to make strategic decisions and gain an improved understanding about the interplay among finance, urban economics and public policy as it relates to urban planning and economic development.

Upon completion of the program, participants will receive a Certificate in Municipal Finance.

Who Should Attend

Those with the following experience will be given preference for admission:

  • New to senior-level urban planners who work in both the private and public sectors as well as individuals in the treasury, economic development, and land development industry at large. Relevant job titles include:
    • Urban Planners
    • Community and Economic Development staff
    • Developers and real estate professionals
    • Real Estate Attorneys
    • Treasury and Finance professionals

Space is limited.


Details

Date
March 14, 2018 - March 16, 2018
Application Period
January 1, 2018 - February 28, 2018
Location
The University of Chicago
Gleacher Center
450 Cityfront Plaza Drive
Chicago, IL United States
Language
English
Registration Fee
$1,200.00
Number of Credits
15.00
Educational Credit Type
AICP CM credits
Related Links

Keywords

Economic Development, Infrastructure, Land Use, Local Government, Municipal Fiscal Health, Planning, Property Taxation, Public Finance