Topic: Medio ambiente

Building Vibrant Communities: Municipal Government Workers Get a Boost

November 4, 2025

By Anthony Flint, November 4, 2025

 

It’s a tough time to be working in government right now—long hours, modest pay, and lots of tumult in the body politic.

While this is especially true at the moment for employees in the federal government, a new program offered by Claremont Lincoln University and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy aims to give public employees in municipal government a boost.

Over the last year, 150 planners, community development specialists, and other professionals in municipal government have participated in the Lincoln Vibrant Communities fellowship, a 24-week curriculum combining in-person and online education, expert coaching, and advanced leadership training.

The idea is to build capacity at the local level so those professionals can have greater impact in the communities they serve, on everything from affordable housing to greenspace preservation and revitalizing Main Streets, said Stephanie Varnon-Hughes, executive dean of academic affairs at Claremont Lincoln University.

“All of us can Google or go to seminars or read texts or access knowledge on our own, but this program is about the transformative, transferable leadership skills it takes for you to use that knowledge and use that technical experience to facilitate endeavors to bring about the change that you need in your community,” she said on the latest episode of the Land Matters podcast.

“These leadership skills can be measured and modeled and sustained. We can surround you with the abilities and the resources to change the way that you move through the world and collaborate with other people working on similar issues for long-term success,” she said.

Lincoln Vibrant Communities fellows can use the training to implement some of the ideas and policy recommendations that the Lincoln Institute has developed, like setting up a community land trust (CLT) for permanently affordable housing, said Lincoln Institute President and CEO George W. “Mac” McCarthy, who joined Varnon-Hughes on the show.

“They’re the ones who find a way to find the answers in land and to manifest those answers to actually address the challenges we care about,” he said. “It’s this cadre of community problem solvers that are now all connected and networked together all across the country.”

The support is critical right now, McCarthy said, given estimates of a shortage of a half-million government workers, and amid a flurry of retirements from veteran public employees who tend to take a lot of institutional memory with them.

The Lincoln Institute has a long tradition of supporting local government, beginning in earnest in 1974, when David C. Lincoln, son of founder John C. Lincoln, established the Lincoln Institute as a stand-alone entity emerging from the original Lincoln Foundation. The organization made its mark developing computer-assisted assessment tools to help in the administration of property tax systems, and has since supported city planners, land conservation advocates, and public finance professionals experimenting with innovations such as the land value tax.

In the later stages of his philanthropic career, David Lincoln established a new model for university education, Claremont Lincoln University, a fully accredited non-profit institution offering a Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Leadership, as well as master’s degrees and graduate certificates. The guiding mission is to bridge theory and practice to mobilize leaders in the public sector.

Municipal employees engage in the Lincoln Vibrant Communities fellowship for about a six-month program in advanced leadership training and expert coaching, either as individuals or as part of teams working on projects in cities and towns and regions across the US.

McCarthy and Varnon-Hughes joined the Land Matters podcast after returning from Denver last month for a leadership summit where some of the first graduates of the program had an opportunity to share experiences and celebrate some of the first graduates of the program. Denver Mayor Mike Johnston joined the group, underscoring how technical expertise will be much needed as the city launches complex projects, such as building affordable housing on publicly owned land.

More information about Claremont Lincoln University and the Lincoln Vibrant Communities fellowship program is available at https://www.claremontlincoln.edu.

Listen to the show here or subscribe to Land Matters on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


Further Reading

Bridging Theory and Plastics | Land Lines

Lincoln Institute Invests $1 Million in Scholarships for Future Leaders | Land Lines 

Denver Land Trust Fights Displacement Whether It Owns the Land or Not | Shelterforce 

New Lincoln Institute Resources Explore How Community Land Trusts Make Housing More Affordable | Land Lines

Accelerating Community Investment: Bringing New Partners to the Community Investment Ecosystem | Cityscapes

  


Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines. 

Visita con un becario

Proteger la biodiversidad de Puerto Rico

Por Jon Gorey, Septiembre 1, 2025

El Instituto Lincoln ofrece una variedad de oportunidades de becas para investigadores que se encuentran a principios y en mitad de sus carreras. En esta serie, hacemos un seguimiento de nuestros becarios para conocer más sobre su trabajo.

Fernando Lloveras San Miguel se ha desempeñado como director ejecutivo del Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico durante más de dos décadas, y como presidente de su unidad Para La Naturaleza desde que se fundó en 2013. Con títulos en Economía y Geografía (Universidad de Dartmouth), Políticas Públicas (Universidad de Harvard) y Derecho (Universidad de Puerto Rico), Lloveras se desempeña con agilidad en los entornos naturales y legales.

En 2020, Lloveras recibió el premio y la beca Kingsbury Browne al Liderazgo en Conservación, que lleva el nombre del abogado de Boston y exmiembro del Instituto Lincoln cuyo trabajo condujo a la creación del Land Trust Alliance. En esta entrevista, que se editó por razones de longitud y claridad, Lloveras analiza lo que se necesitará para conservar el 33 por ciento de Puerto Rico para 2033, algunas de las estrategias únicas de financiamiento para la conservación que Para La Naturaleza está utilizando para lograr ese objetivo y el movimiento para reconocer los derechos inherentes de la naturaleza.

JON GOREY: ¿Cuál es el enfoque de su trabajo?

FERNANDO LLOVERAS SAN MIGUEL: Nuestro trabajo se centra en proporcionar a las islas de Puerto Rico la biodiversidad y los sistemas de vida necesarios para vivir una vida sostenible. En 2016, fijamos el objetivo de proteger el 33 por ciento de las islas para 2033, por lo que nuestro objetivo general es convertir a Puerto Rico en un organismo vivo y proporcionar ecosistemas saludables y sostenibles para todos.

Nos propusimos este objetivo y al año siguiente vino el huracán María, un huracán de categoría 5 que devastó toda la isla. Luego, tuvimos muchos problemas con nuestra fuente de financiamiento, y hemos tenido muchas políticas a favor del desarrollo en curso. Así que hemos enfrentado, y enfrentamos, una gran cantidad de desafíos. Pero en general, creo que pudimos superar algunos de ellos. Recientemente obtuvimos más fondos que nos permitirán hacer una mayor planificación a largo plazo y adquisiciones a largo plazo, y trabajar en la protección del suelo y la biodiversidad. Pudimos superar muchas dificultades, y creo que estamos en una buena posición, a pesar de que los desafíos siguen aumentando cada día.

JG: ¿En qué está trabajando ahora y en qué le interesaría trabajar a futuro?

FL: El año pasado trabajamos muy duro para elaborar un nuevo plan estratégico, así que acabamos de terminarlo y lo pusimos en práctica a fines del año pasado. Uno de los desafíos que pudimos superar fue el de las servidumbres de conservación. [En Puerto Rico] tenemos un límite en la cantidad de créditos fiscales disponibles y solíamos tener hasta USD 15 millones al año, pero luego se redujeron a USD 3 millones. Volvimos a tener USD 15 millones, así que logramos esa victoria en la legislatura aquí, y ahora tenemos capacidad para celebrar más servidumbres de conservación.

En términos de adquisiciones de suelo, tenemos muchos proyectos en proceso. Contamos con muchas propiedades que están en proceso de diligencia debida mediante la preparación de inventarios y mediciones. Documentamos la biodiversidad de manera muy sofisticada, utilizando una matriz de conservación del suelo, para definir qué parcelas son más importantes conservar.

Las zonas costeras son las de mayor riesgo y también son las más caras. Así que ese ha sido un gran desafío, porque Puerto Rico se desarrolló mucho alrededor de las áreas costeras. Hemos desconectado gran parte de las áreas marinas costeras y oceánicas de las montañas y los ríos. Resulta necesario crear más corredores como parte de nuestro plan Mapa 33. Tenemos dos, tal vez tres, áreas costeras muy importantes que son vitales, pero son extremadamente caras, así que estamos haciendo malabares para ver cómo podemos protegerlas.

Una imagen aérea del faro de Culebrita en Puerto Rico, una estructura de ladrillo con una costa verde curva y aguas azules del océano en el fondo.
Para la Naturaleza está trabajando para transformar el faro de Culebrita, construido a finales de 1800, en un centro de visitantes e investigación dedicado a la conservación. Crédito: Para la Naturaleza.

JG: ¿Existen diferencias legales o culturales que afecten la forma en que se usa o conserva el suelo en Puerto Rico respecto de los Estados Unidos continentales?

FL: Adoptamos en gran medida la mentalidad de expansión urbana descontrolada, el hecho de tener suburbios y centros comerciales en todas partes. Copiamos muchos patrones de desarrollo comercial de EUA en un lugar muy pequeño. Tenemos un territorio de solo 160 kilómetros por 56 kilómetros y 3 millones de personas viviendo aquí, por lo que la densidad poblacional es muy alta, lo que hace que el costo del suelo sea mayor. Y luego ocurre la expansión urbana descontrolada porque no tenemos un buen sistema de planificación del uso del suelo. La expansión urbana descontrolada y la construcción generan mucha desconexión entre los ecosistemas.

También tenemos algunos acuerdos especiales con el gobierno de Puerto Rico que no sé si otras ONG en los Estados Unidos pueden tener. Estamos autorizados por el Tesoro de Puerto Rico a emitir bonos libres de impuestos para financiar la conservación. Es decir que somos bastante únicos, porque Puerto Rico no está dentro de la jurisdicción fiscal de Estados Unidos, por lo que el Departamento del Tesoro en Puerto Rico tiende a tener más margen de acción.

JG: ¿Está buscando alguna otra estrategia innovadora para el financiamiento de la conservación?

FL: Somos una organización muy compleja y única en términos de financiamiento. Pudimos crear una dotación financiera que significó un cambio radical para nosotros. Nuestra dotación cubre casi el 70 por ciento de nuestros costos operativos, lo que nos da mucha estabilidad. Por lo general, recomiendo que las organizaciones comiencen a buscar cómo financiar al menos los costos operativos principales y básicos de manera más sostenible, por ejemplo, mediante una dotación, porque conozco la lucha que atraviesan muchas ONG para cubrir la nómina de pagos todos los meses. Es un estrés que agota a cualquiera. Hemos estado trabajando en este proyecto durante los últimos 30 a 40 años.

Dado que Puerto Rico tiene muchas comunidades de bajos ingresos, calificamos para lo que se llama un Nuevo Crédito Fiscal de Mercado, que es un crédito fiscal creado para incentivar la inversión en zonas de bajos ingresos. Por este motivo, implementamos ese mecanismo. También estamos haciendo un banco de mitigación que está a punto de comenzar y se espera que genere algunos ingresos.

JG: ¿Qué le gustaría que más personas comprendan respecto de la conservación del suelo y los ecosistemas naturales?

FL: Tenemos toda una unidad llamada unidad de Cultura Ecológica, que realmente está restaurando no solo la conciencia, sino la comprensión, de que somos parte de un ecosistema natural y que necesitamos convivir con otras especies.

Hacemos las cosas de manera automática, solo porque los números económicos cierran, pero nos estamos olvidando de todo el funcionamiento y los sistemas de vida de la isla. Por este motivo, realizamos mucho trabajo educativo, mucho trabajo de comunicación con los estudiantes. Tenemos campamentos de verano y diferentes tipos de programas para que las personas entiendan que sus decisiones son importantes.

Varios ciudadanos científicos participan en un proyecto del Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico en una zona boscosa. En primer plano, una mujer con una mochila y una camisa celeste de manga larga le da la espalda a la cámara y señala algo a las otras personas.
Ciudadanos científicos participan en la iniciativa Mapa de la Vida de Para la Naturaleza. Crédito: Para la Naturaleza.

JG: ¿Hay algo sorprendente o inesperado que haya encontrado en su trabajo?

No totalmente inesperado, pero los huracanes, me refiero tanto a huracanes climáticos como a huracanes políticos. Vivimos grandes cambios en cuanto a la importancia de la naturaleza. Esos son los grandes cambios negativos que no se esperaban. En cuanto a lo positivo, como digo, hemos podido asegurar cierta estabilidad para el futuro. Así que eso ha sido muy positivo.

JG: En lo que respecta a su trabajo, ¿qué lo mantiene despierto por la noche? ¿Y qué le da esperanza?

FL: Tenemos la oportunidad de lograr [nuestro objetivo del 33 por ciento para 2033], pero necesitamos cambiar gran parte de la mentalidad de desarrollo que sigue estando muy arraigada. Quiero decir, están hablando de hacer un enorme complejo con cinco hoteles en una zona de 800 hectáreas. Esa es un poco la pesadilla por la noche, tener todos estos megaproyectos que no son en absoluto sensibles al medio ambiente, ya que destruirán 800 hectáreas de suelo. Es un impacto fuerte sobre nuestra isla. Entonces, eso es lo más importante, asegurarnos de que podamos cambiar nuestra mentalidad de desarrollo hacia un marco económico sostenible en lugar del marco de destrucción total que tenemos en este momento.

JG: ¿Qué ha estado leyendo últimamente?

FL: Bueno, hemos estado trabajando en un nuevo concepto. Uno de nuestros objetivos actuales es que se reconozcan los derechos inherentes de la naturaleza. Así que estamos trabajando con este movimiento, surgido de las comunidades indígenas, que sostiene que la naturaleza tiene sus propios derechos, es decir, no solo las leyes para proteger a las especies en peligro de extinción y demás, sino también leyes que otorgan a la naturaleza personalidad jurídica para poder demandar y protegerse a sí misma. Por lo tanto, es un enfoque diferente respecto de la protección legal, lograr que la naturaleza sea reconocida como un organismo vivo, sujeto de derechos legales.

Tendremos un panel de discusión sobre este tema en la Semana del Clima en Nueva York el próximo mes. Existe una organización, la Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature, que en su sitio web garn.org presenta mucha información sobre todos y cada uno de los países del mundo que han adoptado leyes o regulaciones de derechos de la naturaleza. Incluso en los Estados Unidos, existen bastantes ejemplos de tribus indígenas y otros estados que reconocieron algunos derechos de la naturaleza.


Jon Gorey es redactor del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

Imagen principal: Fernando Lloveras San Miguel, director ejecutivo del Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico y exbecario de Kingsbury Browne en el Instituto Lincoln. Crédito: Foto de cortesía.

Coming to Terms with Density: An Urban Planning Concept in the Spotlight 

September 15, 2025

By Anthony Flint, September 15, 2025
 

It’s an urban planning concept that sounds extra wonky, but it is critical in any discussion of affordable housing, land use, and real estate development: density.

In this episode of the Land Matters podcast, two practitioners in architecture and urban design shed some light on what density is all about, on the ground, in cities and towns trying to add more housing supply. 

The occasion is the revival of a Lincoln Institute resource called Visualizing Density, which was pushed live this month at lincolninst.edu after extensive renovations and updates. It’s a visual guide to density based on a library of aerial images of buildings, blocks, and neighborhoods taken by photographer Alex Maclean, originally published (and still available) as a book by Julie Campoli. 

It’s a very timely clearinghouse, as communities across the country work to address affordable housing, primarily by reforming zoning and land use regulations to allow more multifamily housing development—generally less pricey than the detached single-family homes that have dominated the landscape. 

Residential density is understood to be the number of homes within a defined area of land, in the US most often expressed as dwelling units per acre. A typical suburban single-family subdivision might be just two units per acre; a more urban neighborhood, like Boston’s Back Bay, has a density of about 60 units per acre. 

Demographic trends suggest that future homeowners and renters will prefer greater density in the form of multifamily housing and mixed-use development, said David Dixon, a vice president at Stantec, a global professional services firm providing sustainable engineering, architecture, and environmental consulting services. Over the next 20 years, the vast majority of households will continue to be professionals without kids, he said, and will not be interested in big detached single-family homes.  

Instead they seek “places to walk to, places to find amenity, places to run into friends, places to enjoy community,” he said. “The number one correlation that you find for folks under the age of 35, which is when most of us move for a job, is not wanting to be auto-dependent. They are flocking to the same mixed-use, walkable, higher-density, amenitized, community-rich places that the housing market wants to build … Demand and imperative have come together. It’s a perfect storm to support density going forward.” 

Tensions often arise, however, when new, higher density is proposed for existing neighborhoods, on vacant lots or other redevelopment sites. Tim Love, principal and founder of the architecture firm Utile, and a professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design, said he’s seen the wariness from established residents as he helps cities and towns comply with the MBTA Communities Act, a Massachusetts state law that requires districts near transit stations with an allowable density of 15 units per acre. 

Some towns have rebelled against the law, which is one of several state zoning reform initiatives across the US designed to increase housing supply, ultimately to help bring prices down. 

Many neighbors are skeptical because they associate multifamily density with large apartment buildings of 100 or 200 units, Love said. But most don’t realize there is an array of so-called “gentle density” development opportunities for buildings of 12 to 20 units, that have the potential to blend in more seamlessly with many streetscapes. 

“If we look at the logic of the real estate market, discovering over the last 15, 20 years that the corridor-accessed apartment building at 120 and 200 units-plus optimizes the building code to maximize returns, there is a smaller ‘missing middle’ type that I’ve become maybe a little bit obsessed about, which is the 12-unit single-stair building,” said Love, who conducted a geospatial analysis that revealed 5,000 sites in the Boston area that were perfect for a 12-unit building. 

“Five thousand times twelve is a lot of housing,” Love said. “If we came up with 5,000 sites within walking distance of a transit stop, that’s a pretty good story to get out and a good place to start.” 

Another dilemma of density is that while big increases in multifamily housing supply theoretically should have a downward impact on prices, many individual dense development projects in hot housing markets are often quite expensive. Dixon, who is currently writing a book about density and Main Streets, said the way to combat gentrification associated with density is to require a portion of units to be affordable, and to capture increases in the value of urban land to create more affordability. 

“If we have policies in place so that value doesn’t all go to the [owners of the] underlying land and we can tap those premiums, that is a way to finance affordable housing,” he said. “In other words, when we use density to create places that are more valuable because they can be walkable, mixed-use, lively, community-rich, amenitized, all these good things, we … owe it to ourselves to tap some of that value to create affordability so that everybody can live there.” 

Visualizing Density can be found at the Lincoln Institute website at https://www.lincolninst.edu/data/visualizing-density/. 

Listen to the show here or subscribe to Land Matters on  Apple Podcasts, Spotify,  Stitcher, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


Further reading 

Visualizing Density | Lincoln Institute

What Does 15 Units Per Acre Look Like? A StoryMap Exploring Street-Level Density | Land Lines

Why We Need Walkable Density for Cities to Thrive | Public Square

The Density Conundrum: Bringing the 15-Minute City to Texas | Urban Land

The Density Dilemma: Appeal and Obstacles for Compact and Transit Oriented Development | Anthony Flint

 


Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines. 

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and Land Trust Alliance Present Hudson Valley’s Steve Rosenberg with Kingsbury Browne Distinguished Practitioner Award

By Corey Himrod, Septiembre 8, 2025

CLEVELAND, OH – The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and the Land Trust Alliance are pleased to announce that Steve Rosenberg has been presented with the 2025 Kingsbury Browne Distinguished Practitioner Award at the Alliance’s annual national land conservation conference, held this year in Cleveland, Ohio.

The Kingsbury Browne Distinguished Practitioner award—named for Kingsbury Browne, a lawyer and conservationist who was a Lincoln Institute Fellow in 1980 and inspired the Alliance’s founding in 1982—is presented annually and honors those who have enriched the conservation community through their outstanding leadership, innovation, and creativity in land conservation. Rosenberg will serve as the Kingsbury Browne distinguished practitioner for the Lincoln Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for 2025–2026.

Rosenberg is currently the co-convener of the Hudson Valley Alliance for Housing and Conservation, which brings together organizations to strengthen biodiversity and climate resilience in New York’s Hudson Valley while creating affordable places where people can live. His work there follows more than three decades as the senior vice president of Scenic Hudson and the executive director of the Scenic Hudson Land Trust, where he led many efforts bringing land, equity, and conservation together at the regional scale, including authoring the NYC/Hudson Valley Foodshed Conservation Plan, launching Scenic Hudson’s River Cities Program, and transforming postindustrial Hudson River waterfronts into inviting public places. Rosenberg served on the board of the Land Trust Alliance for nine years.

“Steve has been a driving force in putting conservation to work for communities—safeguarding local food systems, expanding land access, and advancing economic opportunity,” said Chandni Navalkha, director of conservation and stewardship at the Lincoln Institute. “His leadership in uniting the land conservation and affordable housing sectors in the Hudson Valley sets a powerful example for collaborative solutions that benefit people and places, nationwide and beyond.”

“I have witnessed firsthand Steve’s passion and tireless dedication to land conservation and the mutually reinforcing benefits to people and communities,” said Ashley Demosthenes, CEO of the Land Trust Alliance. “The acreage protected and parks that were created during his tenure at Scenic Hudson are tremendous assets for communities and the entire Hudson Valley. And his bringing together of the affordable housing community and the land preservation community has made it possible to address critical community issues in new and collaborative ways. It is my honor to recognize Steve Rosenberg as the recipient of the 2025 Kingsbury Brown Distinguished Practitioner award.”

About the Land Trust Alliance

Founded in 1982, the Land Trust Alliance is a national land conservation organization working to save the places people need and love by empowering and mobilizing land trusts in communities across America to conserve land for the benefit of all. The Alliance represents approximately 1,000 member land trusts and affiliates supported by more than 250,000 volunteers and 6.3 million members nationwide. The Alliance is based in Washington DC, with staff in communities across the United States.

About the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 

The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy seeks to improve quality of life through the effective use, taxation, and stewardship of land. A nonprofit private operating foundation whose origins date to 1946, the Lincoln Institute researches and recommends creative approaches to land as a solution to economic, social, and environmental challenges. Through education, training, publications and events, we integrate theory and practice to inform public policy decisions worldwide.

Lead image: Steve Rosenberg (center) accepts the Kingsbury Browne award alongside Land Trust Alliance CEO Ashley Demosthenes (right) and board chair David Calle (left). Credit: DJ Glisson II/Firefly Imageworks.

Visita con un becario

Protecting Puerto Rico’s Biodiversity

By Jon Gorey, Septiembre 1, 2025

The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.

Fernando Lloveras San Miguel has served as executive director of the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico for more than two decades, and as president of its Para La Naturaleza unit since its founding in 2013. With degrees in economics and geography from Dartmouth College, public policy from Harvard University, and law from the University of Puerto Rico, Lloveras knows his way around both natural and legal landscapes. 

In 2020, Lloveras received the Kingsbury Browne Conservation Leadership Award and Fellowship, named for the Boston lawyer and former Lincoln Institute fellow whose work led to the creation of the Land Trust Alliance. (The award is now known as the Kingsbury Browne Distinguished Practitioner program.) In this interview, which has been edited for length and clarity, Lloveras discusses what it will take to conserve 33 percent of Puerto Rico by 2033, the unique conservation finance strategies Para La Naturaleza is using to achieve that goal, and the movement to recognize the inherent rights of nature.

JON GOREY: What is the focus of your work?

FERNANDO LLOVERAS SAN MIGUEL: Our work has been centered on providing the islands of Puerto Rico with the biodiversity and life systems that are needed to live a sustainable life. We set a goal in 2016 to protect 33 percent of the islands by 2033, so that’s our overarching goal: having Puerto Rico as a living organism and providing healthy and sustainable ecosystems for everybody.

We set this goal, and the year after we got Hurricane Maria, which was a Category 5 hurricane that devastated the whole island. And then we had a lot of issues with our funding source, and we’ve had a lot of pro-development policies going on. So there’s been a huge amount of challenges that we have faced, and are facing. But in general, I think we have been able to overcome some of those. We recently secured more funding that will allow us to do more long-term planning and long-term acquisitions, and land protection and biodiversity protection. So we have been able to navigate in very rough waters, and I think we’re in good shape, even though the challenges keep increasing every day.

JG: What are you working on now, and what are you hoping to work on next?

FL: Last year we worked really hard to do a new strategic plan, so we just finished and adopted that late last year. One of the challenges we were able to overcome was around conservation easements. [In Puerto Rico] we have a cap on the amount of tax credits that are available, and we used to have up to $15 million a year, but then it went down to $3 million. We got it back to $15 million, so we got that win in the legislature here, and now we have capacity to do more conservation easements.

In terms of land acquisitions, we have a lot in the pipeline. We have a lot of properties that are in the due diligence process, doing inventories and measurements. We do a very sophisticated biodiversity documentation, using a land conservation matrix, to see which ones are more critical for conservation.

The coastal areas are the most high-risk areas, and they’re also the most expensive areas. So that’s been a big challenge, because Puerto Rico has been developed a lot around the coastal areas. We have disconnected a lot of the ocean and coastal marine areas from the mountains and rivers. So we need to create more corridors as part of our Map 33 plan. We have two, maybe three, very important coastal areas that are critical, but are extremely expensive, so we’re juggling to see how we can get those protected.

An aerial image of the Culebrita lighthouse in Puerto Rico, a brick structure with curving green coastland and blue ocean waters in the background,.
Para la Naturaleza is working to transform the Culebrita lighthouse, built in the late 1800s, into a visitor and research center dedicated to conservation. Credit: Para la Naturaleza.

JG: Are there any legal or cultural differences that affect how land is used or conserved in Puerto Rico versus the mainland United States?

FL: We have adopted a lot of the urban sprawl mentality, to have suburbs, to have shopping malls everywhere. We have adopted a lot of US commercial development patterns in a very small place. We’re only 100 miles by 35 miles, and we have 3 million people living here, so the population density is very high, which creates a higher cost of land. And then sprawl happens because we haven’t had a good land use planning system. The sprawl and the construction creates a lot of disconnection between ecosystems.

We also have some special arrangements with the Puerto Rico government that I don’t know if other NGOs in the States can have. We are authorized by the Puerto Rico Treasury to issue tax-free bonds to finance conservation. So we’re very unique, because Puerto Rico is not within the tax jurisdiction of the US, so the Treasury Department in Puerto Rico tends to have more leeway.

JG: Are there other innovative conservation finance strategies you’re pursuing?

FL: We are a very complex and unique organization in terms of financing. We have been able to create an endowment, and that’s been a game changer for us. Our endowment covers pretty much 70 percent of our operational costs, so that gives us a lot of stability. I usually recommend that organizations start looking into how to support at least a core, basic operational cost on a more sustainable basis, like an endowment, because I know the struggle that a lot of NGOs go through, making the payrolls every month. That’s a stress that just wears down anybody. So that’s something that we have been building for the past 30 to 40 years.

Since Puerto Rico has a lot of low-income communities, we qualify for what’s called a new market tax credit, which is a tax credit created to incentivize investment in low-income areas. So we’ve been using that mechanism. We’re also doing a mitigation bank, which is about to get started, and that is expected to provide some revenue.

JG: What’s one thing you wish more people understood about land conservation and natural ecosystems?

FL: We have a whole unit called the ecological culture unit, which is really restoring not only the awareness, but the understanding, that we are part of a natural ecosystem, and that we need to coexist with other species.

We do things automatically, just because the economic numbers work out, but we’re forgetting the whole functioning and life systems of the island. So we’re doing a lot of educational work, a lot of communication work with students. We have summer camps, we have different types of programs to get people to understand that their decisions are important.

Several citizen scientists participate in a Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico project in a wooded area. In the foreground, a woman with a backpack and light blue, long-sleeved shirt faces away from the camera and points out a feature to the other people.
Citizen scientists participate in Para la Naturaleza’s Map of Life initiative. Credit: Para la Naturaleza.

JG: Is there anything surprising or unexpected that you’ve encountered in your work?

Not totally unexpected, but hurricanes—I mean both climatic hurricanes and political hurricanes. We have been living through great changes in terms of the importance of nature. So that’s kind of the big changes that were not expected on the negative side. On the positive side, as I say, we have been able to secure some stability into the future.

JG: When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?

FL: We have the opportunity to achieve [our 33 percent by 2033 goal], but we need to change a lot of the development mentality that is still very strong. I mean, they’re talking about doing a huge 2,000-acre complex with five hotels. That’s kind of the nightmare at night, having all these mega-projects which are not at all sensitive to the environment, destroying 2,000 acres of land. It’s just a huge impact to our island. That’s the biggest thing, just to make sure that we can move our development mindset toward a sustainable economic framework instead of the total destruction framework that we have right now.

JG: What have you been reading lately?

FL: One of our objectives now is to have nature’s inherent rights recognized. So we’re working with this movement, sprung out of Indigenous communities, of having nature have its own rights—so not only laws to protect endangered species and so forth, but laws that give nature legal personality to be able to sue and protect itself. It’s a different approach to legal protection, having nature be recognized as a living organism, able to have legal rights. We’re going to have a panel discussion on this issue at Climate Week in New York next month. The Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature website, GARN.org, has a lot of good information, every single country in the world that has adopted rights of nature laws or regulations. Even in the US, there are quite a few examples of Indian tribes and other states that have provided some rights of nature.


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Fernando Lloveras San Miguel, executive director of the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico and former Kingsbury Browne fellow at the Lincoln Institute. Credit: Courtesy photo.