The world is rapidly urbanizing, and experts predict that up to 80 percent of the population will live in cities by 2050. To accommodate that growth while ensuring quality of life for all residents, cities are increasingly turning to technology. From apps that make it easier for citizens to pitch in on civic improvement projects to comprehensive plans for smarter streets and neighborhoods, new tools and approaches are taking root across the United States and around the world. Three US mayors and the author of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy’s newest book, City Tech: 20 Apps, Ideas, and Innovators Changing the Urban Landscape, discuss how cities across the United States and beyond are using technology and innovation to enact equitable and sustainable change.
Learning Objectives:
Investigate the technologies that have emerged in cities over the past few years and their implications for planners, policymakers, and residents
Identify opportunities for municipalities to integrate technology and innovation into the urban realm
Assess the roadblocks or barriers to implementing technological advances in urban spaces and learn from specific city initiatives
The world is changing at an accelerated pace, and the future is more unknowable than ever before. Tech innovations, societal and political shifts, climate change, economic restructuring, and unknown ramifications from COVID-19 make it difficult to plan effectively. The path forward requires adjusting, adapting, and even reinventing planning processes, tools, and skills.
Futures literacy, “the skill that allows people to better understand the role that the future plays in what they see and do,” becomes ever more important in this fast-changing world. It entails the ability to imagine multiple plausible futures, use the future in our work, and plan with the future. In order to help communities navigate change now and later, planners need to understand how future uncertainties may affect the community, how to prepare for them, and how to pivot while the future is approaching. If you want to make the future a better place, learn to use strategic foresight in planning.
Learning Objectives:
Use the future when planning for the future of communities
Understand and utilize strategic foresight methods in planning
Apply foresight methods as part of community engagement processes
This session will share a case study of a one-day scenario planning workshop that brought together a range of government stakeholders to better prepare for future wildfires in Chile. We applied a strategic process with the group to identify uncertainties for their region, develop four possible futures, and to agree on prioritized strategic actions. This method can be applied to any intergovernmental groups wanting to bring staff together on a shared path forward to tackle big issues. In this case the issue was how to be better prepared for future wildfires but the process is transferable. This group of stakeholders was tackling the problem from different perspectives and angles, so bringing them together brought cohesion and an alignment of values, with a path forward.
Learning Objectives:
Understand scenario planning as a strategy tool for internal governance
Apply the creation of future scenarios and resulting strategies to form consensus and coordination
Learn how scenarios can be used to proactively plan for future disasters
“Solo quiero decirle una palabra.
Solo una palabra”.
“Sí, señor”.
“¿Está escuchando?”
“Sí”.
“Plásticos”.
“¿A qué se refiere exactamente?”.
“Hay un gran futuro en los plásticos.
Piénselo. ¿Lo pensará?”.
Me disculpo con mis amigos millennials, pero es inevitable delatar mi edad con este ejemplo emblemático de consejo no solicitado que le dio McGuire a Benjamin en El graduado. Captura lo que más me molesta de los think-tanks sobre políticas: el hábito de proporcionar consejos no solicitados al por mayor. Los think-tanks a menudo evocan preguntas que presumen relevantes, las analizan y, luego, distribuyen recomendaciones de políticas a audiencias desconocidas.
No hay nada menos atractivo que un consejo no solicitado, y los consejos no solicitados sobre políticas, incluso cuando tienen buenas intenciones, socavan el trayecto de resolución de problemas del destinatario y, a menudo, generan frustración. El consejo se suele centrar en el resultado deseado, no en el proceso que se debe emprender para llegar allí. Incluso peor, quien da el consejo no tiene ninguna responsabilidad por el resultado. Al ofrecer soluciones sin inversión, quien da el consejo no arriesga nada, mientras que el receptor lidia con las posibles consecuencias de actuar según el consejo. ¿Cómo se esperaba exactamente que Benjamin manifestara el potencial de los plásticos?
Se nos conoce por hacer esto en el Instituto Lincoln. Tomemos el ejemplo de la recuperación de plusvalías del suelo: Durante décadas, hemos aconsejado a los gobiernos locales que utilicen esta herramienta de financiamiento basada en el suelo para movilizar renta que pueda ayudar a pagar la infraestructura urbana. Hemos sugerido a los financiadores municipales que suscriban préstamos contra la renta futura capturada de los incrementos del valor del suelo. Hemos escrito documentos para presentarles el concepto a los gobiernos y los financiadores, descrito múltiples herramientas de recuperación de plusvalías del suelo que pueden usar y producido estudios de casos de buenas prácticas en lugares como San Pablo. Pero, a menudo, no nos hemos acercado a los profesionales para ayudarlos a decidir qué herramientas de recuperación de plusvalías del suelo son las mejores para sus circunstancias y aprender con ellos a medida que las adoptan y las implementan. Eso está por cambiar.
Antes de explicar cómo, permítanme señalar que otro tipo de consejo inútil son las “buenas prácticas”. Defender “buenas prácticas” para resolver problemas sociales, económicos o medioambientales complejos ignora el contexto del desafío en cuestión, no tiene en cuenta los recursos o capacidades de las personas y organizaciones que intentan adaptar el enfoque exitoso de alguien más y, a menudo, genera frustración e ineficiencia cuando la solución prescrita no se alinea con la realidad. La idea de las buenas prácticas ahoga la innovación y la creatividad, desalienta la exploración y la experimentación y suele pasar por alto soluciones más apropiadas y eficaces. Y, en todo caso, ¿quién sabe si la práctica es “buena“?
El mundo es dinámico y el contexto importa. Confiar solo en las normas establecidas promueve la aceptación pasiva en lugar de fomentar un entorno en el que las personas cuestionan las suposiciones y se involucran de forma activa en la resolución de los problemas. En lugar de adherirse ciegamente a las “buenas prácticas”, una mejor estrategia para abordar problemas complejos radica en comprender el contexto y adoptar un enfoque basado en principios. Esto defiende la adaptabilidad y fomenta soluciones personalizadas para abordar los matices únicos de cada desafío. Obliga a las personas a sopesar varias opciones y tomar decisiones informadas basadas en la evidencia y la lógica.
Entonces, ¿cómo se relaciona esto con el trabajo del Instituto Lincoln? Este otoño, con nuestro socio Claremont Lincoln University (CLU), lanzamos el programa Lincoln Vibrant Communities. Este nuevo proyecto encarna nuestras mejores ideas sobre cómo atravesar la brecha entre la teoría y la práctica. Prioriza el liderazgo, la acción, la colaboración y los resultados tangibles. Es una iniciativa audaz e innovadora que busca transformar la forma en que trabajamos, aprendemos y actuamos juntos para resolver los desafíos apremiantes que enfrentan las ciudades de todos los tamaños.
Muchas comunidades, en particular las que enfrentan dificultades económicas, carecen de la capacidad (recursos financieros y humanos) para implementar planes de desarrollo ambiciosos. La burocracia, las regulaciones obsoletas y las estructuras de poder muy arraigadas impiden el progreso y reprimen la innovación. Con frecuencia, la falta de confianza entre los residentes y los dirigentes locales, junto con las limitadas oportunidades de participación significativa, socavan la eficacia de las iniciativas de desarrollo. La mayoría de las veces, la presión para producir resultados inmediatos hace que los profesionales se centren en soluciones rápidas en lugar de soluciones sostenibles a largo plazo.
En las próximas décadas, capacitaremos a una nueva generación de dirigentes y los equiparemos con las habilidades, las herramientas y los recursos para transformar sus ciudades. Ayudaremos a estos dirigentes a involucrar a equipos intersectoriales en sus comunidades que puedan trabajar con los residentes a fin de ser dueños de su propio futuro mediante la resolución colectiva de problemas complejos. Lincoln Vibrant Communities proporcionará la capacitación, las herramientas, los recursos y el apoyo necesarios para convertir las ideas en realidad. Y tenemos la intención de realizarlo a escala.
Nuestra nueva iniciativa se inspira en los mejores programas de capacitación de desarrollo del liderazgo y basados en desafíos que hemos visto, incluidos los programas Fulcrum Fellow y Community Catalyst del Centro para la Inversión Comunitaria y el programa Achieving Excellence de NeighborWorks America. Se basa en los superpoderes tanto de CLU como del Instituto Lincoln, ya que adapta el plan de estudios de formación para el liderazgo de CLU y se sustenta en la vasta fuente de investigación, herramientas políticas y experiencia del instituto.
Lincoln Vibrant Communities comienza con la identificación y la capacitación de dirigentes emergentes de diversos orígenes y sectores. Estas personas completarán un programa intensivo de desarrollo para el liderazgo de seis meses centrado en comprender las complejidades de los desafíos urbanos, potenciar las habilidades para el liderazgo colaborativo, desarrollar capacidades de planificación e implementación estratégica y aprender a aprovechar los activos y recursos de la comunidad. Después de completar la capacitación, estos dirigentes regresarán a sus respectivas ciudades y reclutarán equipos diversos de personas que representen a los sectores público, privado y ciudadano. Esta colaboración intersectorial es vital para abordar desafíos complejos que exigen soluciones multifacéticas.
Cada equipo identificará un desafío importante al que se enfrenta su ciudad. Esto podría abarcar una gama de problemas, desde la revitalización económica y la vivienda asequible hasta la sostenibilidad medioambiental y la seguridad pública. Luego, los equipos regresarán para recibir capacitación integral en equipo durante seis meses adicionales, lo cual les dará herramientas y políticas desarrolladas por el Instituto Lincoln. Esta capacitación proporcionará un marco para enfrentar sus desafíos y construir soluciones sostenibles. Con la guía de formadores experimentados, los equipos elaborarán planes de acción detallados. Luego, los equipos regresarán a sus comunidades y se embarcarán en la aventura de implementar sus planes. A lo largo de este proceso de 18 meses, los equipos recibirán apoyo continuo y, lo más importante, asesoramiento del programa para garantizar que no se desvíen y que superen cualquier obstáculo que puedan encontrar.
Lincoln Vibrant Communities tiene el potencial de revolucionar el campo del desarrollo comunitario y económico. Al atravesar el espacio entre la teoría y la práctica y empoderar a los dirigentes locales para que actúen, el programa está diseñado para producir mejoras concretas en las ciudades participantes. Al enfrentar los principales desafíos con determinación, los equipos harán una diferencia real en las vidas de los residentes locales. Además, el programa desarrollará la capacidad de los dirigentes y las comunidades locales para diseñar soluciones para desafíos complejos que puedan implementarse una y otra vez. Las habilidades y el conocimiento adquiridos a través de Lincoln Vibrant Communities tendrán un impacto duradero, lo que permitirá a las comunidades continuar progresando mucho después de que concluya el programa.
Este programa culminará en una red creciente y curada de solucionadores especializados de problemas comunitarios. Nuestro enfoque cultiva la innovación al priorizar la comprensión y la adaptación sobre la implementación de memoria. Fomenta un espíritu de aprendizaje continuo al incitar a las personas a reflexionar sobre sus experiencias y perfeccionar sus estrategias de resolución de problemas. Lincoln Vibrant Communities no se trata solo de resolver problemas, sino de construir un movimiento de dirigentes empoderados que se comprometan a crear ciudades vibrantes, sostenibles y equitativas. Al cerrar la brecha entre teoría y práctica, podemos liberar todo el potencial de nuestras comunidades y crear un futuro más próspero para todas las personas.
George W. McCarthy es presidente y director ejecutivo del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.
Imagen principal: El programa Lincoln Vibrant Communities está diseñado para dotar a los responsables de la formulación de políticas locales de la capacidad y la convicción para abordar problemas sociales, ambientales y económicos complejos. Crédito: Claremont Lincoln University (CLU).
City Tech
¿Puede la IA mejorar el planeamiento urbano?
Por Rob Walker, Setembro 9, 2024
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Municipios grandes y pequeños, desde Florida hasta Nueva Inglaterra, y desde Canadá hasta Australia, han anunciado proyectos piloto relacionados con la IA centrados en las tareas cotidianas que mantienen a nuestras ciudades en constante movimiento.
“Se trata de acelerar estos procesos realmente mundanos, y luego permitir que expertos con un alto nivel de formación y especialización se centren en lo que en realidad necesita concentración”.
No va a reemplazar a las personas. Nunca vamos a emitirle un permiso de construcción de un bot de IA”.
En el animado debate cultural sobre los riesgos y las posibilidades de la inteligencia artificial, las ventajas y desventajas imaginadas se han inclinado hacia lo sensacionalista. Se le ha prestado poca atención masiva al potencial impacto de la tecnología en las tareas cotidianas que mantienen a nuestras ciudades en movimiento, como las revisiones de permisos de construcción, los procesos de solicitud de urbanización y el cumplimiento del código de planificación. Pero las necesidades en esas áreas son bastante reales, y resulta que los experimentos para aplicar los últimos avances de la IA en este tipo de operaciones ya están en marcha. Municipios grandes y pequeños, desde Florida hasta Nueva Inglaterra, y desde Canadá hasta Australia, han anunciado proyectos piloto relacionados con la IA y otros esfuerzos exploratorios.
Si bien los enfoques varían, los desafíos son prácticamente universales. Determinar si los proyectos de construcción o urbanización propuestos cumplen con todos los códigos de suelo y edificación es un proceso detallado, a menudo lento: puede ser confuso para los solicitantes y requerir un extenso trabajo de fondo para los municipios y otras autoridades. La esperanza es que la IA pueda ayudar a que ese proceso, o “las partes tediosas del planeamiento de las ciudades”, como lo expresó sin rodeos la publicación Government Technology, sean más rápidos y eficaces, así como más precisos y comprensibles. Lo ideal sería que incluso permitiera a los departamentos de planificación racionalizar y reasignar recursos.
Pero, según explicaron con claridad los funcionarios de la ciudad que en verdad están trabajando con la nueva tecnología, hay un largo camino por recorrer para llegar a ese punto. Y, dado que algunos de los momentos más publicitados de la IA hasta la fecha han involucrado fracasos avergonzantes (como la herramienta de búsqueda de IA de Google que asesora a los usuarios sobre los beneficios de comer rocas y agregar pegamento a la pizza), la mayoría está procediendo con cuidado.
Suele haber un “ciclo de exageración” entre la promesa temprana de una nueva tecnología y la eventual realidad, advierte Andreas Boehm, el gerente de ciudades inteligentes de Kelowna, Columbia Británica, una ciudad de alrededor de 145.000 habitantes. El equipo de Boehm se encarga de buscar nuevas oportunidades para aprovechar las innovaciones tecnológicas para la ciudad y sus residentes. Aunque se dice mucho, aún no hemos visto muchos “ejemplos concretos y tangibles” de la IA como una fuerza “transformadora” en los sistemas de planificación, dice Boehm. Pero es posible que pronto comencemos a ver resultados reales.
Boehm señala que Canadá está experimentando una escasez de viviendas, y un avance más rápido en las nuevas construcciones podría ayudar. El proceso para obtener permisos tiene incluso más obstáculos con las consultas de los propietarios actuales sobre la zonificación y los problemas de código para proyectos más rutinarios. Durante algunos años, Kelowna ha usado un chatbot para responder preguntas comunes, dice Boehm. Eso ha ayudado a liberar un poco de tiempo, pero la versión generativa más reciente de la IA puede manejar una gama mucho más amplia de consultas, redactadas en lenguaje natural, con respuestas precisas y específicas. Así que Kelowna comenzó a trabajar con Microsoft para crear una versión nueva y mucho más sofisticada de la herramienta que incorpora la funcionalidad de IA Copilot de Microsoft, que la ciudad utiliza hoy en día como ayuda para quienes solicitan permisos.
Boehm dice que el equipo de Ciudades Inteligentes y sus asesores trabajaron con varios residentes (incluidos aquellos sin conocimientos de permisos) y con constructores experimentados para desarrollar la herramienta, que puede dar respuestas de alto nivel o señalar disposiciones específicas del código. Ha agilizado y acelerado el proceso de solicitud de forma notable. “Libera el tiempo del personal” dado que el personal debe hacerse cargo de menos preguntas al principio del proceso, dice Boehm. “Así que ahora pueden centrarse en el procesamiento de las solicitudes que están llegando. Y, a menudo, la calidad de estas es bastante mejor porque las personas utilizan estas herramientas de IA a la hora de crear las solicitudes y, así, obtienen toda la información que necesitan”.
En otra parte de Canadá, la ciudad de Burlington, Ontario, cerca de Toronto, ha estado desarrollando herramientas de IA generativa en colaboración con Archistar, la firma australiana de tecnología y bienes raíces. Chad MacDonald, director de información de Burlington (y antes director ejecutivo de servicios digitales), dice que Burlington, con una población de 200.000 habitantes, también enfrenta una crisis de vivienda. Con poco espacio disponible para la construcción de viviendas unifamiliares, su enfoque está en mejorar el proceso de manejo de proyectos más grandes, que incluyen propuestas industriales y comerciales, con una perspectiva hacia la creación de una plataforma única que funcione para todo tipo de proyectos. El sistema que la ciudad está desarrollando tiene como objetivo integrar no solo la zonificación y los estatutos locales, sino también el Código de Edificación de Ontario, que afecta a todas las estructuras de la provincia.
Probar este sistema implica verificar si realiza una evaluación correcta de planes ya presentados cuyo resultado se conoce. Este proceso también entrena a la IA. “Cada vez que corregimos una inexactitud en el algoritmo, en realidad lo hace más inteligente”, explica MacDonald. “De este modo, cada vez se volverá más preciso”. Y si la solución propuesta a un problema de permiso podría crear dos problemas más en la solicitud, el sistema está diseñado para señalarlo de inmediato, y así evitar un largo proceso de reenvío. En mayo, se completó una ronda de pruebas “extremadamente exitosa”, dice MacDonald, y espera que el uso de la tecnología por parte de la ciudad se expanda.
MacDonald prevé que la tecnología avance hasta el punto de crear diseños que cumplan con el código. ¿Eso no dejará a ingenieros y arquitectos fuera del negocio? Él responde que, en realidad, es vital que haya personas en el proceso. “Se trata de acelerar estos procesos realmente mundanos”, dice, “y luego permitir que estos expertos con un alto nivel de formación y especialización se centren en lo que en realidad necesita concentración”.
En Honolulu, ampliar el uso de herramientas de IA es parte de un plan más amplio para usar la tecnología a fin de abordar una importante acumulación de permisos. En 2021, el alcalde de la ciudad declaró que el proceso estaba “roto” y se comprometió a una revisión. En 2022, un proceso de preselección de permisos implicó “una espera intolerable de seis meses” hasta alcanzar un revisor, dice Dawn Takeuchi Apuna, directora del Departamento de Planificación y Permisos de Honolulu. La ciudad agregó un bot de IA que pudo revisar algunos de los elementos de la lista de preselección en un proceso recientemente simplificado y ayudó a reducir la espera a dos o tres días. Ese éxito ayudó a dar paso a un piloto de IA generativa más expansivo con CivCheck, la empresa emergente con sede en Chicago, una relación que Takeuchi Apuna espera que continúe.
“Hemos aprendido que las posibilidades para la IA en nuestros procesos de negocio son enormes”, dice, “y que la pieza más importante es la gente que la usa”. Enfatiza que esto es solo parte de una revisión que también incluye una mejor capacitación del personal y una mejor comunicación con los solicitantes. “Es un valor que uno debe aportar y seguir aplicando como parte de la IA a fin de obtener los mejores resultados”.
Si bien estos primeros resultados son prometedores, quedan muchos desafíos de y cuestiones inciertas de la IA. Algunas de las empresas emergentes que prometen poderosas herramientas de IA generativa no se han probado. Y, como señala MacDonald, la tecnología no es barata. También es necesario establecer estándares en torno a la recopilación de datos y la privacidad. (Kelowna, por ejemplo, está trabajando en cuestiones de políticas y orientación con el Montreal AI Ethics Institute, una organización sin fines de lucro). Y, por supuesto, existen preocupaciones públicas más generales sobre cederle demasiado control a una herramienta automatizada, por muy inteligente y capaz de recibir entrenamiento que sea. “No va a reemplazar a las personas”, dice Boehm. “Nunca vamos a emitirle un permiso de construcción de un bot de IA”.
De hecho, añade, esa preocupación podría considerarse una oportunidad, si las ciudades usan la IA de manera reflexiva y transparente. Aunque el gobierno a menudo es opaco y, por lo tanto, muchas personas lo tratan con escepticismo, la IA “es una gran oportunidad para desmitificar al gobierno”, comenta Boehm. “[Puede ampliar la] comprensión de que, al final del día, en realidad se trata de las personas y de apoyarlas”. En otras palabras, en el mejor de los casos, la IA podría mejorar un proceso burocrático complicado pero vital al darle un toque más humano.
We live in a world characterized by accelerating change and increased uncertainty. Planners are tasked with helping their communities navigate these changes and prepare for an uncertain future. However, conventional planning practices often fail to adequately consider the future, even while planning for it. Most plans reflect past data and current assumptions but do not account for emerging trends on the horizon.
To create resilient and equitable plans for the future, planners need to incorporate foresight into their work. This presentation outlines emerging trends that will be vital for planners to consider and introduces strategies for making sense of the future while practicing foresight in community planning. By embracing foresight—understanding potential future trends and knowing how to prepare for them—planners can effectively guide change, foster more sustainable and equitable outcomes, and position themselves as critical contributors to thriving communities. The practice of foresight is imperative for equipping communities for what lies ahead.
Learning Objectives:
Make sense of the future and plan for future uncertainties
Use the 2025 trend report when planning for the future of communities
Tackle external drivers of change that may impact communities in the future
Este curso virtual, ofrece una aproximación a la gestión urbana desde la planificación como herramienta de diagnóstico, predicción y resolución de conflictos. Se analizan los conflictos urbanos considerando el contexto, la naturaleza del problema y los intereses de las partes involucradas. A partir de este enfoque, se establecen procesos y estrategias aplicables a las ciudades latinoamericanas para mejorar las condiciones sociales y ambientales.
La planificación urbana se concibe como una práctica participativa, proactiva y dinámica, fundamentada en métodos y técnicas que permiten prevenir y resolver conflictos, y que favorece un desarrollo urbano inclusivo y sostenible.
Relevancia:
La rápida urbanización en América Latina y el Caribe en las últimas décadas ha generado una creciente demanda de infraestructura y servicios. Esta expansión ha superado la capacidad de respuesta de los gobiernos nacionales, subnacionales y locales, lo que ha derivado en el deterioro del medio ambiente urbano y ha afectado la calidad de vida en las ciudades. Esta situación, caracterizada por disputas sobre el uso del suelo, la falta de infraestructura adecuada y condiciones de inequidad y vulnerabilidad dificulta o incluso impide el desarrollo sostenible.
En este contexto, la gestión de conflictos urbanos se posiciona como uno de los desafíos más críticos para la planificación urbana. Abordar estos conflictos requiere diseñar procesos colaborativos que permitan mediar entre intereses contrapuestos, promover la participación activa de todas las partes y fomentar el intercambio de información, perspectivas y necesidades, y así poder propiciar el aprendizaje conjunto. Al aplicar estas estrategias, la gestión de conflictos urbanos contribuye de manera significativa al logro de los objetivos de sostenibilidad a nivel local, regional y global.
La fecha límite para postular es el 16 de marzo de 2025.
So, what have we learned? Because the conflicts and collaborations compiled in this book are a mere dress rehearsal for the next wave of disruptions poised to crash upon cities, led by AI and climate change (which are increasingly entwined). More important than the legacy of any single project contained within these pages are the overarching lessons ensuring we won’t get fooled again.
First, governments must build their capacity to assess, deploy, and regulate urban tech. They should become comfortable with forecasting the impacts of nascent technologies before they pose a problem—or potentially hold the solution to pressing needs. For example, consider the contrast between the way Uber and Lyft ran roughshod over regulators for more than a decade and cities’ far more proactive stance toward autonomous vehicles. Having internalized the former’s externalities through increased congestion, reduced transit ridership, and higher pedestrian fatalities, cities have rightly kept a tighter grip on the wheel this time around.
Demonstrating this kind of hard-won wisdom, New York City passed a law overseeing the use of AI in hiring decisions just months after the launch of ChatGPT. The mayor’s office quickly followed that by announcing a Department of Sustainable Delivery, which would be the first agency of its kind devoted to tackling the thorny issues raised by the skyrocketing number of e-bikes and e-commerce deliveries—including curb congestion and an epidemic of battery fires. But employers have overwhelmingly shirked the AI law, while even designated battery charging hubs have been fined for unsafe practices. There are still limits to what one city can do.
Which is why cities must work together to share tough lessons, find strength in numbers, and scale promising technologies. With more than 200 members in 40-plus states, Next Century Cities was a model for joint advocacy on behalf of public infrastructure. Over time it was joined by new peer networks such as the Open Mobility Foundation, an international city-led developer of open-source standards and software for managing vehicles and curbs. “You cannot negotiate with an Amazon or an Uber city by city,” former Paris Deputy Mayor Jean Louis Missika once told me. “You have to say the rules of the game are the same in Singapore and Paris.”
The only way for cities to set those rules is to invest in building digital infrastructure themselves. One reason Sidewalk Toronto’s cautionary tale still resonates is that the public-private partnership overseeing the project failed to define what it wanted from its Alphabet-backed vendor. While privacy concerns grabbed headlines, Waterfront Toronto’s dereliction of duty is more troubling. When public agencies lack technical sophistication, they risk ceding control of public assets and data to private companies, which may prioritize profitable enclaves over inclusive deployment. Building public-sector capacity is critical to ensuring urban tech innovations benefit all residents, not just a privileged few.
But it’s also essential to do so democratically, in conjunction with residents, and this is where public officials and agencies have repeatedly stumbled—whether folding in the face of implacable NIMBYs or failing to persuade marginalized communities their best intentions aren’t stalking horses for gentrification. CoUrbanize and pandemic-era virtual planning meetings hinted at the potential for new forms of cocreation, now being realized through generative AI tools such as UrbanistAI and Betterstreets.ai, which enable nonexperts to visualize exactly (more or less) what they want. Whether the matter at hand is new bus routes or bike lanes or berms against flooding, assuring public buy-in is crucial to meeting cities’ climate goals in time for them to matter.
If the last decade of urban tech has been a dress rehearsal, then the curtain is now rising on the most momentous decade of change most cities have ever had to face. “Technology is the answer, but what was the question?” the British architect Cedric Price famously asked. Finally it is our turn to formulate what we demand from our technologies, versus the other way around.
Greg Lindsay is a nonresident senior fellow of MIT’s Future Urban Collectives lab, Arizona State University’s Threatcasting Lab, and the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Strategy Initiative. He was the founding chief communications officer of AlphaGeo and remains a senior advisor. Most recently, he was a 2022–2023 urban tech fellow at Cornell Tech’s Jacobs Institute, where he explored the implications of AI and AR at urban scale.
Lead image: A fleet of electric buses waits to be exported from China to Chile. Credit: Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
Eventos
XSP San Juan County Workshop
Fevereiro 28, 2025
Farmingon, NM United States
Offered in inglês
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The XSP workshop aims to help San Juan River users explore the impacts of changing water availability in the context of the region’s agricultural significance, as well as broader climate, energy, and economic transitions. Participants will envision and discuss plausible futures, develop strategies to adapt and mitigate risks, and identify opportunities to navigate an uncertain future effectively.
Adaptação, Mitigação Climática, Meio Ambiente, Gestão Ambiental, Planejamento Ambiental, Terra Agrícola, Várzeas, Uso do Solo, Planejamento, Planejamento de Cenários, Partes Interessadas, Água
Where to Build and How to Pay for It: Experts Weigh In
That we need more affordable housing—a lot more of it—is hardly in dispute. Attainable housing is the foundation of economic and social stability for American families, and by most estimates, the shortage of available, affordable homes in the US numbers in the millions.
And yet actually building more of the affordable housing that everyone seems to agree we need remains a challenge in communities across the country, as theoretical support crashes headlong into real-world resistance and constraints.
In a December webinar hosted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, experts dove into the devilish details to address two of the thorniest questions that tend to haunt housing discussions: Where can we locate affordable housing? And how do we pay for it?
Mapping Public, Buildable Lots
In the first of two sessions, Jeff Allenby, director of geospatial innovation at the Lincoln Institute’s Center for Geospatial Solutions (CGS), shared how CGS is leveraging technology to help local policymakers get the data they need to act on housing.
“We’ve developed a unique, rapid, and robust method to unlock critical information about America’s housing stock,” Allenby said, describing Who Owns America, a unique analysis CGS developed to help local leaders understand and act on emerging issues like out-of-state investor ownership or locating underutilized lots in parcel-by-parcel detail. “It’s the same type of sophisticated insights the private sector uses to profit from residential housing, but instead we put these insights in the hands of policymakers so they can protect and preserve affordability.”
CGS cleans and standardizes parcel-level ownership data, fusing it “with authoritative sources like deed information, corporate structures, and census data to fill in gaps and paint a richer picture all in one place,” Allenby explained. “There’s never been such a severe shortage of homes in the United States,” Allenby said. “To address it, we need more housing—affordable housing—built close to where people work and where they want to live. But the big question we’re trying to answer is, where do we build it?” he added. “For us, the answer starts with data—building an inventory of available land in your area.”
Researchers and officials from across the political spectrum have expressed a growing interest in siting new housing on city- or government-owned property. That prompted CGS to evaluate all the government-owned lots across the country and their potential to support new housing, explained Reina Chano Murray, associate director at CGS. “We were curious: How much land is government owned, and how much of an impact can it truly have?” she said.
Murray demonstrated how the CGS team identified over 270,000 acres of buildable, transit-served lots owned by government agencies in major metro areas—enough acreage to support nearly two million homes at the relatively low density of seven units per acre. Most of that land, Murray noted—237,000 acres—is controlled by local governments, making them uniquely positioned to act. “Ultimately, the ability to turn these housing opportunities into reality rests with local policymakers,” she said.
A national analysis by the Center for Geospatial Solutions illustrated the amount of potentially buildable, government-owned land across the country. The data can be viewed at state and local levels. Credit: CGS.
The process began with identifying publicly owned land at all levels of government and scouring parcel records for keywords that would indicate government ownership, such as “Department of Transportation.” Many records are not so straightforward or standardized, though. Murray said her team has encountered “over 50 different ways to spell USA or United States of America, and the variations in naming conventions only increase” at the local level.
From there, the team winnowed the data further to include only census tracts in urban areas and economic centers — where the most housing demand exists — and further still, to areas within a quarter-mile of a transit stop with hourly service or better at rush hour. Murray’s team then removed parks and other green spaces, vital infrastructure, and public buildings, such as administrative offices, schools, community colleges, and hospitals.
To narrow it down to truly buildable lots, they excluded places located in flood hazard areas and chose parcels of at least 20,000 square feet where any existing structures occupied no more than 5 percent of the lot. “We now have a clear and data-backed answer that indicates significant opportunity for addressing the affordable housing crisis using government-owned land,” Murray said. “Our analysis identified over a quarter of a million acres of prime, development-ready land in transit-accessible, urban neighborhoods.”
Murray then presented findings from another inquiry. In response to so-called “YIGBY” laws (Yes In God’s Backyard) passed in California and Arizona—which make it easier for churches, temples, mosques, and other faith-based organizations to build housing on their properties—the Boston-based Lynch Foundation commissioned CGS to determine how much affordable housing could be built on land owned by faith-based organizations in Massachusetts.
After identifying about 7,000 properties owned by faith-based organizations statewide, a team of 15 students at Boston College “virtually visited” each site through a custom application, using Google Street View to examine each parcel and answering basic survey questions, such as whether there was developable space on-site or additional buildings not used for worship. CGS confirmed 1,973 faith-based parcels deemed to have over 203 million square feet of total developable space. At seven homes per acre, Murray said, “That’s enough land to build over 140,000 units of affordable housing in Massachusetts alone.”
The effort took less than two months to complete, from start to finish—showing plenty of potential for religious institutions to alleviate the housing shortage and for technology to help policymakers quickly and accurately identify buildable land that has been hiding in plain sight.
Funding the Future
If locating land is the first step, finding the financing to build housing on those lots is the next challenge. Lincoln Institute Senior Fellow R.J. McGrail welcomed three partners affiliated with Lincoln’s Accelerating Community Investment (ACI) initiative to discuss funding strategies for affordable housing development.
Laura Brunner, president and CEO of the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority, kicked things off on a positive note. She explained how Cincinnati, like other Midwestern cities, has been a prime target for institutional investors whose playbook involves outbidding first-time buyers to purchase single-family homes, then renting them out, often at inflated rates, locking residents out of homeownership opportunities.
But in 2022, the Port learned about a portfolio of almost 200 investor-owned rental houses that were being auctioned out of receivership. With a goal of restoring homeownership opportunities for the city’s low- and middle-income residents, the Port issued both taxable and tax-exempt bonds to enter a $15.5 million bid on the portfolio—and won.
“We first went to our nonprofit partners to ask if they would support us, and what we heard back was, ‘Yes, you have a mandate, a moral imperative to do this. We have to save these homeownership opportunities,’” Brunner said.
The plan was to rehab the vacant homes and sell them at prices affordable to buyers earning 80 percent of the area median income (AMI), while stabilizing the existing tenants and getting them prepared for eventual homeownership through home-buying education and financial counseling.
“We issued these bonds really confident that we were going to be able to take 200 homes and put them back into homeownership from rental without any subsidy, which is unheard of—all the new home construction we do requires a significant amount of subsidy,” Brunner said.
But while the receiver had claimed 10 of the properties were vacant, at least 60 of them turned out to be unoccupied—and in very bad shape. The Port has thus spent more money than expected to get the vacant houses ready for resale (and, at a local appraiser’s suggestion, to perform essential upgrades that most low-income homebuyers can’t afford to do themselves, like installing air conditioning). “When we found out the condition the houses really were in, we did need subsidy,” Brunner said. “But we’ve been successful . . . raising a number of grants that allow us to continue to keep the price down as much as possible.”
One of nearly 200 homes purchased by the Port of Cincinnati in a bid to fend off institutional investors and restore homeownership opportunities for local residents. Credit: Port of Cincinnati.
To date the Port has rehabbed and sold half of the 60 vacant homes at an average price of $150,000. “These are low- and moderate-income Black and brown neighborhoods [where residents] have basically not had an opportunity to purchase a home because such a high percentage were owned by these investors, and so we’re suppressing the sales price as much as we can,” she said.
The Port, which has also created affordable housing through a local land bank it’s managed since 2011, requires homebuyers to occupy its homes for at least five years before reselling. And after more than a decade of doing so, their efforts are creating real neighborhood wealth, Brunner said.
“We’ve done it long enough now that we’ve had about 30 people that have subsequently sold their house, and what we found is that those homeowners had a profit of 52 percent,” Brunner said. “So it proves that, even in these deeply distressed neighborhoods, we are making a market and . . . there’s wealth creation opportunity, which is what we’re all about.”
Plugging Gaps with Flexible Funding
MassHousing, the state housing finance agency for Massachusetts, also views homeownership as a way to help close the racial wealth gap, said Executive Director Chrystal Kornegay. “We sell tax-exempt and taxable bonds and use the proceeds of those bonds to lend to low- and moderate-income homebuyers,” she explained, as well as to developers of rental housing to ensure they keep a portion of their units affordable.
But when MassHousing conducted a study on where people of color were buying homes in Massachusetts, the organization noticed a pattern: Not only was new housing not being built at the pace it was two decades ago, Kornegay said, “but where it was being built was not the places in which people of color lived.” In response, the agency is trying to ensure some of its programs, such as down payment assistance for first-time buyers and incentives for affordable housing developers, are used more often in communities where people of color want to live.
Kornegay then discussed how zoning is often perceived as the primary obstacle to getting more affordable housing built but said that financing has become an even bigger hurdle in recent years, due to higher interest rates and other market conditions.
“Getting access to capital has become a huge barrier,” she said, noting that over 20,000 already-permitted units in Massachusetts have stalled out in development “because the capital stack for those deals just didn’t make sense anymore.”
Most large-scale, multifamily buildings in Massachusetts are permitted through the state’s comprehensive permit law, known as 40B, Kornegay said. And since those projects require at least 20 percent of the units to be affordable, at 80 percent of AMI, “they have affordability built into them,” she said. So Massachusetts created a flexible financial product geared specifically toward such projects, available through MassHousing, called “Momentum Equity.” While not a subsidy, it’s designed to blend with private financing and inject the extra capital needed—up to 25 percent of a project’s equity—to get more of those developments off the sidelines and into production. (Equity financing refers to an investment-style ownership stake, as opposed to a loan that is paid back at agreed-upon terms.)
A second new product, which can be paired with Momentum Equity funding, is called the FORGE loan. “We’ve created this product along with Freddie Mac, in which MassHousing as a lender would put up 10 percent of the total loan amount and serve in the first loan-loss position,” Kornegay explained, thereby securing more favorable lending terms. “These products together really can make an impact in the capital stack and get a bunch of units into construction in the next six to 12 months.”
Tapping Federal Funds Outside of HUD
Greg Heller, director of housing and community solutions at the global consulting firm Guidehouse, described how the two major pandemic relief acts passed by Congress provided a huge influx of federal money that could be used for housing over the past few years—and how more funding exists, if communities know where and how to look for it (and if the funds survive possible freezes or cuts enacted by the Trump administration).
Federal pandemic relief funding provided “new sources of capital that could be applied for things like eviction prevention programs, for things like housing and counseling, and first and foremost for gap financing for either tax-credit projects or non-tax-credit projects,” he said. “Everybody all over the country was trying to figure out how to harness and use these new financing sources.” About 10 percent of the $350 billion that cities and counties received in local recovery funds through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) went to housing, he added—money that needs to be spent by 2026.
What’s interesting, Heller added, is that none of that money came through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). “Obviously, HUD continues to play a leading role . . . but all of these sources came through Treasury, and Treasury started to play a significant role in creating guidance around these programs and understanding how to blend and braid and layer this financing with conventional HUD entitlement sources.”
With ARPA funds hitting their obligation deadlines in 2026, Heller said, “the question is what comes next? And the answer is the funds in the Inflation Reduction Act.”
While ARPA funds were very flexible and could be used for a broad range of activities, he said, the IRA funds are funneled through specific programs at different agencies, including the US Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Treasury, as well as HUD.
“They all have different program guidelines, they all have different definitions of things like low-income disadvantaged communities, and so again it falls on cities, states, counties, to figure out how to harness these programs and use them to fill capital gaps for affordable housing, because it’s one-time funding,” he said. But the scale of the funding makes it worth wrestling with the complexity of the programs, he added.
The EPA, for example, has made $27 billion in funding available through three sources: the $7 billion Solar for All program, the $6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator, and the $14 billion National Clean Investment Fund. “The latter two are flowing through awardees which are coalitions of green banks and CDFIs who are developing their product and starting to close loans and get those funds out on the street, and a lot of that is going to affordable housing,” he said.
The Solar for All program works through designated state entities and regional nonprofits, who aren’t as accustomed to housing finance. But Guidehouse has been working with state housing finance agencies to find ways to also tap into these funds, which can be used to help cover costs associated with rooftop solar installations and building electrification, for example.
“There’s a huge opportunity, for not just financing [on-site] energy generation, but also a range of other costs within the projects to get them solar-ready,” he said. “So those are tremendous opportunities for gap financing for affordable housing projects.”
Heller also urged attendees not to overlook home energy rebates from the Department of Energy, even if they’re more commonly associated with single-family homeowners who want to install a heat pump or insulate their attic, for example.
“These are actually huge opportunities for financing affordable multifamily [housing],” he said. “It’s $8.8 billion, and 10 percent of every state’s rebate assistance has to go to low-income multifamily . . . so there’s a huge focus on low-income multifamily, and there’s categorical eligibility for a whole range of subsidized affordable housing programs, including LIHTC, public housing, HUD and FHA multifamily programs, and a variety of others.”
“Then finally there are a range of tax credit programs that were amended through the IRA to make them more flexible and more available for affordable multifamily projects,” he said.
Of course, Heller acknowledged, some of those programs could see cuts or changes in the Trump administration. “There’s uncertainty [about] how that’s going to impact the programs and their guidance and availability moving forward, and I don’t think anybody has the answer on all of that quite yet,” he said. But the administration has shown an interest in financing more affordable housing, so there could be new opportunities as well, he added. “There will continue to be new programs that everyone has to sort of, in real time, figure out how to pivot and harness those funds and get them into projects that need them.”
Where There’s a Way, There’s a Will?
Wrapping up the webinar, Lincoln Institute President and CEO George W. McCarthy reflected on how a huge national challenge—such as building an extra million homes per year on top of the 1.4 million a year we’re already constructing—can feel unassailable. “[And yet] we produced 2.4 million units of housing in 1972—a much smaller economy, a much smaller population,” McCarthy noted. “So it’s not that we can’t do it.”
As the presenters made clear, he said, buildable lots and funding options do exist—it’s a matter of showing people how to put the pieces together. “We have CGS ready to map it out for you, we have R.J. ready to show people how to blend public, private, and civic capital,” he said. “If we have the money, we have the land, we have the financing, what is missing? And what’s missing, of course, is the political will.”
And even that may not be the immovable obstacle it once was. Citing 12 states from across the political spectrum that have stepped in to preempt local zoning “to make sure that it’s possible to build housing where people have been preventing it from being built,” McCarthy said, “it’s not as if we don’t have some kind of bipartisan support for taking this on.”
With the land, money, and knowledge necessary to address our housing shortage, McCarthy concluded, “we just have to summon the real political will to get it done—and that’s a less daunting task than people would have you believe.”
Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Lead image: The Boston Housing Authority’s Old Colony redevelopment project has used federal funding to convert distressed public housing into safe, affordable, energy-efficient rental units. Credit: Andy Ryan Photography via BHA.