Pero, esta vez, las cosas fueron diferentes en Hudson Valley, un valle que corre a lo largo del rĂo Hudson desde Nueva York hasta Albany. Los precios del suelo y los bienes raĂces se dispararon, debido a la afluencia de residentes nuevos y a las presiones mĂĄs amplias del mercado. En las ciudades y los pueblos de la regiĂłn, el aburguesamiento habĂa empezado a arrasar con ĂĄreas echadas a perder por mucho tiempo a causa de la falta de inversiĂłn. Como consecuencia, los residentes de bajos ingresos se sintieron desplazados, las comunidades de personas negras y mestizas se vieron amenazadas, y se dificultĂł la preservaciĂłn y creaciĂłn de viviendas asequibles.
Debido a que competĂan con compradores externos por la tierra, las organizaciones de vivienda y conservaciĂłn de la regiĂłn enfrentaban desafĂos similares, y algunas empezaron a preguntarse si podrĂan lograr mĂĄs trabajando juntas. Al mismo tiempo, algunas organizaciones de conservaciĂłn, impulsadas principalmente por el movimiento Las vidas negras importan, exploraron cĂłmo podrĂan abordar mejor la justicia racial, la salud pĂșblica y la equidad climĂĄtica, como parte de un tipo de conservaciĂłn del suelo mĂĄs centrado en la comunidad. Pero los grupos de conservaciĂłn y vivienda parecĂan existir en mundos paralelos, con misiones, objetivos, modelos de financiaciĂłn y estructuras de gobierno diferentes.
Aun asĂ, Rosenberg divisĂł un potencial. Cuando se jubilĂł de Scenic Hudson en 2021, se reuniĂł con Rebecca Gilman Crimmins, nacida en Hudson Valley y profesional de la vivienda asequible en Nueva York, para reunir a un grupo de trabajo de cinco fideicomisos de conservaciĂłn del suelo y cinco organizaciones de vivienda asequible de la regiĂłn. Los grupos empezaron a aprender sobre el trabajo de lo demĂĄs, para identificar puntos de intersecciĂłn y trazar un mapa de lugares potenciales en los que podrĂan asociarse. Combinaron datos sobre clima, biodiversidad y censo con su conocimiento sobre los funcionarios locales, las polĂticas de planificaciĂłn y la regulaciones del uso del suelo (RPA 2023). âLas comunidades saludables necesitan tener ambas cosasâ: espacios abiertos y viviendas asequibles, dijo Rosenberg. âEstas no deberĂan verse como mutuamente excluyentes u opuestasâ.
El arquitecto paisajista Charles Eliot, cuyo padre fue presidente de Harvard, fue quien inventĂł el primer fideicomiso de conservaciĂłn del suelo de los Estados Unidos, The Trustees of Reservations. Eliot vio cĂłmo las ciudades del paĂs se marchitaban con la contaminaciĂłn industrial, y previĂł focos de espacios abiertos de color verde silvestre en todas las ciudades y pueblos. El estado permitiĂł que The Trustees empezara a adquirir y proteger suelo en 1891. En la actualidad, en los Estados Unidos hay 1.281 fideicomisos de suelo que protegieron mĂĄs de 24 millones de hectĂĄreas. Los fideicomisos de suelo, que en su mayorĂa operan en entornos rurales y suburbanos, y suelen estar a cargo de voluntarios, protegen los hĂĄbitats salvajes, los ecosistemas crĂticos y los espacios culturales, histĂłricos y naturales, al comprar y gestionar parcelas en su totalidad o al poseer servidumbres de conservaciĂłn, es decir, acuerdos legalmente voluntarios con los propietarios que limitan el desarrollo y otros usos determinados en una propiedad.
âEn comparaciĂłn con los CLT, los fideicomisos de suelo pueden ser organizaciones mĂĄs ricas y tener un mayor acceso al poder polĂtico y recursos financierosâ, escriben Hindin y Michels, y advierten que el financiamiento pĂșblico y privado se suele destinar a la vivienda o la conservaciĂłn, pero no a ambas. Debido a que ambos grupos necesitan suelo para cumplir su misiĂłn, añaden, âalgunos fideicomisos de suelo comunitarios y de conservaciĂłn del suelo locales han tenido experiencias negativas entre ellos y pueden considerarse como enemigosâ.
Pero eso estĂĄ empezando a cambiar. âEstamos empezando a ver que algunos fideicomisos de conservaciĂłn del suelo y CLT estĂĄn realmente intentando resolver cĂłmo trabajar juntosâ, dijo Beth Sorce, vicepresidenta del sector de crecimiento de Grounded Solutions Network, una organizaciĂłn nacional sin fines de lucro que promueve soluciones de vivienda asequible y fue producto de una red de CLT. A medida que las ciudades se extienden y las parcelas asequibles empiezan a escasear, las organizaciones de vivienda asequible y conservaciĂłn estĂĄn empezando a dejar a atrĂĄs sus diferencias, dice Sorce, que participĂł en la convocatoria del Instituto Lincoln: âTenemos un objetivo en comĂșn de una lugar realmente saludable y habitable. QuizĂĄs, en lugar de que todos intentemos adquirir tierras de forma individual, podrĂamos trabajar juntos para resolver cĂłmo hacerlo de un modo mĂĄs ecolĂłgico para nuestra comunidadâ.
A medida que estas conversaciones continĂșan, los participantes estĂĄn identificando muchas formas posibles de colaboraciĂłn, desde el intercambio de ideas e informaciĂłn hasta esfuerzos para impulsar una reforma polĂtica de forma conjunta. En algunos casos, los grupos estĂĄn adoptando medidas en el terreno. En Ohio, la Western Reserve Land Conservancy, que trabajĂł mucho tiempo con bancos de tierras locales para adquirir propiedades inmobiliarias para el espacio pĂșblico verde, estĂĄ empezando a asociarse con CLT para una planificaciĂłn conjunta coordinada por la comunidad que incluirĂĄ la vivienda asequible. En Mount Desert Island, Maine, donde hay restricciones de vivienda y los costos llevan al 54 por ciento de los trabajadores a vivir fuera de la isla, Island Housing Trust, un CLT, se estĂĄ asociando con Maine Coast Heritage Trust en un proyecto de 24 hectĂĄreas que combina la conservaciĂłn de humedales con el desarrollo de viviendas asequibles para los trabajadores. Y en un suburbio de Seatle con predominio de personas negras y desarrollo acelerado, Homestead Community Land Trust y la organizaciĂłn dirigida por la comunidad Skyway Coalition se estĂĄn asociando para proteger el espacio verde y la capacidad de pago, mientras evitan el aburguesamiento.
Un modelo colaborativo en Athens, Georgia
Mientras quienes defienden la vivienda asequible y la conservaciĂłn exploran oportunidades de colaboraciĂłn, pueden aprender de organizaciones que incorporaron ambos objetivos en su misiĂłn. Muchas personas consideran que Athens Land Trust es la estrella guĂa en la intersecciĂłn de estos mundos.
Durante los primeros años, Athens Land Trust funcionĂł principalmente como un fideicomiso de conservaciĂłn del suelo. Luego, en 1999, uno de los miembros de la junta comprĂł un baldĂo en un barrio de Athens con tradiciĂłn histĂłrica de personas negras y lo donĂł al grupo. El gobierno local otorgĂł un subsidio para viviendas asequibles y la organizaciĂłn construyĂł su primera vivienda.
Duranti-MartĂnez agrega que, histĂłricamente, el marco de los CLT ha tenido mĂĄs en comĂșn con los grupos de justicia medioambiental que con el movimiento ecologista. âLa promociĂłn de estos modelos de administraciĂłn comunitarios no se opone a la vivienda asequibleâ, comentĂł, simplemente porque âuna comunidad saludableâ tiene âtodos los tipos de espacios: vivienda asequible y digna, espacio comercial asequible, espacio verde y espacios culturales y comunitariosâ.
De hecho, este tipo de sociedad podrĂa beneficiar a ambos sectores. âTodos estĂĄn luchando para recaudar fondosâ, dijo King-Cortes. âTodos estĂĄn intentando sacarle el mayor provecho a lo que tenemos. Pero, si trabajamos juntos en la planificaciĂłn, creo que ambos movimientos pueden lograr mĂĄs o aprovechar al mĂĄximo los recursosâ.
Sin embargo, existen excepciones a la regla. En Vermont, en 1987, los grupos de conservaciĂłn y vivienda se organizaron para crear una fuente Ășnica de financiamiento pĂșblico, el Vermont Housin and Conservation Trust Fund, administrado por la Junta de ConservaciĂłn y Vivienda de Vermont (Vermont Housing and Conservation Board, VHCB). Michels, que trabajĂł en VHCB por muchos años, dice que representa un modelo potencial de colaboraciĂłn. Se cultivaron relaciones y se logrĂł un entendimiento entre las dos comunidades, y tanto los profesionales como los gestores de polĂticas llegaron a ver que los objetivos dobles se complementan, no compiten, lo que refuerza una tradiciĂłn de uso del suelo de casi 100 años de antigĂŒedad de asentamiento compacto rodeado por un paisaje de trabajo.
De regreso en Hudson Valley, el grupo de trabajo de Rosenberg estĂĄ tomando como modelo la Ley de PreservaciĂłn Comunitaria (Community Preservation Act) de Massachusetts. Los votantes en Massachusetts pueden elegir que su municipalidad aplique un recargo a los impuestos prediales, lo que, luego, puede usarse para financiar la conservaciĂłn, vivienda asequible, recreaciĂłn en espacios abiertos y preservaciĂłn histĂłrica. La legislatura de Nueva York autorizĂł que algunas municipalidades voten por una tarifa local de transferencia de bienes raĂces para crear un fondo de preservaciĂłn comunitario, pero la recaudaciĂłn solo puede apoyar la conservaciĂłn, no la vivienda.
Identificar las reformas polĂticas que podrĂan ayudar a realizar su trabajo y acordar en una declaraciĂłn de propĂłsitos compartidos han sido prioridades para el grupo de Hudson Valley, que continuĂł sus exploraciones con apoyo de la Regional Plan Association, el patrocinador fiscal del proyecto, y el Consensus Building Institute. âEn realidad, existen algunas colaboraciones que ya estĂĄn comenzandoâ, dijo Rosenberg. Kingston Land Trust, que estudia y fomenta el modelo de fideicomiso de suelo comunitario desde 2017, se asociĂł con el grupo para la vivienda asequible regional, RUPCO, para lanzar una CLT como parte de su iniciativa Land for Homes (Suelo para Viviendas). AdemĂĄs, la organizaciĂłn trabajĂł con estudiantes graduados en la Universidad de Columbia y Bard College para desarrollar una visiĂłn de vivienda regional, y una guĂa para la colaboraciĂłn entre grupos de conservaciĂłn y vivienda (Kingston Land Trust 2021). Mientras tanto, The Chatham, una empresa de conservaciĂłn del suelo de Columbia, con sede en Nueva York, cumple la funciĂłn de patrocinador fiscal de otro CLT nuevo.
Las condiciones parecĂan favorables. AsĂ que dos de las organizaciones de vivienda del grupo de trabajo y dos de los fideicomisos de suelo se reunieron con funcionarios locales para debatir sobre la colaboraciĂłn con el pueblo en torno a un proyecto que alcanzarĂa ambos objetivos: conservar las tierras agrĂcolas y construir algunas viviendas asequibles. Ahora, el pueblo planea comprar la tierra, trabajar con uno de los fideicomisos de suelo para implementar una servidumbre de conservaciĂłn en la mayor parte de esta y separar el resto para viviendas que uno de los grupos para la vivienda asequible construirĂĄ. âEse proyecto aĂșn no se implementĂł, pero estĂĄ avanzandoâ, dijo Rosenberg. âEs muy emocionanteâ.
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COLOQUIO DEL INSTITUTO LINCOLN SOBRE FIDEICOMISOS DE SUELO COMUNITARIOS Y DE CONSERVACIĂN DEL SUELO
Durante 2022, el Instituto Lincoln de PolĂticas de Suelo coordinĂł un trabajo de investigaciĂłn de un año sobre el potencial de colaboraciĂłn entre los fideicomisos de conservaciĂłn de suelo y fideicomisos de suelo comunitarios. Con el apoyo de Peter Stein de Lyme Timber Company y un subsidio de 1772 Foundation, el instituto reuniĂł a un grupo de expertos en conservaciĂłn y vivienda asequible para realizar una serie de reuniones, lo que culminĂł con un coloquio y un documento de trabajo (Michels y Hindin, 2023).
El coloquio ha servido como fuente de informaciĂłn para iniciativas en curso para fomentar prioridades en materia de conservaciĂłn y vivienda asequible. En febrero, en la cumbre del Con-necticut Land Conservation Council (Consejo de ConservaciĂłn del Suelo de Connecticut), los coautores del documento de trabajo, Katie Michels y David Hindin, aconsejaron a los defensores y lĂderes de los sectores de conservaciĂłn y vivienda que consideren agendas compartidas y objetivos de polĂticas futuras. En marzo, Jim Levitt, director de Recursos de Suelo y Agua Administrados de Forma Sustentable del Instituto Lincoln, moderĂł un panel principal titulado âAffordable Housing and Land Conservation: Not an Either/Orâ (Vivienda asequible y conservaciĂłn del suelo: no es una o la otra) en la reuniĂłn anual de la Massachusetts Land Trust Coalition; el panel incluyĂł un participante del coloquio.
Audrea Lim es escritora en la ciudad de Nueva York y su trabajo ha aparecido en el New York Times, Harperâs y Guardian. Su libro Free the Land (Liberar el suelo), sobre la mercantilizaciĂłn del suelo y alternativas en los Estados Unidos, serĂĄ publicado por la editorial St. Martinâs Press en 2024.
Anthony Flint: Has atraĂdo mucha atenciĂłn por lo que algunas personas denominan una âresponsabilidad heroicaâ de preservar el parque de viviendas unifamiliares de la ciudad y mantenerlo lejos de las manos de los inversionistas externos. ExplĂquenos brevemente cuĂĄles fueron los logros en colaboraciĂłn con Port of Cincinnati.
Aftab Pureval: Solo para brindar un poco mĂĄs de contexto, Cincinnati es una de las antiguas ciudades industriales. Tenemos una larga y orgullosa tradiciĂłn de ser el destino final del Ferrocarril SubterrĂĄneo. Fuimos la puerta de entrada a la libertad para muchos esclavos que escapaban de esa experiencia horrible. Tenemos muchos vecindarios histĂłricos, muchas construcciones histĂłricas, y tenemos mucha infraestructura antigua y viviendas unifamiliares antiguas, lo que, sumado al hecho de que somos una ciudad asequible en el contexto nacional, nos convierte en el blanco principal de los inversionistas institucionales.
AdemĂĄs, hemos tomado medidas en una etapa temprana para prevenir que esto suceda al asociarnos con The Port . . . Cuando muchas propiedades salieron a la venta porque un inversionista institucional las incluyĂł en un bloque de venta, The Port gastĂł US$ 14,5 millones para comprar mĂĄs de 190 viviendas unifamiliares, y superĂł las apuestas de otros 13 inversionistas institucionales . . . Durante el año pasado, The Port trabajĂł para modificar esas propiedades a fin de que cumplan con los requisitos [y de encontrar] compradores calificados, a menudo, ciudadanos que estĂĄn trabajando en la pobreza o de clase media-baja, que jamĂĄs han poseĂdo una vivienda.
AP: Es verdad, se requieren muchos fondos. Por eso es que necesitamos mĂĄs flexibilidad del gobierno federal y del estatal para brindarles a las municipalidades las herramientas necesarias para evitar que esto suceda en una primera instancia. Ahora, una vez que un inversionista institucional clava sus garras en una comunidad, no hay mucho que la ciudad pueda hacer para responsabilizarlo.
AP: Lo que amo de mi trabajo como alcalde es que no me centro necesariamente en los prĂłximos dos o cuatro años, sino en los prĂłximos 100 años. En este momento, estamos atravesando un cambio de paradigma debido a la pandemia. La forma en la que vivimos, trabajamos y jugamos estĂĄ cambiando drĂĄsticamente. El trabajo remoto estĂĄ transformando por completo nuestro estilo de vida econĂłmico en todo el paĂs, pero, en particular, aquĂ en el Medio Oeste.
AF: ÂżCuĂĄles son los cambios en el uso del suelo y las mejoras de transporte en las que se estĂĄ concentrando con relaciĂłn a esto?
AP: Si queremos que esto salga bien, debemos hacer una revisiĂłn y una reforma integrales de nuestras polĂticas. Nos estuvimos reuniendo con las partes interesadas para [explorar cĂłmo] se verĂa una Cincinnati moderna. Creo que se verĂa como un barrio denso y diverso por el que se podrĂa caminar, y tendrĂa un buen transporte pĂșblico e inversiones en arte pĂșblico. Ahora mismo, la zonificaciĂłn de la ciudad de Cincinnati no estĂĄ promoviendo esos tipos de barrios. Cerca del 70 por ciento de nuestra ciudad se zonificĂł exclusivamente para uso unifamiliar, lo que representa una restricciĂłn artificial en la cantidad de oferta que podemos crear. A su vez, esto estĂĄ aumentando los alquileres y los impuestos a la propiedad de forma artificial, lo que estĂĄ haciendo que muchos de nuestros antiguos residentes, incluso aquellos que poseen sus viviendas, se vean desplazados.
AF: Un poco de esto es volver al futuro, porque la ciudad tenĂa tranvĂas. ÂżTiene la sensaciĂłn de que existe una apreciaciĂłn de eso, de que esos tiempos, en realidad, hicieron que la ciudad funcione mejor?
Ninguna ciudad del paĂs descubriĂł una forma de crecer sin desplazamiento. Los factores del mercado, los factores econĂłmicos son tan profundos y es tan difĂcil influir sobre estos, y los recursos de la ciudad son tan limitados, que es realmente difĂcil . . . A menudo, supongo que me frustro por no contar con suficientes recursos, suficiente autoridad para tener un impacto significativo en las fuerzas macroeconĂłmicas que estĂĄn ingresando a la ciudad. Ya que, si alcanzamos nuestro sueño, que es mĂĄs inversiĂłn, mĂĄs crecimiento, esto conllevarĂĄ consecuencias negativas, y es realmente difĂcil de gestionar ambos..
Ăltimamente, las empresas y personas que miran hacia el futuro consideran al cambio climĂĄtico en ese futuro. Si busca una ciudad que sea resiliente ante el cambio climĂĄtico y ademĂĄs realice inversiones cuantiosas en tecnologĂa climĂĄtica, entonces Cincinnati es el destino indicado para usted.
SegĂșn el Consejo Federal de Examen de Instituciones Financieras, en 2021, 10 de las 12 entidades crediticias mĂĄs importantes (y cuatro de las primeras cinco) eran empresas hipotecarias independientes. Estas entidades crediticias no bancarias no tienen obligaciones positivas de analizar la discriminaciĂłn histĂłrica. Â MĂĄs allĂĄ de la observancia de la Ley de DivulgaciĂłn de Hipotecas para Viviendas, la regulaciĂłn de su actividad crediticia es muy deficiente. Sin embargo, no estĂĄn fuera del alcance de las polĂticas de suelo en cuanto a la regulaciĂłn financiera.
Nos encontramos en un momento similar en cuanto a los planes de Financiamiento de la Vivienda Equitativa y Duty to Serve, que he decidido llamar âla Nueva CRAâ. La FHFA estĂĄ construyendo una vigilancia regulatoria rigurosa, y, con la ayuda del Instituto Lincoln, el sector civil ha vuelto a movilizarse para pedir por mejores planes, mejor observancia y mejores resultados.
Pero los tiempos han cambiado. Cuando se aprobĂł la CRA, la FDIC asegurĂł alrededor de 18.000 bancos. Hoy en dĂa son 4.844. Y, por si fuera poco, muchos bancos estĂĄn cerrando y reduciendo su negocio hipotecario minorista, para ceder el espacio a entidades crediticias no bancarias. Podemos intentar reformular la CRA para reflejar esta nueva realidad de mercado, o podemos cumplir con las expectativas del mercado tal como estĂĄ.
Este anúncio será aberto em 15 de Novembro de 2023 e permanecerá aberto até 15 de Janeiro de 2024.
O Instituto Lincoln de Políticas do Solo convida à apresentação de propostas para pesquisas originais sobre políticas do solo e desenvolvimento urbano na América Latina e Caribe. O nosso objetivo é entender como as políticas do solo estão superando, ou podem superar, desafios sistêmicos para um desenvolvimento equitativo e sustentável na região, incluindo temas relacionados a habitação social e informalidade, segregação espacial, autonomia fiscal e mudança climática. Considerando a necessidade de uma abordagem holística sobre o solo e seu papel na promoção de mudanças estruturais necessárias para o enfrentamento desses desafios, procuramos lançar luz sobre os atuais debates de política públicas em toda a região vis a vis as principais áreas de interesse de pesquisa do Instituto Lincoln. Essas áreas incluem a implementação de instrumentos de financiamento baseados na gestão do solo para promover a estabilidade fiscal e apoiar políticas urbanas e de ação climática, que tenham como objetivo superar as lacunas de infraestrutura; viabilizar a regularização de assentamentos precários; reduzir o déficit habitacional; promover desenvolvimento orientado ao transporte; e implementar soluções baseadas na natureza.
As diretrizes para inscrição e envio de propostas também estão disponíveis em espanhol e inglês.
Details
Submission Deadline
January 15, 2024 at 11:59 PM
Keywords
Adaptação, Ăgua, Desenvolvimento Urbano, Finanças PĂșblicas, Habitação, Inequidade, Infraestrutura, Melhoria Urbana e Regularização, Mercados FundiĂĄrios Informais, Mitigação ClimĂĄtica, Planejamento, Planejamento de Uso do Solo, PolĂticas PĂșblicas, Recuperação de Mais-Valias, Regulação dos Mercados FundiĂĄrios, SaĂșde Fiscal Municipal, Tributação ImobiliĂĄria, Uso do Solo, Valor da Terra
We can trace the origins of the Lincoln Institute to a chance encounter between a Cleveland inventor and industrialist and a barnstorming political economist in the 1890s. John C. Lincoln, an engineer who invented arc welders, high-torque electric motors, braking systems for streetcars, and even an electric car, was deeply moved by Henry Georgeâs impassioned account of the stubbornness of urban poverty in the face of the unprecedented wealth generated by the Industrial Revolution. Lincoln subsequently devoted years of his lifeâand a big chunk of his fortuneâto advancing Georgeâs ideas for social improvement.
George showed in a powerful and persuasive way that poverty was the result of distributive injustice. The wrong people were benefiting from economic growth. Idle landowners could sit and watch land values increase exponentially, while the productive classes, labor and capital, were taxed to support the government. George proposed replacing corporate and income taxes with a new tax that expropriated the unearned value of land from its owners. He estimated that land tax revenue would be sufficient both to eliminate poverty and to fund the government.
Given his own disposition toward social justice, ethics, efficiency, and basic fairness, this proposition resonated with John Lincoln. But the failure of Georgeâs policy prescriptions to gain any political traction mystified him. One reason he could see was the lack of general academic embrace of Georgeâs analytics and his conclusions. Quite frankly, except for a handful of universities like Columbia, UCâBerkeley, or the University of Chicago, Georgeâs work was marginalized if it was taught at all.
It was never considered a mainstream component of the training of economists or political scientists. Lincoln decided to remedy this by creating the Lincoln Foundation and partnering with universities to establish programs in land economics and taxation. And thatâs what the Lincoln Foundation did from 1946 until 1974. In 1974, Johnâs son, David C. Lincoln, took a hard look at the impact of the foundationâs efforts to mainstream land economics and taxation in the fields of economics and political science. He was underwhelmed. The programs supported with the foundationâs resources were evanescent and land economics remained specialized in a few universities. He decided to try a new approach and established the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy to bring research and training under our own roof. And David was clear about one thing that he often repeated: âHenry Georgeâs work was not about promoting the land taxâit was about eliminating poverty.â Thus, the Lincoln Institute was founded on the notion that land policy was not an end, but a means to solve bigger economic, social, and environmental challenges.
With that clarity, measurable impact quickly followed. In the 1980s, the arrival of Boston lawyer and conservationist Kingsbury Browne as a Lincoln Institute fellow led to the scaling up and national networking of private land conservation in the United States. Today, members of the Land Trust Alliance, an organization that evolved from Browneâs work, have protected more than 57 million acres of private land in perpetuity in the United States. In the 1990s, the Lincoln Institute invented computer-assisted mass appraisal. Systems built on that legacy are now used by local governments everywhere. In the 2000s, new international programs in Latin America supported, tested, and documented modern land value capture tools and techniques. Dozens of countries and thousands of jurisdictions are now studying ways to use these tools to mobilize their own public revenue. In the 2010s, the Lincoln Institute went global, establishing the International Land Conservation Network to promote private land conservation and sharing our work on the global stage at venues like Habitat III.
There is an important point here (and I know I buried the lede): we accomplished decades of significant work even though we could not easily define the discipline in which we operated. Over the last few years, weâve been trying to rectify that. This spring, the board and management of the Lincoln Institute tried to effectively define land policy. By effectively, I mean clearly, accessibly, and efficiently. We found the task so daunting that we even consulted artificial intelligence. In my spring column, I shared our challenges and asked for your help. I asked you to submit your best definitions of land policy and offered a prize.
Iâm delighted to report that we got many submissions. They ranged from the artistic to the theological. They arrived from four continents, with the furthest submission coming from New Zealand. They came mainly from individuals, but included a group effort from a network of 40 practitioners in Latin America. They ranged in length from 12 to 548 words. I even submitted my own definition.
While the judges were duly impressed with the scope and creativity of the submissions, Iâm afraid I have unsettling news for the Luddites among us: they did not think we outperformed the AI bot. To remind you, here is the 85-word definition offered by ChatGPT:
Land policy refers to the rules and regulations that govern the use, ownership, and management of land. It involves making decisions about how land should be used, who should have access to it, and what activities are permitted on it. Land policy can affect a wide range of issues, from urban development and environmental conservation to property rights and social equity. Its goal is to balance the interests of different stakeholders and ensure that land is used in ways that benefit society as a whole.
That doesnât mean, however, that accolades arenât due. In the view of the judges, the best submission was from Harvey Jacobs:
Land policy is about the rules, the culture that underlies those rules, and the social expectations for the use of land. It draws together government, the market, and private actors. It has formal and informal outputs. Formal outputs are often plans, regulations, and programs. Informal outputs are often socially accepted patterns for how land is to be used and our behavior upon land.
The most economical submission was a haiku written by PD Blumenthalâ
Use, control, share land
Protect earth, water, and air
To benefit all
âand the most creative submission was a poem entitled “A More Stealthy Georgist Cat,” by David Harold Chester. It is too long to reprint here, but you can read it in its entirety elsewhere on our site.
The pithiest submission was from Ben Brown:
Land policy is the bundle of rules through which governments formalize wishful thinking for responding to competing demands for land use in a future that is both inevitable and uncertain.
Even though we havenât yet outperformed artificial intelligence, I am very happy with the outcome of this exercise. It affirms a couple of important things. First, land policy has a vast scope, and it touches many aspects of life. As such, maybe it is okay that it eludes easy definition. Second, it is possible to spend years doing something that you cannot easily explain. Iâm guessing land policy experts arenât the only people who cannot explain at get-togethers with their extended families what exactly they do.
It occurs to me that the problem might be taxonomical. In taxonomy, it might be harder to define a classification than it is to give an example of something in that classification. For the life of me, I can never remember the differences between class, order, family, genus, or species, but if pressed I can give an example of something in each.
In the end, Iâm going to give everyone who submitted an entry in the contest a book of their choice from our impressive and ever-expanding library of land policy publications. In addition, I will give the authors of each of the four distinguished submissions above their choice of five books each.
It was a great exercise, and we appreciate the thought and effort put into all the submissions. We appreciate even more your collegiality, and weâre honored to share this hard-to-define endeavor with all of you. What started with a chance encounter between a barnstorming reformer and an inventor more than a century ago is even more relevant today: finding answers in land to improve the quality of life.
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Lead image:Â Devonyu via iStock/ Getty Images Plus.
Outros Eventos
2023 Journalists Forum
Novembro 17, 2023 - Novembro 18, 2023
Cambridge, MA United States
Offered in inglĂȘs
Partners: TD Charitable Foundation and Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University
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The Lincoln Instituteâs 2023 Journalists Forum, held November 17â18 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, explored innovations in housing affordability. Access to affordable housing has become a central issue of our times, with overburdened renters, yawning gaps in ownership rates between minority and white households, and a demand for housing that far outstrips the supply. Journalists covering housing were invited to step back and consider the often-underreported fundamental elements driving the affordability crisis, especially as they relate to land use management and fiscal and financial systems. Over the course of two days, participants explored current policy interventions, innovative solutions, and emergent debates that go to the root causes of the current housing crisis. The Journalist Forum resources are available as an online library.
As more states from California to Connecticut pursue statewide zoning reform and face backlash by local governments seeking to retain control over land use, it is important to explore: What are the challenges facing states that seek to implement statewide land use reform? What do we know about the effects of changing land use regulations on housing supply and housing prices? When can we realistically expect to observe the results of these policies on the ground?
Speakers
Jessie Grogan, associate director, Reduced Poverty and Spatial Inequality, Lincoln Institute
Cities are considering the effects of their tax systems on housing affordability. In Detroit, a land value tax has been proposed to lower residential taxes and encourage development. A well-functioning property tax based on market value might play a similar role in other jurisdictions. The design of property tax relief programs and homestead exemptions also has important implications for affordability.
Speakers
Jay Rising, chief financial officer, City of Detroit
Private sector actors are purchasing residential properties at significant rates, especially in cities with traditionally weak real estate markets. Affordable housing advocates seek to analyze who is buying up local properties, when, where, and over what period, to inform a series of real estate, capital, and other interventions. This session looks at attempts to manage institutional investors who are buying, flipping, or charging often-high rents for properties in legacy cities and elsewhere, using data available through new mapping tools; with special attention to the case study of Cincinnati, where bond financing was used to purchase nearly 200 fixer-uppers, outbidding outside investors.
Chris Herbert, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University
State of the Nation’s Housing Design
Speakers
Dan DâOca, Harvard University Graduate School of DesignâJoint Center for Housing Studies
Innovations in Financing
After the Community Reinvestment Act and the financial crisis of 2008, a reset has been in the works for both individuals and neighborhoods to access capital, to help close the racial homeownership gap. Should homeownership be so actively encouraged? Will tweaks to the home financing system really have impact? What role can mortgage markets play in facilitating access to housing for households with lower incomes?
Speakers
Jim Gray, senior fellow, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Underserved Mortgage Markets Coalition and Innovations in Manufactured Homes Network (Iâm HOME) program
Chrystal Kornegay, MassHousing
Majurial (MJ) Watkins, community mortgage sales manager, TD Bank
Chris Herbert, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University
Proposals and Provocations: A Discussion with the Lincoln Institute
This session synthesizes the approaches the Lincoln Institute is currently taking to help address the housing affordability crisis in the United States. Lincoln Institute staff present key ideas of our work at the intersection of land and housing, and provoke a conversation by asking the audience: What will it take to cover these issues? How do we make them accessible to large and diverse audiences? What topics or angles might be missing in our work?
The Federal Governmentâs Role: Underserved Mortgage Markets Coalition, Iâm HOME (manufactured homes)âArica Young
Capital Absorption as a Platform in Housing for Racial Equity and HealthâOmar Carrillo Tinajero, director of partnerships and initiatives, Center for Community Investment
Greening Without DisplacementâAmy Cotter, director, Climate Strategies
Moderator: David Luberoff, Joint Center for Housing Studies
Traditional concluding roundtable of journalists talking about the challenges of covering housing; looking ahead to new frameworks and narratives, storytelling methods, and better use of data and graphics.
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 113 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA United States
Language
inglĂȘs
Keywords
Desenvolvimento Comunitårio, Habitação, Banco de Terras, Fundo Fundiåria, Uso do Solo, Planejamento de Uso do Solo, Valor da Terra, Tributação Imobiliåria, Tributação Base Solo, Governo Local, Mapeamento, Planejamento, Tributação Imobiliåria, Reutilização do Solo Urbano, Desajuste Espacial, Partes Interessadas, Desenvolvimento Sustentåvel, Desenvolvimento Orientado ao Transporte, Desenho Urbano, Desenvolvimento Urbano, Regeneração Urbana
Everyone has an opinion about gentrification â but what is green gentrification? And why should we care? Isabelle Anguelovski, ICREA Research Professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, joins the Lincoln Institute to present on land policy and green gentrification. Her research interests focus on the extent to which urban plans and policy decisions contribute to more just, resilient, healthy, and sustainable cities, and how community groups contest environmental inequities resulting from urban (re)development processes and policies. The event will take place on Tuesday, October 31 from 12 â 1 pm. Lunch is included. Â
The Lincoln Institute’s China program invites applications for the annual International Fellowship Program. The program seeks applications from academic researchers working on the following topics in China:
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the future of cities;
Climate change and cities;
Urban development trends and patterns;
Urban regeneration;
Municipal finance and land value capture;
Land policies;
Housing policies;
Urban environment and health; and
Land and water conservation.
The fellowship aims to promote international scholarly dialogue on China’s urban development and land policy, and to further the Lincoln Institute’s objective to advance land policy solutions to economic, social, and environmental challenges. The fellowship is provided to scholars who are based outside mainland China. Visit the website of the Peking University–Lincoln Institute Center for Urban Development and Land Policy (Beijing) to learn about a separate fellowship for scholars based in mainland China.
Application period: September 29 to November 30, 2023, 11:59 p.m. EST.
With sophisticated market research powered by prodigious profits, corporate real estate investors have long had the upper hand over vulnerable homeowners and the groups trying to protect them.
Investors can identify distressed homes in otherwise gentrifying neighborhoods, snap them up at a discount, and leave them empty for years waiting for nearby home values to rise. They can target longtime, elderly homeowners who may need to sell at a discount. And with plenty of cash on handâand a new playbook that includes renting out houses rather than just flipping themâthey can outbid individual homebuyers as they turn bedrooms into balance sheet items.
Now, a new data mapping tool from the Lincoln Instituteâs Center for Geospatial Solutions (CGS) can help equip nonprofits, advocates, and local governments with similarly powerful technology to help identify and defend affordable housing stock threatened by real estate speculators and absentee landlords.
âItâs a very uneven playing field between private investors, who have the capital and are willing to invest the capital to get this market intelligence, and nonprofits that are struggling to keep the doors open, let alone invest in platforms like this,â says Jeff Allenby, CGS director of Geospatial Technology. âWhat you see is governments and nonprofits continuously trying to play catch up.â
Down-to-the-Parcel Data
In the wake of the Great Recession, corporations increasingly started purchasing and then renting out not just apartment buildings, but also single-family homesâespecially in Sun Belt metro areas and postindustrial legacy cities, where rents remained stable despite lower property prices. Often, thatâs had a cascade of negative impacts on low-income communities.
For one thing, it leaves more renters dealing with absentee corporate landlords, who can be quick to force an eviction and raise rents, but slow to fix a leaky roof or resolve code violations. It also reduces the supply of affordable housing stock available to would-be homebuyers, robbing local renters of opportunity.
In Baltimoreâs Harlem Park neighborhood, for example, just 53 of the 464 homes sold since 2017â12 percentâwere purchased by owner occupants. In 2022, one of every five homes sold in the neighborhood (19.2 percent) was purchased by an out-of-state business, and nearly half were bought by in-state corporations with multiple-property portfolios.
Rowhouses in Baltimore’s Harlem Park neighborhood slated for demolition in 2018 as part of an urban redevelopment effort by the city. The area has now become a target for institutional investors seeking to convert housing into rental properties. Credit: Baltimore Heritage via Flickr CC BY 2.0.
âYou just saw this backfill of corporate ownership come into this neighborhood, and itâs going to take years to come back from that,â Allenby says. Where real estate investors once focused on flipping houses for a quick buck, they now see rental properties as a long-term moneymaker. âThese houses are just gone, likely in perpetuity, from a homeownership perspective.â
This grim, granular data is courtesy of a CGS initiative called âWho Owns America?â Starting with Baltimore, CGS used a variety of public data sources to map every parcel in the city by its ownership characteristics, cross-checking postal information with deeds and other records to distinguish owner-occupied properties from those owned by private landlords and large or out-of-state businesses.
After coding city-owned residential parcels, Allenby explains, CGS filters for all properties where the ownerâs mailing address doesnât match the physical addressâmeaning it isnât owner-occupied. After that, CGS can differentiate between private, off-site ownersâlocal âmom-and-popâ landlords who may own one or two properties, for exampleâand more formal corporations, checking the names against a series of business-related keywords and acronyms, such as LLC, LLP, incorporated, and so on. Further filtering reveals whether a business is based in or out of state, and whether it owns multiple properties in the city.
The resulting color-coded maps make it clear where owner occupancy is more prevalent and where corporate landlords are most active. Empowered with this intuitive, down-to-the-parcel data, communities can identify housing stock likely to be targeted by speculators. Then they can take steps to defend (or even reclaim) affordable housing before itâs lost to corporate ownership.
The Right to Fight BackÂ
One policy cities can employ to thwart predatory investors is a right of first refusal rule, which gives tenants the option to purchase their home before itâs sold to a corporation. Knowing where such investors are active can help community leaders support the rollout of such a program with more targeted public outreach, says Senior Research Fellow Robert âR.J.â McGrail, director of the Lincoln Instituteâs Accelerating Community Investment initiative.
âThatâs the neighborhood you do flyers in, where you have some community organization go knock on doors to tell people, âJust so you know, if the out-of-state company that you write your rent check to ever sells your house, you have the first chance to buy it,ââ McGrail says. âThe âjust-so-you-knowâ conversation can be incredibly agency building and empowering for an individual, in a way that I think is another downstream potential benefit from this tool.â
Allenby is quick to point out that the formalization of property ownership isnât in itself a bad thing. For example, if a local landlord dies and his children inherit his three rental properties and put them all into an LLC, that doesnât fundamentally alter the local real estate landscape. And true investmentâcompanies that buy vacant, dilapidated buildings, restore them to good condition, and get them back into the housing marketâis almost always welcome.
âInvestor owner doesnât necessarily mean bad owner,â McGrail agrees. But by overlapping additional layers of parcel-level datasets, CGS can provide more context and reveal bad actors. For example, mapping where corporate ownership coincides with code violationsâreports of broken deck railings, lack of heat, leaky toilets, and so onââtells a dramatically more nuanced, useful story around what is happening and what to do about it,â he says.
In that case, McGrail notes, mapping might offer chronically understaffed inspectional departments a better way to prioritize their code enforcement. Similarly, layering vacancy data over out-of-state ownership maps can inform discussions around land use policies such as a split-rate tax.
âSo many times, policy discussions happen in a vacuum of data,â Allenby says. âYouâre talking about theoreticals, abstract numbers, abstract concepts, and you donât really have a good handle on the scale of the issue that youâre talking about. And these tools allow you to frame that conversation very specifically.â
Beyond BaltimoreÂ
CGS can provide a granular data map customized to an organizationâs or communityâs needs in just a couple of weeks, Allenby says. And itâs not just a tool for cities. CGS has also mapped the entire state of Massachusetts for a housing nonprofit, and is currently documenting timberland ownership across Alabama.
CGS also partnered with the International Land Conservation Network to combine the research of multiple conservation organizations in search of âConsensus Landscapesââareas that meet not just one conservation priority, such as biodiversity, habitat connectivity, or carbon storage potential, but many such goals, all at once. The goal of this collaborative mapping framework, according to CGS, is to identify “places that everyone can agree are important, and should be the immediate focus of collective conservation effortsâ as the United States works to protect 30 percent of its land by 2030.
The Center for Geospatial Solutions created a framework for mapping “consensus landscapes” by assessing and integrating the research of several conservation organizations. Credit: Center for Geospatial Solutions.
Jim Gray, senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute, is now working with CGS to study ownership trends among manufactured housing communities, which have also garnered the attention of real estate investors in recent years for their relatively low costs and reliable rents. Gray calls CGSâs work âinvaluableâ for its ability to transform a largely anecdotal challenge into real data.
âKnowing the extent of the problem, who is responsible, and where the problem is most acute will help inform and target which communities need to prioritize preserving this affordable housing stock, and how to go about that,â he says.
To learn more or to work with the Center for Geospatial Solutions, visit the CGS website or contact cgs@lincolninst.edu.
Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Lead image: This Center for Geospatial Solutions image combines spatial analysis with land parcel data to illustrate different types of property ownership, part of a project intended to help communities better understand how institutional investors are affecting local land markets. Credit: Center for Geospatial Solutions.
Oportunidades de bolsas
Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre polĂticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climĂĄtico
Submission Deadline:
September 17, 2023 at 11:59 PM
El Lincoln Institute of Land Policy convoca a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar del concurso “Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático”, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. El premio está dedicado a la memoria de Tim Lopes, periodista brasileño asesinado mientras hacía investigación para un reportaje sobre las favelas de Rio de Janeiro.
Convocamos a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar de este concurso, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. Recibimos postulaciones para el premio hasta el 17 de septiembre de 2023. Para ver detalles sobre la convocatoria vea el botón "Guía/Guide" o el archivo a continuación titulado "Guía/Guide".
Adaptação, BRT, Transporte RĂĄpido por Onibus, Mitigação ClimĂĄtica, Desenvolvimento ComunitĂĄrio, Fundos ImobiliĂĄrios ComunitĂĄrios, Preservação, Desenvolvimento, Resolução de Conflitos, Expropriação, Meio Ambiente, Favela, GestĂŁo do Crescimento, Habitação, Inequidade, Mercados FundiĂĄrios Informais, Infraestrutura, Reforma FundiĂĄria, Especulação FundiĂĄrio, Uso do Solo, Planejamento de Uso do Solo, Valor da Terra, Tributação ImobiliĂĄria, Governo Local, SaĂșde Fiscal Municipal, Recursos Naturais, Planejamento, Pobreza, Finanças PĂșblicas, PolĂticas PĂșblicas, ResiliĂȘncia, Segurança de Posse, Segregação, Favela, Partes Interessadas, Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel, Desenvolvimento Orientado ao Transporte, Transporte, Desenvolvimento Urbano, Regeneração Urbana, Espraiamento Urbano, Melhoria Urbana e Regularização, Urbanismo, Recuperação de Mais-Valias, Ăgua, Planeamento hĂdrico, Zonificação