Topic: Planejamento Urbano e Regional

A photo of four men working outside of a house in Truro, Massachusetts. The men are putting the house on stilts to mitigate the encroaching threat of beach erosion.

Lincoln Institute Releases New Report Outlining How Cities Can Tackle Housing, Climate, and Economic Issues Concurrently

By Kristina McGeehan, Fevereiro 24, 2026

The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy today released the Policy Focus Report Planning in a Polycrisis: Equitable Urban Strategies for a Changing Climate. Across the United States and Canada, city planners face a “polycrisis,” as the interacting challenges of adapting to climate change, ensuring housing affordability and security, and prioritizing economic inclusion put competing demands on localities’ limited resources, attention, time, and capacity. This report, written by Emilia Oscilowicz, James J. T. Connolly, and Isabelle Anguelovski from the Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability and with affiliations at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and the University of British Columbia, offers a path forward by producing a framework of actionable strategies for practitioners, policymakers, and others.

“Local leaders face increasing pressure created by converging crises. This report aims to alleviate that pressure by providing a more equitable policy framework,” said George W. McCarthy, president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute. “Creating more climate-friendly, affordable homes while simultaneously cultivating agency, participation, and engagement from frontline communities creates more sustainable urbanism that leads to better outcomes across the board.”

In 2025, researchers interviewed 32 planners and practitioners across five cities—Boston, Massachusetts; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Vancouver, British Columbia; and Washington, DC—and mobilized prior interviews they conducted in those cities to find that traditional approaches to climate action, housing, and economic development are often siloed, which spreads municipal resources very thin. After thorough analysis, the authors created an overarching framework that empowers city leaders to advance climate urbanism that addresses these interconnected challenges. 

The recommendations include securing and expanding local climate action funding; championing resilient, affordable housing solutions; strengthening local economies and connection to place through climate resilience; restructuring and coordinating municipal planning; leveraging short-term projects for long-term goals; and fostering respectful, ongoing community engagement.

To read the full report, visit here.

Fellows in Focus

Decodificar la corrupción en el desarrollo económico urbano

Por Jon Gorey, Fevereiro 5, 2026

El Instituto Lincoln ofrece diversas oportunidades para investigadores que se encuentran a inicios o mitad de sus carreras. En esta serie, hacemos un seguimiento de nuestros becarios para conocer más sobre su trabajo.

Hace varios años, se dio a conocer una importante operación encubierta del FBI en Tallahassee, Florida. Los agentes federales se habían infiltrado en el gobierno de la ciudad, haciéndose pasar por promotores inmobiliarios, y sobornaron con éxito a los funcionarios de desarrollo económico local para ganar votos y contratos.

Kerry Fang, que enseñaba en la Universidad Estatal de Florida en Tallahassee en ese momento, observó cómo se producían múltiples arrestos y se dictaban condenas. Y en la valiosa colección de correspondencia por correo electrónico, registros de reuniones y otras pruebas presentadas que se hicieron públicas, Fang, ahora profesora adjunta de Planeamiento Urbano en la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana-Champaign, vio una valiosa oportunidad de investigación.

“Pude obtener todo ese material, que es especialmente rico y difícil de encontrar, y analizar la existencia de patrones específicos de comunicación en proyectos de corrupción. ¿Podemos ver algunas pistas de corrupción en los intercambios de correos electrónicos?”, comenta Fang. “Ahora estoy trabajando en un libro que analiza la corrupción en los proyectos de desarrollo económico en su conjunto, porque, desafortunadamente, en realidad es más común de lo que pensamos”.

¿El título del libro? “El título provisional es The Most F—d Up Place: An Anatomy of Corruption in Urban Economic Development (El lugar más j—dido: anatomía de la corrupción en el desarrollo económico urbano)”, agrega Fang. La blasfemia proviene de la colorida descripción de la causa de Tallahassee por parte de un agente del FBI.

Fang comenta que sus estudiantes en ese entonces estaban consternados, desalentados y motivados por el escándalo de corrupción. “Estoy muy orgullosa de algunos de mis antiguos estudiantes en el estado de Florida, porque me escucharon hablar de esto en clase y se enojaron”, agrega. “Una de mis exalumnas se postuló para la oficina del comisionado de la ciudad en Tallahassee, y ahora se enorgullece de ser parte de la oficina del comisionado de la ciudad”.

En 2020, Fang recibió una beca internacional del programa de China del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo para estudiar los impactos de la tenencia del suelo en la salud de los niños en la China rural. La investigación de su documento de trabajo resultante se publicó el año pasado en la revista revisada por pares Feminist Economics.

En esta conversación, que se editó por motivos de longitud y claridad, Fang comparte más información de su investigación, por qué los planificadores deben aprender a navegar la política local y por qué considera que la acción y la investigación son antídotos contra la desesperanza.

JON GOREY: ¿Cuál es el enfoque general de la investigación? ¿Y cómo cree que la beca del Instituto Lincoln contribuyó en ese trabajo?

KERRY FANG: El enfoque principal de mi investigación es la política de uso de suelo y su impacto en la equidad y la sostenibilidad, así como la política de desarrollo económico. Ambos campos son pilares muy, muy importantes del urbanismo, y también tienen una conexión estrecha entre sí.

La beca Lincoln me ayudó muchísimo. Al criarme en China [donde, antes de 2003, los derechos colectivos de uso del suelo en las aldeas rurales solían asignarse por tamaño de hogar y redistribuirse de forma periódica], la pregunta particular que me interesaba era: ¿la prohibición de la redistribución de los derechos de uso del suelo, que tenía como objetivo poner fin a la inestabilidad de los hogares rurales, tiene consecuencias no deseadas al negar los derechos al uso del suelo a las mujeres y los niños que llegaron a una aldea después de la prohibición? ¿Esta situación afectaría su posición dentro de la familia, y afecta la forma en que la familia distribuye los recursos?

Gran parte de la investigación previa se centró en la familia en su conjunto, con la siguiente premisa: si la familia se beneficia, todos se benefician. Todos sabemos que no es eso lo que sucede ¿Quién es el jefe de la familia, quién está en verdad a cargo de los recursos de la familia? En especial en el contexto de la China rural, el hombre de la casa es el que tendrá los recursos, y ahora también puede ser el único que puede gozar de los derechos sobre el uso del suelo. ¿Y qué significa eso?

Me fascinó la pregunta y, con la beca Lincoln, pude hacer la encuesta y preguntar explícitamente quién tiene derechos sobre el suelo dentro de un hogar, y analizar cómo eso afecta la distribución de recursos y la salud de los niños, que se está convirtiendo en un problema en China. Descubrí que, cuando se les niega a los niños los derechos sobre el suelo, su salud se deteriora y es más probable que sean obesos. Si la esposa, es decir la madre, tiene derechos sobre el suelo, es más probable que la familia tenga una mejor cobertura de salud. Y si una niña tiene derechos sobre el suelo, es más probable que el padre pase tiempo con su hija.

JG: ¿En qué está trabajando ahora o en qué le gustaría trabajar a futuro?

KF: Respecto del uso del suelo, siempre analicé la transferencia de los derechos de desarrollo. [Mientras estaba en la Universidad Estatal de Florida], comencé a colaborar con otros académicos que están muy interesados en la adaptación costera, y comencé a considerar el uso de la transferencia de los derechos de desarrollo como una herramienta para facilitar la adaptación costera. Porque, en teoría, es la herramienta que puede transferir los derechos de desarrollo de las áreas de alto riesgo a las áreas de menor riesgo. Entonces, tiene sentido, pero las aplicaciones prácticas son muy escasas.

Solo hay un puñado de programas con aplicaciones en los Estados Unidos. Hasta ahora, hubo estudios teóricos o estudios de caso individuales que no rastrearon en forma sistemática el desempeño o los diversos desafíos a los que se enfrentaron. Es por eso que comencé este trabajo, para en verdad analizar estas aplicaciones existentes del uso de la transferencia de los derechos de desarrollo para la adaptación costera y realizar un seguimiento sistemático de su desempeño.

En el otro frente del desarrollo económico, analicé cómo los planificadores se comunican con los políticos y si la comunicación modelará las decisiones de estos últimos. También estoy colaborando con algunos científicos informáticos para hacer un poco de minería de texto en los intercambios de correo electrónico de la causa Tallahassee, para tratar de ver si podemos encontrar pistas de corrupción en este material. ¿Es posible detectar la corrupción a partir de estos intercambios?

Durante muchos años, estudié economía desde una perspectiva más racional. Somos planificadores racionales que tratan de descubrir lo que es mejor para la ciudad, hacemos análisis de costo-beneficio para proyectos públicos a fin de determinar qué es lo correcto para la ciudad. ¿Pero es eso lo que está pasando en realidad? Muchas de estas cuestiones tienen una fuerte influencia de la política, las dinámicas de poder y, a veces, la corrupción rotunda. Es probable que encuentre casos de corrupción en casi todas las grandes ciudades de Estados Unidos si busca “corrupción en el desarrollo del suelo” o en el desarrollo económico.

Y los grandes proyectos que requieren tanto subsidio público se terminan aprobando de todos modos, a pesar de la abrumadora evidencia empírica que indica que los megaproyectos, en su mayoría, no dan frutos. Se aprueban de cualquier forma. Mi libro analizará ese tema de manera explícita, mostrando lo que está sucediendo, la dinámica de poder y el desequilibrio de poder que se infiltra en los proyectos de desarrollo económico urbano, y presentando algunas de las señales que debemos buscar, para verlo suceder en cada etapa del desarrollo, y señales de advertencia para que podamos ser capaces de detectarlo.

JG: ¿Hay algo que la haya sorprendido o resultado inesperado durante toda su investigación?

KF: La parte de la corrupción sin duda me sorprendió. Es decir, no soy ingenua, sé que hay corrupción. No me había dado cuenta de lo arraigada que está en nuestras vidas y lo extendida que está, porque no hablamos de ello tan a menudo, en especial en los Estados Unidos. En la literatura, se trata como un problema de los países en vías de desarrollo.

Una gran parte sucede exactamente en mi ámbito de estudio, en el desarrollo del suelo y el desarrollo económico, porque ahí es donde está el dinero, ahí es donde está el poder. Y es más probable que nosotros, capacitados como planificadores, funcionemos como técnicos en estos organismos gubernamentales. Tenemos experiencia técnica, pero en realidad no somos muy buenos para navegar el panorama político.

JG: ¿Qué le gustaría que más gente entendiera sobre el urbanismo, el uso del suelo o el desarrollo económico?

KF: Que están conectados, y eso es realmente importante. Siento que estamos un poco sobreespecializados en distintas cuestiones y que nos aislamos en diferentes categorías.

Una gran parte de lo que hago es tratar de generar conexiones. Por lo tanto, mi trabajo en uso de suelo y planificación medioambiental intenta establecer una conexión entre el uso del suelo para promover la planificación medioambiental y la adaptación costera, lo que también apoya el desarrollo económico, la sostenibilidad social y la equidad en general. Y mi trabajo en corrupción y desarrollo económico en verdad está conectando el desarrollo económico y el desarrollo del suelo con la política urbana y la gobernanza urbana.

No se puede mirar desde una única perspectiva sin tener en cuenta a las demás. El sistema urbano es un sistema integral.

JG: Me intrigó una de las clases que imparte, Informática Urbana. ¿Puede contarme sobre este término y algo del periodismo de datos que han hecho sus estudiantes?

KF: Esta es una clase de pregrado que solo impartí una vez hasta ahora, pero estamos tratando de que nuestros estudiantes puedan usar los datos de manera efectiva para resolver problemas de urbanismo. La clase consta de tres módulos. El primero incluye métodos estadísticos, así como mapeo y análisis espacial, que son muy importantes para la planificación. El segundo módulo se centra en visualización de datos y periodismo de datos, porque la comunicación efectiva [es muy importante]; como planificadores, no solo tenemos que ser capaces de usar los datos, sino que tenemos que pensar en cómo comunicar los datos a nuestra audiencia y a diferentes tipos de audiencias. Es decir, tenemos que visualizar los datos de manera efectiva, mapearlos y contar una historia con los datos.

Y en el último módulo, llevo a mis estudiantes a la vanguardia de los métodos de aprendizaje automático, como la extracción de datos web (web scraping), el análisis de punto de interés (POI, por sus siglas en inglés), la minería de textos y los gráficos interactivos. Todas las novedades a las que, como urbanista, estará cada vez más expuesto: nuevos datos, nuevos métodos, datos en tiempo real que serán muy importantes en la gestión de las ciudades.

La clase del año pasado analizó diferentes barrios en Chicago con el objetivo de observar las diferentes características demográficas y económicas. Y como todos sabemos, no es que sea particularmente impactante, pero sigue siendo muy sorprendente ver a los estudiantes extraer los datos y visualizarlos, para exponer con claridad cuánta disparidad espacial hay en Chicago. Integraron muchas buenas técnicas de visualización que aprendieron en clase para hacer mapas muy efectivos. Y pudieron contar una muy buena historia sobre las fuerzas impulsoras de todos estos fenómenos y las marcadas diferencias que vemos: cuáles son algunas de las políticas y fuerzas sociales detrás y qué pueden hacer los planificadores para analizar esos problemas.

JG: En lo que respecta a su trabajo, ¿qué la mantiene despierta por la noche? ¿Y qué le da esperanza?

KF: Tanto la cuestión del poder político como la del clima. Ambas son las crisis de nuestro tiempo y, en días oscuros, siento que no tenemos esperanza en ambos frentes. El poder político es tan poderoso que a veces pienso en cómo puedo contrarrestarlo. La cuestión climática es un problema enorme que necesita mucha colaboración global, pero cada uno se cuida a sí mismo. Eso es lo que me mantiene despierta por la noche.

Para mí, lo que resulta empoderante es poder hacer algo. Creo que eso es parte de por qué estudio la política de uso de suelo para contribuir a facilitar la adaptación costera a los problemas climáticos y la dinámica de poder y el proceso político en el desarrollo económico urbano. Ambas son formas de mantener la cordura y hacerme sentir que estoy haciendo algo. También hago publicaciones al respecto todo el tiempo para, en primer lugar, concientizar sobre estos temas. Incluso si yo, como individuo, no puedo cambiar las cosas, si más personas se enteran, tal vez pueda llevarlas a la acción, como las de mis estudiantes. Es algo que me enorgullece.

En especial, en lo que respecta a la adaptación costera, sentí que mi trabajo podía generar implicaciones concretas y prácticas que pueden incorporarse directamente en la práctica. Como estoy en conversaciones con los planificadores a cargo de estos programas de transferencia de los derechos de desarrollo, en verdad puedo ayudarlos a ejecutar mejor sus programas. Y, si ese es el caso, puedo ayudar a algunas de estas comunidades a enfrentar el problema del cambio climático un poco mejor, y eso me hace sentir empoderada y con más esperanza para el futuro.


Jon Gorey es redactor del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

Imagen principal: Kerry Fang, profesora adjunta de Planificación Urbana y Regional en la Universidad de Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Crédito: Foto de cortesía.

Drenaje de datos: los impactos en el suelo y el agua del auge de la IA

Por Jon Gorey, Outubro 17, 2025

Un zumbido débil emerge desde lo profundo de una vasta tumba con luz tenue, cuyo ocupante devora energía y agua con un apetito voraz e inhumano. El centro de datos beige y rectangular es una especie de vampiro: pálido, inmortal, sediento. Resguardado de la luz del sol, activo toda la noche. Y, al igual que un vampiro, al menos según la tradición folclórica, solo puede entrar en un lugar si lo han invitado.

En los estados y condados de Estados Unidos, los legisladores no solo están abriendo la puerta a estos monstruos mecánicos metafóricos. Los están atrayendo de manera activa, con exenciones fiscales y otros incentivos, ansiosos por recaudar nuevos ingresos municipales y reclamar una parte del crecimiento explosivo que rodea a la inteligencia artificial.

Eso puede sonar hiperbólico, pero los centros de datos en verdad devoran recursos. Un centro de datos de tamaño mediano consume tanta agua como una ciudad pequeña, mientras que los más grandes requieren hasta 18,9 millones de litros de agua todos los días, la misma cantidad que una ciudad de 50.000 personas.

También se requiere una asombrosa cantidad de electricidad para alimentar y enfriar las filas de servidores. Un centro de datos convencional, como el almacenamiento en la nube para los documentos de trabajo que usamos a diario o la transmisión de videos, consume la misma cantidad de electricidad que entre 10.000 y 25.000 hogares, según la Agencia Internacional de Energía. Pero un centro de datos a “hiperescala” más nuevo y centrado en la IA puede usar la misma cantidad de energía que la equivalente a 100.000 hogares o más. Por ejemplo, se espera que el centro de datos Hyperion de Meta en Luisiana consuma más del doble de energía que toda la ciudad de Nueva Orleans una vez finalizado. Otro centro de datos de Meta, planificado en Wyoming, usará más electricidad que todos los hogares del estado combinados.

Y, por supuesto, a diferencia de las nubes reales, los centros de datos requieren suelo. Y mucho. Algunos de los centros de datos más grandes que se están construyendo hoy en día cubrirán cientos de hectáreas con acero impermeable, hormigón y superficies pavimentadas —suelos que ya no estarán disponibles para cultivo, naturaleza o vivienda— y también requerirán nuevos corredores de líneas de transmisión y otra infraestructura asociada.

Sin embargo, los centros de datos forman parte de nuestro paisaje construido desde hace más de una década; muchos de ellos están escondidos en discretos complejos de oficinas, desde donde procesan en silencio nuestras búsquedas en la web y almacenan las fotos de nuestros teléfonos celulares. Entonces, ¿por qué la preocupación repentina? Las herramientas de inteligencia artificial entrenadas con modelos de lenguaje de gran tamaño, como ChatGPT de Open AI, entre otras, utilizan exponencialmente más potencia informática que los servicios tradicionales en la nube. Y las empresas de tecnología más grandes, como Amazon, Meta, Google y Microsoft, están realizando inversiones rápidas y considerables en IA.

Entre 2018 y 2021, el número de centros de datos de EUA se duplicó con creces y, con el impulso de las inversiones en IA, ese número ya se ha duplicado de nuevo. Al principio del auge de la IA, en 2023, los centros de datos de EUA consumieron 176 teravatios-hora de electricidad, alrededor de la misma cantidad que toda la nación de Irlanda (cuya red eléctrica ya funciona casi a su máxima capacidad, lo que provoca que los centros de datos utilicen generadores contaminantes desconectados de la red), y se espera que este consumo se duplique o incluso se triplique tan pronto como en 2028.

Esta rápida proliferación puede ejercer una presión enorme sobre los recursos locales y regionales, cargas que muchas comunidades anfitrionas no tienen en cuenta en su totalidad o no están preparadas para afrontar.

“La demanda de centros de datos y procesamiento acaba de explotar de forma exponencial debido a la IA”, dice Kim Rueben, exasesora principal de sistemas fiscales del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo. Explica que Virginia y Texas tienen, desde hace mucho tiempo, incentivos fiscales para atraer nuevos centros de datos, y “otros estados se están subiendo al tren” con la esperanza de ver crecimiento económico y nuevos ingresos fiscales.

Pero en una conferencia de Políticas de Suelo y Digitalización convocada por el Instituto Lincoln la primavera pasada, Rueben comparó la naturaleza extractiva de los centros de datos con las minas de carbón. “No creo que los lugares reconozcan todos los costos”, indica.

Sí, Virginia, los datos son reales

En la conferencia de prensa, Chris Miller, director ejecutivo del Piedmont Environmental Council (PEC, por sus siglas en inglés), explicó cómo alrededor dos tercios del tráfico mundial de Internet pasa por el norte de Virginia. La región ya alberga la concentración más densa de centros de datos en cualquier parte del mundo, con alrededor de 300 instalaciones en solo un puñado de condados. Ya se planifican o se están desarrollando docenas más, listas para consumir las tierras agrícolas, la energía y el agua disponibles en la región, atraídas por un incentivo estatal que permite que las empresas ahorren más de USD 130 millones en impuestos sobre las ventas y el uso cada año.

A pesar de la reducción de impuestos a nivel estatal, los centros de datos representan una contribución significativa para las arcas locales. En el condado de Loudon, que tiene más de 2,5 millones de metros cuadrados de espacio ocupado por centros de datos, los funcionarios esperan que los ingresos totales por impuestos a la propiedad recaudados de los centros de datos locales en el año fiscal 2025 se acerquen a los USD 900 millones, casi tanto como todo el presupuesto operativo del condado. La proporción de ingresos derivados de los centros de datos creció tanto que la junta de supervisores del condado está considerando ajustar la tasa impositiva para no depender tanto de una sola fuente.

Centros de datos existentes y planificados en el norte de Virginia. El estado recibió el apodo de “la capital mundial de los centros de datos”. Crédito: Piedmont Environmental Council.

Si bien muchas comunidades perciben a los centros de datos como una ventaja económica debido a los ingresos fiscales, las instalaciones en sí mismas no son grandes generadores de puestos de trabajo a largo plazo. La mayoría de los empleos que crean están enraizados en la construcción de los centros de datos y no en la operación continua y, por lo tanto, son temporales en su mayor parte.

Hace décadas, PEC apoyó parte del desarrollo de centros de datos en el norte de Virginia, comenta Julie Bolthouse, directora de políticas de suelo de PEC. Pero hubo cambios drásticos en la industria desde entonces. Por ejemplo, cuando AOL tenía su sede en lo que se conoce como Data Center Alley, el centro de datos de la empresa era una pequeña parte de unas instalaciones más grandes, “contaba con senderos peatonales alrededor, canchas de tenis, canchas de baloncesto… en su apogeo, la empresa tenía 5.300 empleados en el sitio”, relata Bolthouse. Las instalaciones se demolieron y se están construyendo tres grandes centros de datos en el lugar. “Hay una gran valla a su alrededor por motivos de seguridad, por lo que ahora está totalmente aislado de la comunidad, y solo va a dar empleo a entre 100 y 150 personas en el mismo terreno. Ahí está la diferencia”.

El uso de los servicios públicos también se volvió “masivo”, agrega Bolthouse. “Cada uno de esos edificios utiliza el equivalente al consumo de energía de una ciudad, por lo que hay enormes consecuencias para la infraestructura eléctrica de nuestras comunidades. Todas las líneas de transmisión que deben construirse, la expropiación para obtener la tierra a fin de instalar las líneas de transmisión, toda la infraestructura energética, las plantas de gas, los gasoductos que transportan el gas, la contaminación del aire asociada, los impactos climáticos relacionados con todo lo anterior”.

En todo el norte de Virginia, cada uno de los miles de generadores diésel in situ, que tienen el tamaño de un vagón de ferrocarril, emana vapores diésel, lo que crea problemas de calidad del aire. “No conozco otro uso del suelo que utilice tantos generadores como un centro de datos”, comenta Bolthouse. Y, si bien la clasificación oficial de dichos generadores es de energía de respaldo de emergencia, los centros de datos pueden utilizarlos para “satisfacer la demanda” durante 50 horas por vez, agrega. “A nivel local, el aire está muy contaminado. Es materia particulada y NOx [óxidos de nitrógeno], que afecta el crecimiento de los pulmones de los niños, puede provocar casos de asma y exacerbar las enfermedades cardíacas y otras enfermedades subyacentes en los adultos mayores”.

Y luego está la cuestión del agua.

“Como una pajita gigante de refresco”

En un estudio realizado por el Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC) y la Universidad de Houston, se descubrió que los centros de datos en Texas usarán 185.485 millones de litros de agua en 2025, y hasta 1,5 billones de litros en 2030. Eso equivaldría a un descenso en el nivel de agua del embalse más grande de los EUA (el lago Mead, de 63.500 hectáreas) de más de 4,88 metros en un año.

Cualquier persona que haya dejado su teléfono bajo la lluvia por accidente o lo haya dejado caer en un charco podría preguntarse cuál podría ser la relación entre un edificio lleno de delicados aparatos electrónicos costosos y millones de litros de agua. Es, en gran parte, para refrigeración. Al alimentarse con corriente eléctrica, los servidores pueden calentarse mucho, y la refrigeración por evaporación de la habitación es una de las formas más simples y baratas de evitar que los chips se sobrecalienten y dañen.

Sin embargo, eso significa que el agua no solo se usa para enfriar y luego se descarga como agua residual tratable: gran parte de ella se evapora en el proceso, ¡puf!

“Incluso si usan agua recuperada o reciclada, el agua ya no regresa al caudal base de los ríos y arroyos”, comenta Bolthouse. “El proceso tiene impactos ecológicos y problemas de suministro. Alguien siempre estará aguas abajo de la cuenca”. Washington, DC, por ejemplo, seguirá perdiendo el suministro de agua si los centros de datos del norte de Virginia utilizan agua reciclada o recuperada, porque esa agua no volverá al río Potomac. La refrigeración por evaporación también deja altas concentraciones de sales y otros contaminantes, agrega, lo que crea problemas en la calidad del agua.

Existen formas de enfriar los centros de datos que utilizan menos cantidad de agua, incluidos los sistemas de agua de circuito cerrado, que requieren más electricidad, y la refrigeración por inmersión, en la que los servidores se sumergen en un baño de líquido, como un aceite sintético, que conduce el calor, pero no la electricidad. La refrigeración por inmersión también permite una instalación más densa de los servidores, pero aún no se utiliza ampliamente, en gran parte debido al costo.

Resulta irónico, pero puede ser difícil confirmar datos específicos sobre los centros de datos. Dada la condición de propiedad exclusiva de la tecnología de IA y, tal vez, la posible reacción pública, muchas empresas no son muy comunicativas sobre la cantidad de agua que consumen sus centros de datos. Google, por su parte, informó haber utilizado más de 18.900 millones de litros de agua en todos sus centros de datos en 2023, y el 31 por ciento de sus extracciones de agua dulce proviene de cuencas con mediana o alta escasez de agua.

Un estudio de 2023 realizado por la Universidad de California en Riverside estimó que una sesión de chat de IA de alrededor de 20 consultas consume hasta una botella de agua dulce. Esa cantidad puede variar según la plataforma, con modelos más sofisticados que exigen mayores volúmenes de agua, mientras que otras estimaciones sugieren que podría estar más cerca de unas pocas cucharadas por consulta.

“Pero lo que no se reconoce, desde la perspectiva de los sistemas naturales, es que toda el agua es local”, comenta Peter Colohan, director de asociaciones e innovación de programas del Instituto Lincoln, quien ayudó a crear el Internet of Water (Internet del Agua). “Es una pequeña cantidad de agua para un par de consultas, pero todo se toma de una cuenca cercana a ese centro de datos, es decir, miles y miles de litros de agua que se extraen de un solo lugar porque personas de todo el mundo realizan sus consultas de IA”, dice.

“Donde sea que elijan poner un centro de datos, es como una pajita gigante de refresco que absorbe agua de esa cuenca”, continúa Colohan. “Y, cuando se toma agua de un lugar, se debe reducir la demanda o reponer el agua en ese mismo lugar: no hay otra solución. En algunos casos, al menos, los principales desarrolladores de centros de datos comenzaron a reconocer este problema y participan activamente en la reposición de agua donde es necesario”.

Ubicar los centros de datos en regiones más frías y húmedas puede ayudar a reducir la cantidad de agua que utilizan y el impacto de las extracciones de agua dulce. Sin embargo, alrededor de dos tercios de los centros de datos construidos desde 2022 se ubicaron en regiones con escasez de agua, según un análisis de Bloomberg News, que incluyen climas cálidos y secos como Arizona.

Sistema de refrigeración de agua tibia en un centro de datos de Sandia Labs en Albuquerque, Nuevo México. El centro de datos obtuvo la certificación LEED Gold por eficiencia en 2020. Crédito: Bret Latter/Sandia Labs vía Flickr CC.

No es solo enfriar las salas de servidores y los chips lo que consume agua. Casi la mitad de la electricidad que utilizan los centros de datos de EUA en la actualidad proviene de centrales eléctricas de combustibles fósiles, que, a su vez, utilizan mucha agua, ya que calientan vapor para encender las enormes turbinas.

¿Y qué ocurre con los millones de microchips que procesan toda esa información? Para cuando llegan a un centro de datos, cada chip ya ha consumido miles de litros de agua. La fabricación de estos pequeños y potentes componentes informáticos requiere agua tratada “ultrapura” para enjuagar los residuos de silicio sin dañar los chips. Se necesitan alrededor de 5,6 litros de agua del grifo para producir 3,8 litros de agua ultrapura, y una típica fábrica de chips utiliza alrededor de 37,8 millones de litros de agua ultrapura a diario, según el Foro Económico Mundial, lo que equivale a 33.000 hogares estadounidenses.


A medida que las comunidades consideran los beneficios y riesgos del desarrollo de los centros de datos, los consumidores podríamos tener en cuenta nuestro propio papel en el crecimiento de los centros de datos, y si nuestro uso de la IA vale el precio del agua, la energía y el suelo que devora.

Podría haber usos importantes de la inteligencia artificial, si se puede aprovechar, por ejemplo, para resolver problemas complejos o para mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas de agua y las redes eléctricas.

También existen otros usos claramente superfluos. Por ejemplo, un canal de YouTube con 35 millones de suscriptores presenta videos musicales generados por IA… de canciones generadas por IA. La MIT Technology Review estima que, a diferencia de las consultas de texto simples, el uso de IA para crear contenido de video consume una cantidad extrema de recursos: hacer un video generado por IA de cinco segundos consume casi tanta electricidad como hacer funcionar un microondas sin parar durante más de una hora.

Los defensores de los centros de datos tienden a señalar el hecho de que los estadounidenses usan más agua cada año para regar campos de golf (más de 1,89 billones de litros) y césped (más de 7,57 billones de litros) que los centros de datos de IA. Sin embargo, ese argumento suena falso: Estados Unidos tiene una conocida obsesión con el césped verde que tampoco colabora. La solución, dicen los expertos en agua, radica en la conservación del agua y la educación del consumidor, no en la comparación de un derroche con otro.


 

Priorizar un recurso limitado

Incluso un pequeño centro de datos puede suponer una carga inmensa y concentrada para la infraestructura local y los recursos naturales. En el condado de Newton, Georgia, un centro de datos de Meta que se inauguró en 2018 utiliza 1,89 millones de litros de agua por día, el 10 por ciento del consumo de agua de todo el condado. Y dada la energía barata de Georgia y las generosas exenciones fiscales estatales, el condado de Newton continúa otorgando solicitudes de nuevos permisos de centros de datos, algunos de los cuales usarían hasta 22,71 millones de litros de agua por día, más del doble de lo que todo el condado consume en la actualidad.

Las intensas demandas que los centros de datos imponen a los recursos regionales complican la toma de decisiones a nivel local. Las comunidades y los funcionarios regionales del agua deben participar en debates sobre los centros de datos desde el principio con una comprensión coordinada y holística de los recursos existentes y los posibles impactos en la red de energía y la cuenca, indica Mary Ann Dickinson, directora de políticas de suelo y agua del Instituto Lincoln. “Nos gustaría ayudar a las comunidades a tomar decisiones más inteligentes sobre los centros de datos, ayudándolas a analizar y planificar los posibles impactos en sus estructuras y sistemas comunitarios”.

“El agua suele ser una de las últimas cuestiones en las que se piensa, por lo que en verdad estamos promoviendo la participación temprana, entre otras cuestiones”, comenta John Hernon, gerente de desarrollo estratégico de Thames Water en el Reino Unido. “Cuando piensa en los centros de datos, no se trata solo de la velocidad que se obtendrá, no se trata solo de asegurarse de que haya mucha energía disponible, sino que es necesario garantizar que el agua se tenga en cuenta lo antes posible… en primer lugar y no como una idea de último momento”.

A pesar de su reputación húmeda, Londres no recibe mucha lluvia en comparación con el norte del Reino Unido: menos de 635 mm al año, en promedio, o cerca de la mitad de lo que cae en la ciudad de Nueva York. Sin embargo, debido a que gran parte del crecimiento se centra en Londres, el área de servicio de Thames Water alberga alrededor del 80 por ciento de los centros de datos del Reino Unido, agrega Hernon, y se proponen alrededor de 100 más.

Además, el consumo de agua alcanza su punto máximo durante las épocas más calurosas y secas del año, cuando la empresa de servicios públicos tiene la menor capacidad para satisfacer la demanda adicional. “Por eso hablamos de restringir, reducir u objetar [los centros de datos]”, indica Hernon. “No es porque no nos gusten. Es clarísimo, nosotros también los necesitamos. La IA será una ayuda enorme para nuestro centro de llamadas… lo que significa que podemos poner más personas a arreglar fugas y administrar nuestras redes con proactividad”.

Mantener las luces encendidas

Una forma de que los centros de datos usen menos agua es depender más de la tecnología de refrigeración por aire, pero esto requiere más energía y, a su vez, puede aumentar el uso de agua en forma indirecta, según la fuente de energía. Además, las redes regionales ya tienen problemas para satisfacer la demanda de este tipo de instalaciones sedientas de energía, y hay cientos más en proceso. “Se anunciaron muchos de estos proyectos, pero no queda claro qué fuente de energía puede surgir lo bastante rápido como para alimentarlos”, comenta Kelly T. Sanders, profesora adjunta de Ingeniería en la Universidad del Sur de California.

El gobierno quiere que las empresas de tecnología estadounidenses construyan sus centros de datos de IA en el territorio nacional, no solo por razones económicas, sino también por motivos de seguridad nacional. Pero incluso cuando la gestión de Trump parece comprender las enormes demandas energéticas que los centros de datos impondrán a la red eléctrica, ha aplastado activamente nuevos proyectos de energía eólica, como Revolution Wind frente a la costa de Rhode Island.

El Laboratorio Nacional de Energía Renovable (NREL, por sus siglas en inglés) creó este mapa superpuesto de líneas de transmisión y ubicaciones de centros de datos para “ayudar a visualizar la superposición y simplificar la planificación del cosistema”. Crédito: NREL.gov.

Otras alternativas libres de carbono, como los pequeños reactores modulares (SMR, por sus siglas en inglés) y la energía geotérmica, tienen apoyo bipartidista, comenta Sanders. “Pero el problema es que, incluso si comienza a construir un SMR hoy, el proceso llevará 10 años”, agrega. “Las fuentes con las que podemos contar más rápido son el viento, la energía solar y las baterías. Pero en los últimos seis meses perdimos muchos de los incentivos para la energía limpia, y se libró una guerra contra lo eólico. Se están cancelando proyectos eólicos que ya están construidos y pagados. Y me parece peculiar porque esa es la electricidad que pronto estaría lista para salir a la red, en algunas de estas regiones que están muy congestionadas”.

Los centros de datos se encuentran entre las razones por las que los contribuyentes de todo el país han visto aumentar sus facturas de electricidad al doble de la tasa de inflación en el último año. Parte de eso tiene que ver con la nueva infraestructura que requerirán los centros de datos, como nuevas plantas de energía, líneas de transmisión u otras inversiones. Esos costos, así como el mantenimiento y las actualizaciones continuas de la red, suelen ser costos compartidos entre todos los clientes de electricidad en un área de servicio a través de cargos agregados a las facturas de servicios públicos.

Esto crea, como mínimo, dos problemas: si bien los ingresos fiscales de un nuevo centro de datos solo beneficiarán a la comunidad anfitriona, toda el área de servicio eléctrico debe pagar la infraestructura asociada. En segundo lugar, si una empresa de servicios públicos realiza esa gran inversión, pero el centro de datos, en algún momento, cierra o necesita mucha menos electricidad de la proyectada, son los contribuyentes quienes pagarán la factura, no el centro de datos.

Algunas empresas de tecnología aseguran su propia energía limpia independiente de la red: Microsoft, por ejemplo, firmó un acuerdo de 20 años para comprar energía de manera directa a la planta nuclear de Three Mile Island. Pero ese enfoque tampoco es ideal, indica Sanders. “De todos modos, estos centros de datos utilizarán líneas de transmisión y todos los activos de la red, pero si no están comprando la electricidad de la empresa de servicios públicos, no están pagando toda esa infraestructura a través de las facturas”, agrega.

Además de generar nueva energía, explica Sanders, existen estrategias para exprimir más capacidad de la red existente. “Una de ellas es la vieja y confiable eficiencia energética, y los propios centros de datos tienen todos los incentivos alineados para tratar de hacer que sus procesos sean más eficientes”, comenta. La IA en sí misma también podría ayudar a mejorar el rendimiento de la red. “Podemos usar la inteligencia artificial para obtener más información sobre cómo fluye la energía a través de la red, y así podemos optimizar ese flujo de energía, lo que nos puede dar más capacidad de la que tendríamos de otra manera”, agrega Sanders.

Otra estrategia es hacer que la red sea más flexible. La mayoría de las veces y en la mayoría de las regiones de los EUA, solo usamos alrededor del 40 por ciento de la capacidad total de la red, explica Sanders grosso modo. “Construimos la capacidad de la red para que pueda soportar la demanda en el día más caluroso… y ahí es donde nos preocupamos por estas grandes cargas de los centros de datos”, indica. Sin embargo, una red coordinada de baterías, incluso en los hogares de las personas y los vehículos eléctricos, puede agregar flexibilidad y estabilizar la red durante los momentos de mayor demanda. En julio, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) de California realizó la prueba más grande jamás realizada de su “planta de energía virtual” para todo el estado y utilizó baterías residenciales para suministrar 535 megavatios de energía a la red durante dos horas completas al atardecer.

Con cierta planificación intencional y coordinada (“no sucederá de forma natural”, comenta Sanders) puede ser posible agregar más capacidad sin requerir gran cantidad nueva de generación si los centros de datos logran reducir la carga de trabajo durante las horas pico e invertir en baterías de respaldo a gran escala: “Existe un escenario en el que estos centros de datos pueden cumplir un buen papel respecto de la red y agregar más flexibilidad”.

Enfrentar las concesiones con las políticas de suelo

A medida que crece la demanda de centros de datos, la búsqueda de ubicaciones adecuadas para estas instalaciones obligará a las comunidades a enfrentar un sinfín de elecciones injustas entre el agua, la energía, el suelo, el dinero, la salud y el clima. “La planificación integrada del uso del suelo, con prácticas sostenibles de suelo, agua y energía, es la única forma en que podemos lograr, de manera sostenible, el círculo virtuoso necesario para cosechar los beneficios de la IA y el crecimiento económico asociado”, indica Colohan.

Por ejemplo, usar gas natural para satisfacer la carga de electricidad anticipada de los centros de datos de Texas requeriría 50 veces más agua que usar energía solar, según el estudio de HARC, y 1.000 veces más agua que viento. Pero si bien la alimentación de nuevos centros de datos con parques eólicos consumiría la menor cantidad de agua, también requeriría la mayor cantidad de suelo: cuatro veces más suelo que la generación solar y 42 veces más que el gas natural.

A falta de una avalancha de energía nueva y limpia, la mayoría de los centros de datos aportan grandes cantidades de gases de efecto invernadero a nuestras emisiones colectivas, en un momento en que la ciencia exige que los reduzcamos drásticamente para limitar los peores impactos del cambio climático. Los reguladores de Luisiana aprobaron en agosto planes para construir tres nuevas plantas de energía de gas para compensar la demanda de electricidad esperada del centro de datos de IA, Hyperion, de Meta.

A medida que las ciudades o los condados compiten entre sí para atraer centros de datos, las comunidades anfitrionas se llevarán los beneficios fiscales, pero los costos (la intensa demanda de agua, las facturas de electricidad más altas y la contaminación del aire de los generadores de respaldo) se repartirán a la región, incluso a áreas que no verán ningún nuevo ingreso fiscal.

Esa es una de las razones por las que los permisos de los centros de datos necesitan más supervisión estatal, comenta Bolthouse. “La única aprobación que en verdad tienen que obtener es de la localidad, y la localidad no tiene en cuenta los impactos regionales”, agrega. PEC también está impulsando la protección de los contribuyentes y los compromisos de sostenibilidad. “Queremos asegurarnos de fomentar las prácticas más eficientes y sostenibles dentro de la industria, y exigir mitigación cuando no se pueden evitar los impactos”.

¿Demasiado cerca para ser cómodo? Un centro de datos colinda con casas en el condado de Loudoun, Virginia. Crédito: Hugh Kenny a través del Piedmont Environmental Council.

PEC y otras entidades también están ejerciendo presión para lograr una mayor transparencia de la industria. “Muy a menudo, la llegada de los centros de datos incluye acuerdos de confidencialidad”, dice Bolthouse. “Ocultan mucha información sobre el uso del agua y la energía, los impactos en la calidad del aire, las emisiones; ninguna de esa información se divulga, por lo que las comunidades en realidad no saben en qué se están metiendo”.

“Es necesario educar a las comunidades sobre lo que enfrentan y cuáles son sus concesiones cuando dejan entrar un centro de datos”, comenta Colohan. “¿Cuál es el costo real de un centro de datos? Y luego, ¿cómo convertir ese costo real en un beneficio a través de políticas de suelo integradas?”

Rueben explica que entiende el deseo de aprovechar una industria en crecimiento, en especial en las comunidades que experimentan la pérdida de población. Pero en lugar de competir entre sí para atraer centros de datos, agrega, las comunidades deberían tener conversaciones más amplias sobre el crecimiento del empleo y las estrategias de desarrollo económico, teniendo en cuenta los costos reales y las compensaciones que representan estas instalaciones, y pedir a las empresas que proporcionen más garantías y planes detallados.

“Obligar a los operadores de centros de datos a explicar cómo administrarán las instalaciones de manera más eficiente y de dónde obtendrán el agua, y no solo asumir que tienen prioridad en el acceso a los sistemas de agua y energía”, indica, “es un cambio de perspectiva que necesitamos que hagan los funcionarios del gobierno”.


Jon Gorey es redactor del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

Imagen principal: instalaciones del centro de datos en el condado de Prince William, Virginia. El condado tiene 59 centros de datos en funcionamiento o en construcción. Crédito: Hugh Kenny a través del Piedmont Environmental Council.

From AI to the Future of Work: Trends in Planning

February 19, 2026

By Anthony Flint, February19, 2025

Urban planners want to try to figure out what’s coming in the future, just like everybody else. But it might be said that those in the planning profession have a special obligation to be alert to all the different scenarios they can possibly anticipate, given that so much of what they do is to … well, plan ahead. 

The pace of change has been especially dizzying recently, as artificial intelligence, social media, and other related technological advances continue to transform fields of practice and the day-to-day functioning of communities  across the world.

The 2026 Trend Report, by the American Planning Association, curated in partnership with Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, was published last month as one way to prepare for uncertainty and navigate these careening developments.

“People fear that they might get replaced by AI, because it seems to be developing so fast,” said Petra Hurtado, APA’s chief foresight and knowledge officer, who shared key takeaways from the Trend Report on the latest episode of the Land Matters podcast. “We will have to upskill and learn more about how these AI tools work, and how we can effectively and also ethically and responsibly use them in our work.”

The APA is a professional organization with some 40,000 members, helping guide practitioners in their work, whether at city halls or in private consulting or other platforms informing the development of the built environment.

Over the years, APA has built a framework of categories of emerging trends that have included housing, climate change, economic development, transportation, work and the workplace, and technology. But the tumult of the past year, APA says, has introduced changes and related uncertainties in almost every area of planning. Environmental deregulation is on the rise, instances of political violence are increasing, community safety is at risk on a number of fronts, and the growing use of AI companions are changing how people engage with one another. And these changes are occurring, APA says, against a backdrop of institutionalized disinformation that has made trust more tenuous.

The disruption and promise of artificial intelligence have been front and center in urban planning and government. At the US Conference of Mayors recently, Boston Mayor Michelle Wu said AI was being used to streamline permitting, so among other things more housing can be built faster and less expensively. Tim Kelly, the mayor of Chattanooga, said the city sought to “reframe AI as a productivity tool that makes our teams’ jobs easier.” For him, the bottom line is  “getting to better solutions, faster.”

The conversation also turned to the advent of smart cities technology to manage traffic, facilitate signals for bus lanes, and manage autonomous vehicles. Technological advances are further shaping the future of work and the workplace, which have broad implications for entry-level jobs and time spent in offices in downtowns.

Tech trends are having an impact on tourism, an $11 trillion industry representing 10 percent of the global economy, according to the report. Online influencers are overwhelming formerly off-the-beaten-path places, Hurtado said, as visitors flock to spots publicized on Instagram and Tik-Tok. Short-term rentals under platforms like Airbnb, meanwhile, are making housing less affordable for locals in heavily visited cities such as Barcelona.

Another important story over the past year has been increasing tensions between local governments and the federal government, amid funding cuts, diverging policy priorities, and a flurry of lawsuits and pre-emption. “Federal agencies have increasingly used funding conditions and project cancellations as tools to influence local and state policies,” according to report contributor Nestor Davidson from Harvard Design School, who also discussed this emerging dynamic at a workshop for journalists at the Lincoln Institute recently.

Complicating matters, Hurtado said, is diminished agreement on facts, as researchers and policymakers see “entire datasets disappearing from the internet, essentially.”

The 2026 Trend Report can be downloaded in full at planning.org/foresight. The webinar explaining the details of the report is also at APA’s YouTube channel.

Listen to the show here or subscribe to Land Matters on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


Further Reading

2026 Trend Report for Planners | American Planning Association

2026 APA Trend Report Launch: Embracing Uncertainty | YouTube

Seven Need-to-Know Trends for Planners in 2026 | Land Lines

The Role of AI in Modern Urban Planning | Vu City News

Google updates Mayors AI playbook for smarter cities | Axios

The Geography of Work Is Shifting—Here’s What the Research Shows | Bloomberg Center for Cities

Crowds, chaos and counteractions: How TikTok became the enemy of small destinations | Euronews

  


Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines. 


Transcript

Anthony Flint: Welcome to the first episode of Season 7 of the Land Matters podcast — hard to believe we’ve been producing this show for that many years. I’m your host, Anthony Flint. Well, planners want to try to figure out what’s coming in the future just like everybody else, but it might be said that those in the planning profession have a special obligation to be alert to all the different future scenarios they can possibly anticipate, given that so much of what they do is, well, plan ahead. That’s why one of the things we really look forward to each year is the trend report by the American Planning Association.

The APA is a professional organization with some 40,000 members helping guide practitioners in their work, whether at city halls or in private consulting or other platforms, all informing the development of the built environment. The trend report is described as a way to prepare for uncertainty and navigate change. It’s a smart compilation of trends that allows communities to stay a step ahead of the issues driving that oftentimes dizzying change. With us today is Petra Hurtado from the American Planning Association to walk us through the 2026 Trend Report, which I should note is curated in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Petra, welcome to the Land Matters podcast.

Petra Hurtado: Hi, Anthony. Thanks so much for having me.

Anthony Flint: Well, looking at these trends, APA has, over the years, built up a framework of categories that have included housing, climate change, economic development, transportation, work in the workplace, and technology. This past year, APA says, has introduced changes and related uncertainties in almost every area of planning. So much to get into, but let’s dive right in and start with all things digital, the most omnipresent story of our times, it seems, and that’s artificial intelligence. Obviously, AI is being used in so many fields, including government, these days.

At the US Conference of Mayors recently, Boston Mayor Michelle Wu said AI was being used to streamline permitting, so among other things, more housing can be built faster and less expensively. The city of Chattanooga jumped into action, deploying a number of AI pilot use cases, including making Google’s AI assistant Gemini available to all city employees for daily use, training Gemini to help city employees find answers in Chattanooga’s codes and ordinances, and expanding a smart traffic management system across the city.

Tim Kelly, the mayor of Chattanooga, I think, summed it up pretty well when he said the city sought to reframe AI as a “productivity tool that makes our team’s jobs easier.” For him, the punchline is “getting to better solutions faster.” Petra, what are some of the examples of how AI is being used in planning, and what applications might there be in the future?

Petra Hurtado: In our first trend report, which was just in 2022, we were struggling to find these use cases, and we started to talk about AI, but it was still this abstract thing that no one really understood. This year, we had exactly the opposite problem because this year, we actually included a few of these examples of how different municipalities and different planners use AI in their work. It can be using chatbots for customer service. Some places start having their custom-tailored GPTs. There’s also examples of how you can do law enforcement or traffic regulations enforcement, traffic management with different AI tools.

I can really say today, the sky’s the limit. Obviously, what’s on us right now is to monitor and see what are the things that work well, what are some of the issues that we see, and how can we improve some of these tools. I really like the framing that you just mentioned in terms of having it as a productivity tool, because obviously, a lot of people currently also have the fear of getting replaced by some of this. We’re creating a platform that will soon be online on the APA website to showcase all of these different cases. I think in the report, we have about nine this year, just as examples, but there will be more soon.

Anthony Flint: It’s really here to stay. It’s just part of the profession now, is that right? I have a friend who is the chair of a local planning commission, and he was appointed to a task force charged with coming up with an outdoor lighting bylaw. He said he asked ChatGPT for a summary of all the lighting ordinances in the surrounding communities. It was just amazing. It was just instantly packaged up. All the parameters, the feasibility, the issues, the legal challenges they ran into. It’s just the speed and the packaging that’s so remarkable — summing up what others have done and pointing towards what a good ordinance would look like.

Petra Hurtado: I think the important piece is really the human oversight because we do have to look into the content, for example, in this case, that these tools give us, and we can’t just take it and roll with it. We really need to question the things, verify. I don’t think that these tools are in a place yet where they can just really take over and do it all for us, and we can just go on vacation. The human oversight is still very important, and obviously, questioning where does the data come from, what’s actually feeding into the system, where all of this is coming out of.

Anthony Flint: It’s a whole new frontier. Well, let’s turn to some of the other themes, many of them actually related to technology. Let’s start with what’s in store for the future of work and the workplace.

Petra Hurtado: We can stay with AI for a little bit here because that’s really the big fear, as I mentioned earlier, that people fear that they might get replaced by AI because it seems to be developing so fast. When you look into the future, it’s good to look into the past and learn from what happened in the past. When you look at any technology innovation since the Industrial Revolution, there has always been the big fear of global mass unemployment, and it never really happened. The only times when larger numbers of people from one profession lost their jobs was when those jobs really just had one or two tasks, and the task got replaced by a technology.

Looking at planning, I’m not very worried because our work has many different tasks, and especially the human component that for sure won’t be replaced by a machine anytime soon, might actually just gain more importance, and we might be able to get rid of some of the tasks that are repetitive. What we also saw in our research is that, well, first of all, technology also creates new roles, new tasks, new things that we need to learn so we can actually use the technology. We will have to upskill and learn more about how these AI tools work and how we can effectively, and also ethically and responsibly, use them in our work.

In addition to that, we also looked into some questions in terms of when will we reach peak productivity, for example, because you mentioned it, AI can be a productivity tool. At the same time, I think since the 1940s, we’ve been working 40-hour work weeks, and in the meantime, we invented computers, internet, and now AI. At some point, someone might raise the question of when will we work less because of all of these tools that we have.

We saw during COVID some of these four-day work weeks popping up for some organizations and companies. A lot of them actually kept that because it created the same productivity while obviously giving more, a better life-work balance, if you want to call it that. That’s a big question that I think that at some point, society we will have to ask ourselves. Do we want to increase productivity even more, or do we want to increase the quality of life with these tools? A couple of other things that we looked into when it comes to the future of work. One big question right now, also in the context of AI and some of these new technologies, is what’s the future of entry-level jobs?

A lot of the tasks that entry-level planners, but also other professions, are doing are exactly what AI can do. When I think of an entry-level job and planning, a lot of it has to do with putting data into Excel sheets, maybe doing some analysis, doing some basic research. There’s an opportunity to rethink how we work with young people entering the profession and how we can actually leverage their passion, their drive, their technology, literacy, as well as their outside-of-the-box thinking. They come in with very different perspectives. That’s, I think, a big discussion that we all have to have to create meaning for these jobs.

We also looked at where leadership roles might be going in the future. There was a quote from the CEO of Salesforce who said, “The current CEOs are the last generation of CEOs who manage an all-human workforce, because we have AI agents come into our teams, and a leader of tomorrow really will have to understand how they can lead hybrid teams, meaning teams that have human beings as well as AI agents in them.”

Maybe the last point about the future of work, something that we’ve been talking about for the last few years. We see it more and more is skills-based hiring, and really the idea of disconnecting work from job descriptions, acknowledging that the world is getting more and more complex, and legacy job descriptions don’t really connect anymore with what work looks like today. Instead of creating job descriptions, really looking at the different skills and talents of the individual and using that in our work in a productive way that can actually create way more meaning and value than our legacy job descriptions might.

Anthony Flint: The reason this is important is that ultimately it reflects how cities are going to function, and the local economy, and downtowns.

Petra Hurtado: Absolutely. We had some examples from the past where entire communities had the fear of displacement and job loss because they were very focused on one industry. There’s mining towns where, as soon as the mine was closed, the majority of people lost their jobs, or during the Industrial Revolution, when the loom was invented, and then the hand weavers were replaced by that.

Something that we’ve been talking about in economic development forever, I would say, is the diversifying what types of industries you have in your community. Then, on the other hand, what’s really more and more important is really this upskilling. What you learn in school is important, but you need to continuously learn and adjust to the new environment, to the new technologies, to the new ways of doing things. I think that’s equally important to any profession out there.

Anthony Flint: Another category is described as the colliding of online and offline. What did your team mean by that?

Petra Hurtado: Yes. That’s really a very serious topic, and I’m not sure if we talk enough about it. It’s really about how certain conversations and certain behaviors in our online world, in our digital life, if you want to call it that, really impact how we behave offline in our real-world life. We have several examples on that really scattered throughout the report, one of which most people probably have heard about, mass tourism, which really gets results from online influencers that tell us where to travel. Where to eat, what to do, all of that. Obviously, the communities that are affected by that struggle, and that’s a very direct planning issue.

There’s many other items. One of really big concern is, for example, how we deal with violence online. A recent example is when, for example, the CEO of United Healthcare was killed, and there were online platforms that made [the alleged assassin] a hero, essentially. What does that do to our society and how we think about violence? We’ve seen some numbers, some recent numbers, how the comfort with violence has been increasing, especially in the US, and how that really comes out of maybe online being anonymous, being able to say whatever you want to think without being scared that someone might criticize you. Then that translates into our offline behavior, and that’s really a concern.

Another topic that we looked at are things like how people who feel lonely in the real world look for help and maybe companions in the online world. There are AI companions. Some are for friendship. Others use them really as a romantic relationship. There are places now that have laws in place that prohibit marriage with AI companions. Also, AI therapy is something … We’ve seen studies that say that it actually is just as effective as a real therapist. For us, it always comes down to what is that going to do to society, meaning also what does it do to the community that we, as planners, work with?

Then ultimately, the other thing that I see as a big concern there is all of these online interactions also lead to your personal data being collected by some company, whoever it is that owns that platform that you are using for your AI companion, your AI therapist, whatever it is. I see a big issue with data privacy and data protection there because I think most people are not aware of that, and just share extremely personal things with these platforms. In the end, we don’t know what the companies that own these platforms then will do with those. At this point, there are not enough privacy protection laws and data protection laws in place that can actually protect these people.

Anthony Flint: Well, let’s turn to one last tech trend, traffic, public transit, and autonomous vehicles. There’s a lot of interesting reading in the report. Seems to be some promising outcomes at hand, something as simple as managing bus lanes and traffic signals, but also the way robotaxis and Waymo might reduce the need for parking, which can affect the physical landscape of our cities and towns. Also, plenty to worry about as well. What are some of the observations you made about mobility and the future of public transportation?

Petra Hurtado: Personally, I’m very skeptical with the whole autonomous vehicles topic because we’ve been talking about this for so long now, and they’re still not operating the way we thought they would. There are more and more pilots popping up, and obviously, Waymo is operating in some places in the US already. Obviously, there’s still the missing piece of making it really operational in a way that it’s becoming mainstream like other transportation systems. I do think that they could really create an opportunity to close some of the gaps that we have in public transit and elsewhere.

Of course, as long as they’re operated by private companies with the main goal of creating profit, we’ll see how that’s going to go. I know that in previous studies a few years ago, we also looked into what you just mentioned in terms of we might need less parking and traffic might become more efficient because these AVs will just circulate town, and we hop on and get off however it fits. One thing that we looked at is this intersection of transit and autonomous vehicles in terms of, can it really be a means of closing gaps — or will it be a competitor? We also put some future scenarios on that in the report this year.

That obviously also in the context of where public transit is right now. I think most of us know that it’s been struggling in the US since COVID. The numbers of ridership had been going down during COVID and then have not really recovered, just in some places, but in most places they did not. Then, during the Biden administration, there was really a funding boost for these systems, which now, with the current administration, we’ll see where that’s going to go. It’s a very car-centric approach, it seems like, of the current administration. A lot of these communities that thought they could expand their systems or improve the quality are left with uncertainty right now, not knowing where to take the funding from. It’s been not the most positive development in the last few years with transit.

Anthony Flint: That’s a good segue … in terms of funding and the federal government, you always look at the interplay between cities and towns and state, and especially the federal government. This past year, that relationship has certainly grown more contentious. We see diverging priorities, promises to cut off funding for things like rental assistance. Not only that, there’s so much conflict and lawsuits and counter lawsuits and preemption. The federal government calls back the deployment of clean energy wind turbines; the Utah state legislature has a bill that tells Salt Lake City they can’t do complete streets.

At the Lincoln Institute, we recently held a workshop for journalists featuring Nestor Davidson from the Harvard Design School, who makes a cameo in the Trend Report documenting just how bare-knuckled things have become. We don’t have to get into the details of preemption, but it does raise the basic question: Looking at all this, how in the world can cities and towns navigate this more adversarial environment?

Petra Hurtado: That’s the million-dollar question right now. In the report, we look at really many different items related to this, be it policy changes, shifts in funding priorities, also data and misinformation, entire datasets disappearing from the Internet, essentially, as well as community safety. All of that is really impacted right now. What’s important for us to mention is that those are not really trends yet. They’re signals. There’s obviously a shift happening right now, and it’s important to really stay on top of it and be informed about it.

At the same time, it’s also important to look at what else is happening around that. For example, with the data question, there are now private nonprofits that create new databases or use that data that used to be hosted by the federal government and provided otherwise. There’s a lot of movement coming from other places to really provide all of that, but the big question obviously is who can provide the funding that the federal government used to provide. When it comes to preemption, the problem right now is that it’s becoming more and more politicized, and used as a political weapon, if you want to call it that.

Anthony Flint: Finally — and a reminder, there are several more fascinating topics in the trend report, we’re just delving into some of the many topics — but I was interested to read the section about tourism. I want to come back to … you actually started to talk about it earlier. I don’t think I appreciated how much of a cornerstone it is for so many communities around the world. An $11 trillion industry representing 10% of the global economy. Travel and tourism — it’s a good thing generally, but we’ve seen it also creates tensions. Think about Barcelona and this notion of over-tourism and short-term rentals. Can you talk about travel and tourism and what we might see in the future?

Petra Hurtado: There have been many different developments over the last few years and potentially decades in some cases, but we really thought this year we want to take a deeper dive into this topic because it affects a lot of planners. One of the big topics is how social media is impacting tourism. You mentioned over-tourism. A lot of times, that really results from online influencers, people that essentially show up on our social media feeds, be it Instagram, TikTok, or you name it. Share their pictures, their selfies of beautiful places, and tell us, yes, you should travel there, or of restaurants, and tell us, yes, you should eat there.

With the popularity of social media and really the way it influences what we do, it created these masses of tourism that go to the places that are being talked about. That’s one big thing. In addition to that, there’s obviously more and more places also that really hire these influencers to specifically advertise their places. In a lot of cases, and we mentioned some examples from Italy, in the report, for example, where smaller villages just can’t handle the numbers of tourism anymore, and so it’s really becoming a problem, and some places are getting more and more creative on how to limit the numbers of tourists and otherwise .. of course, for many of these places, it’s also an important economy and really the main driver of their economy.

Then the other thing, looking back over the last few years, what has impacted tourism a lot are things like short-term rentals, Airbnb, those platforms that allow now private people to rent out a room or the place that they live in. It’s become a problem in two ways. On the one hand, it obviously creates more places for tourists to come and stay, but it also creates an issue with the housing market in those places, really raising the housing prices. You mentioned Barcelona. That’s obviously one of the examples where that is really a big issue right now because the locals can’t afford to live there anymore, and there’s less and less places available for rent because they all become short-term rentals.

Anthony Flint: All right. Well, like I said, we could go on, but that was a pretty good sampling of what’s in the report. Petra Hurtado, thank you for taking this whirlwind tour of all the trends that we’re all going to encounter in the planning profession and beyond.

Petra Hurtado: Yes, thank you so much for having me, and yes, would really recommend to all the listeners to take a look.

Anthony Flint: You can find the 2026 Trend Report at planning.org/foresight. APA’s social media handle is @APA_planning. There’s also a recorded webinar that is at that website. It’s very nicely done, where different folks from the team put the spotlight on these various topics. You can also find it at the American Planning Association’s YouTube channel. Pretty easy to find. Just search for it. I guess now you can just ask Gemini! The Lincoln Institute website is lincolninst.edu, and our social media handle is @landpolicy. Please go ahead and rate, share, and subscribe to the Land Matters podcast. For now, I’m Anthony Flint signing off, until next time.

Read full transcript
Wébinars

Nature-Based Solutions: Wet Architecture for Climate Resilience  

Março 24, 2026 | 12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m. (EDT, UTC-4)

Offered in inglês

As climate change accelerates and sea levels continue to rise, communities are being forced to rethink long-standing assumptions about land, development, and risk. In this webinar, architect and author Weston Wright will introduce the concept of wet architecture—an approach to design and planning that accepts water as a permanent condition and explores how we might live more productively with it.

Drawing on ideas from his book More Water Less Land New Architecture, Wright will examine how the relationship between land and water has shaped cities, policies, and development patterns, and why many of those frameworks are increasingly misaligned with climate realities. Rather than focusing on resistance or retreat alone, the talk will consider adaptive strategies that accommodate flooding, tides, and sea level rise, raising important questions about land use, coastal development, and long-term resilience.

Through examples from around the world, Wright connects architectural thinking with broader conversations about land policy, governance, and climate adaptation, offering a grounded, forward-looking perspective on how design, planning, and policy can evolve together in an increasingly water-defined future.


Speakers

Weston Wright

Principal, Weston Wright Architects


Detalhes

Date
Março 24, 2026
Time
12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m. (EDT, UTC-4)
Registration Deadline
March 24, 2026 12:50 PM
Language
inglês

Register

Registration ends on March 24, 2026 12:50 PM.


Palavras-chave

Mitigação Climática, Planejamento, Água

A(lready) D(esigned for) U

Preapproved design plans for accessory dwelling units, or ADUs, can help accelerate new housing in established neighborhoods.
By Jon Gorey, Fevereiro 3, 2026

We have a severe affordable housing shortage in the United States — an urgent need for millions of additional homes. But exacerbating that housing shortage is a housing mismatch.

In much of the US, existing residential neighborhoods — the places where people already like to live, near their jobs, friends, and family members, and that are already served by utilities, transit, and other infrastructure — are overwhelmingly, and often exclusively, composed of single-family homes. While a four-bedroom Colonial can make good sense for a high-income family of five, it shouldn’t be the only housing option available in a community, given the kaleidoscopic variety of humanity and its households, from aging seniors to young adults to single parents.

“We’re going to have more people over the age of 65 than under 18 in the next decade,” says Rodney Harrell, AARP’s vice president of family, home, and community. The organization has a long history of advocating for better housing conditions and options for seniors. “People want to be near grocery stores, parks, libraries, transportation options — things that make them feel connected. But one of the challenges is that people want to stay in their existing neighborhoods, and there aren’t enough options there.”

Adding new housing options to existing communities, however, routinely elicits complaints about changes to the “neighborhood character.” This loaded phrase can contain exclusionary attitudes and bad-faith arguments within its ample ambiguity, but it can also be a response to dubious development decisions. A homeowner in a neighborhood of century-old Craftsman bungalows may understandably be put off by the idea of a sleek new seven-story steel and concrete building on the corner.

Therein lies the appeal of the humble accessory dwelling unit, or ADU — more colloquially known as an in-law apartment, carriage house, secondary suite, or casita, among other aliases. By converting a garage, attic, or basement to a separate apartment, or adding a small, detached cottage to a backyard, homeowners can create an extra space for family members or a small rental property that helps generate income. At the same time, they help increase the supply of affordable and accessible housing options in their neighborhood — without a dramatic impact to the local aesthetic. And making it easier for homeowners to do that can help communities everywhere address the local and national housing crunch.

Over the past decade, many cities and some states have relaxed decades-old restrictions on ADUs. California, for example, legalized ADUs on all single-family lots in 2017; a few years later, the nearly 27,000 ADUs permitted statewide in 2023 represented a 20-fold increase over 2016, and comprised more than 20 percent of all new housing permitted. In 2024, Los Angeles alone granted permits for more than 6,000 ADUs.

That’s not enough to singlehandedly solve California’s housing crisis — no one step is. But it’s certainly one piece of the puzzle, and a solution that many communities can get behind.

Still, making it legal to build an ADU at all is just the first hurdle. Making it easier for someone to accomplish is the next step — one that cities can assist in by removing unnecessary barriers.

For example, to encourage and accelerate the adoption of ADUs, many cities across the US and Canada have begun offering residents access to preapproved design plans for detached ADUs — complete technical schematics that have already been reviewed by building officials.

“The system can be a little bit stacked against the local homeowner who wants to be able to do this,” Harrell says. Between site reviews, utility plans, and architectural approvals, “there are so many things that you have to go through that you’re doing for the first time,” he adds. “Having these preapproved designs takes away one of those barriers. It says, ‘You don’t have to be a designer, or have enough money to hire one. Here are some designs that can work.’”

Preapproved ADU Plans in California

Los Angeles offers residents a growing catalog of preapproved ADU plans, including a standard one-bedroom architectural plan commissioned by the city, called the YOU-ADU (pictured), that any resident of Los Angeles can use for free.

Dozens of other plans are also preapproved, but require a modest licensing fee paid to their respective architects, most of whom can also be hired for site-specific consultations.

While a preapproved ADU plan already meets certain city codes (e.g. building, fire, and energy regulations), and thus can advance through the plan-check and permitting process more quickly than a custom design, it doesn’t mean a homeowner can just plop one in their backyard with no questions asked. There are still site-specific approvals required, such as land use or stormwater reviews.

But using a preapproved plan can shave weeks or even months off the process, and offers predictability for both homeowners and local officials. The efficiency of a standard design can also create cost savings.

“Custom plans not only take more time and money to design, they’re much more complex to deliver in the field,” says Whitney Hill, co-founder and chief executive of SnapADU in Southern California, whose standard design plans have been selected for preapproval in multiple cities around San Diego.

All of that drives up prices, she adds, noting that a fully custom ADU typically costs $30,000 to $50,000 more to build than a standard one of the same size and bed-and-bath count. “On the other hand, plans that we have built before have already been vetted for real-world constraints; we know we can build them efficiently.”

Hill says that faster permitting times on standard designs can also translate to lower costs. “Building an ADU in 12 months versus 18 months is far more economical from an overhead cost perspective for us,” she says. “We share that savings with the homeowner.”

Even when using a preapproved plan, homeowners should still be prepared for site-specific costs and work, she notes. “It’s critical to understand your site’s topography, existing utility locations, and existing utility loads,” she says. Some projects may require water service upgrades to accommodate an additional bathroom, for example, or an upgraded electrical panel—both of which can be costly.

But one of the biggest benefits to using a standard design, Hill says, is the predictability. “Build costs for an existing floor plan are available before you even kick off your own project,” Hill says, “[which] is great for homeowners who are trying to stick to a specific budget.”

Seattle’s ADUniverse

While Washington State recently passed legislation requiring cities to allow four homes on all residential lots (and six units near transit), Seattle began embracing ADUs over a decade ago, loosening some local restrictions that stood in the way of their adoption, such as minimum lot sizes. “That was an important first step, and a viable one, because land use regulations are what the city most directly controls,” says Nicolas Welch, senior planner in Seattle’s Office of Planning and Community Development.

Still, most homeowners have little if any experience with housing development, so the idea of hiring an architect and applying for permits to build a backyard cottage can feel overwhelming — even before the considerable cost involved. Seattle soon decided it should do more than simply improve its regulations, and developed a resource-rich website called ADUniverse.

“The site was meant to provide all the resources that a homeowner might need in one place with better, clearer information for folks who are basically trying to take on development for the first time without a background in it,” Welch says. “Offering some preapproved designs was one component of that, as well as letting them look up their property to see what’s actually feasible on their lot.”

The city invited architects to submit their ADU designs and then had a jury select 10 plans — out of about 150 submissions — to get preapproved by the building department. In the five years since, Welch says, “Some 350 permits have been issued for the preapproved designs,” or roughly 10 percent of all ADUs approved in that time; the city now permits an average of about 900 new ADUs per year.

“On the one hand, it’s a very small number in a city and county that has a shortage of hundreds of thousands of units, so I do think it’s important to right-size the expectations,” Welch says. “It’s very small and incremental. But it’s also hundreds of units that now exist, and that people are living in.”

Using a preapproved plan noticeably speeds up the early permitting process, Welch says: “If you don’t have something weird going on, like you’re on a very steep slope or you’re removing a gigantic tree or something, then you’ll get your permit in two to six weeks, rather than three or four months.”

While celebrating Washington’s statewide dissolution of single-family exclusive zoning, Seattle’s Director of Planning and Community Development, Rico Quirindongo, acknowledges that such a sea change in policy can also hasten gentrification pressure by opening up a new market.

“The challenge of gentrification in cities — and Seattle is no exception — is that an upzone happens, property values go up, property taxes go up, and then low- and middle-income families do not see the benefit of the upzone, they only feel the burden,” Quirindongo explains. “An opportunistic developer says, ‘I can buy you out for 10 percent over asking, and then you don’t have to worry about this anymore, you can go live somewhere else.’ That is how we have seen the Central District, a traditionally African American community here in Seattle, go from 75 percent Black families to 10 percent Black families over the last 20 to 25 years,” he says.

Easing the process, and cost, of building an ADU provides an “opportunity for homeowners to be a part of the development opportunity, where they’re building generational wealth,” he says. Whether a homeowner uses an ADU to generate long-term rental income or to house an aging relative or grown children, it can help them stay in their neighborhood and share in the benefits of local growth. “They are building a multi-generational campus that is their house and property. And you’re creating infill, missing middle housing, that is consistent with the context and feel of historic neighborhoods.”

Still, even if future rental income from an ADU might offset the cost of a construction or home equity loan, building one typically requires significant upfront investment. So Quirindongo helped devise a unique pilot program intended to open up the opportunity to more lower-income residents. Here’s how it works:

1. Selected homeowners (the pilot will begin with 10 parcels) will enter a partnership with the city and a developer, who will take out a 12-year ground lease on a portion of the homeowner’s lot.
2. In the first two years, the developer builds two detached ADUs in the homeowner’s backyard, at no cost to the homeowner.
3. The developer then rents out and manages both ADUs for 10 years. The developer keeps about half of the rental income, while the other half is split: a portion provides monthly revenue to the homeowner, while the rest is deposited in a set-aside account.
4. At the end of 10 years, the ground lease expires, and there’s enough money in that account to buy out the developer’s remaining interest and make them whole, so the homeowner ends up with two ADUs on their property, which they can continue to rent out or convey with the property should they sell their home. “Over that period of time, the homeowner builds up enough money in that account to buy out the partner, so they own those units outright after that 12-year period,” Quirindongo explains.

Preapproved ADU Plans in Oregon

Beyond creating unobtrusive infill housing, ADUs are, almost by definition, small — and thus inherently more affordable than most new single-family homes, which averaged 2,405 square feet in the third quarter of 2025.
In Oregon, Portland’s Residential Infill Project has yielded more than 1,400 new permits for ADUs and missing middle housing in single-family neighborhoods, comprising almost half of new development in the city from 2022-2024, even as other construction lagged. But as importantly, the project capped building sizes in an effort to encourage more small homes instead of fewer large houses — and that has demonstrably improved affordability. In 2023 and 2024, sale prices of new missing middle homes averaged $250,000 to $300,00 less than new single-family houses in the same Portland neighborhoods, largely due to their smaller sizes.

In a heartening example of municipal collaboration, Portland was able to borrow and tweak a preapproved plan from the city of Eugene, Oregon—the Joel, shown here—to offer its own residents a set of similar preapproved ADU plans.

Preapproved ADUs in Louisville, Kentucky

AARP published its first model ADU ordinance over two decades ago. Since then, the organization has helped a number of cities, including Louisville, Kentucky, to re-legalize ADUs by right locally, and helped communities hold contests to create free architectural plans for residents.

Louisville invited architects to submit their designs, and then purchased the rights to three preapproved ADU plans, which it offers for free to all residents.

Rodney Harrell, of AARP, says ADUs can enhance freedom for seniors by giving them more and better options in the places they already live. “What I love is that it’s a solution that gives more options to people who want to be in the communities that work best for them,” he says.

“I’ve talked to so many people who are stuck,” Harrell says. “They’ve got a house, and at some point it may have been their dream home, but now it’s become a nightmare. They’ve got too many stairs. Maybe it’s too big and their spouse passed, and they can’t afford it anymore.”

A senior who can no longer manage the stairs in their house can stay in the community they love by building a fully accessible, universally designed ADU in their backyard, he explains, and renting out the main house. “That gives you more freedom,” he says. “If you want to stay in your main house and have a caregiver stay in the ADU, that also gives you more freedom. Or maybe you just need a little bit of money to be able to afford to stay in your house, and maybe you’re able to rent out the ADU and stay in your main house.”

And Beyond

In Seattle, Welch says the city’s efforts to legalize ADUs in single-family neighborhoods helped pave the way for more middle housing (duplexes, triplexes, and fourplexes). “The sky didn’t fall, and so then state legislators felt more emboldened and empowered,” he says.

Many other cities and states across the US and Canada are now embracing ADUs as well, and providing design plans, guidance, and “ADU lookbooks” for residents interested in building one. Here’s a look at just a few preapproved designs offered in cities around North America.

There are dozens more examples across the country, and many cities continue to add new designs to their lists of approved plans. It’s merely one step in the right direction—but it’s a step nonetheless.

“People can be scared of things that are different,” AARP’s Harrell says. “But one thing that always gets me is that the ADU is really an old form of housing in a lot of the country. It’s just that we’re re-legalizing it. We’re making it able to be built again, and up to standards and codes of the modern day. So we shouldn’t put unnecessary barriers in place.”

Fellows in Focus

Decoding Corruption in Urban Economic Development

By Jon Gorey, Fevereiro 5, 2026

The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.

Several years ago, news broke of a major FBI sting in Tallahassee, Florida. Federal agents had gone undercover to infiltrate city government, posing as real estate developers, and successfully bribed local economic development officials to win votes and contracts.

Kerry Fang, who was teaching at Florida State University in Tallahassee at the time, watched as multiple arrests and convictions followed. And in the treasure trove of email correspondence, meeting records, and other subpoenaed evidence that became public, Fang—now an associate professor of urban planning at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign—saw a valuable research opportunity.

“I was able to obtain all that material, which is especially rich and rare to find, and to look at, when it’s a corrupt project, are there specific patterns of communication going on? Can we see some clues of corruption from their email exchanges?” Fang says. “I’m now working on a book looking into corruption in economic development projects as a whole, because, unfortunately, it’s actually more common than we think.”

The title of the book? “The working title is The Most F—d Up Place: An Anatomy of Corruption in Urban Economic Development,” Fang says. The profanity comes from an FBI agent’s colorful description of Tallahassee.

Fang says her students at the time were by turns appalled, dismayed, and motivated by the corruption scandal. “I’m really proud of some of my former students at Florida State, because they listened to me talk about this in class, and they got pissed,” she says. “One of my former students ran for the seat of the city commissioner in Tallahassee, and she is now proudly a city commissioner.”

In 2020, Fang was awarded an International Fellowship from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy’s China program to study the impacts of land tenure on children’s health in rural China. Research from her resulting working paper was published last year in the peer-reviewed journal Feminist Economics.

In this conversation, which has been edited for length and clarity, Fang shares more insights from her research, why planners need to learn to navigate local politics, and why she’s found action and research to be antidotes to despair.

JON GOREY: What is the general focus of your research, and how did your Lincoln Institute fellowship support that work?

KERRY FANG: My research is primarily focused on land use policy and its impact on equity and sustainability, as well as economic development policy. Both of these fields are very, very important pillars of urban planning, and they are also closely connected to each other.

The Lincoln fellowship helped me tremendously. As somebody who was brought up in China [where, prior to 2003, collective land rights in rural villages were typically allocated by household size and periodically adjusted], the particular question I was interested in was, does the ban on land adjustments, which was aimed at ending instability for rural households, have unintended consequences by denying land rights to women and children who came into a village after the ban? Would that affect their standing inside the family, and does that affect how the family distributes resources?

A lot of the prior research was focusing on the family as a whole—as though, if you benefit the family, everybody benefits. We all know that’s not the case. Who is the head of the family, who is really in charge of the resources of the family? Especially in the context of rural China, the man of the house is the one who will have the resources, and now he may also be the only one who is entitled to land rights. So what does that mean?

I was fascinated by the question, and with the Lincoln fellowship, I was able to do the survey and ask explicitly, who has land rights within this household, and look into how that affects the resource distribution, how that affects children’s health—which is becoming more of an issue in China. I found that when you deny children their land rights, their health deteriorates, and they are more likely to be obese. If the wife, the mother, has land rights, it’s more likely the family will have better health coverage. And if a girl has land rights, it’s more likely the father will spend some time with his daughter.

JG: What are you working on now, or hoping to work on next?

KF: On the land use front, I’ve always been looking into transfer of development rights. [While at Florida State University], I started to collaborate with other scholars who are really interested in coastal adaptation, and I started to look into using transfer of development rights as a tool to facilitate coastal adaptation. Because theoretically, it is the tool that can transfer development rights from high-risk areas to lower-risk areas. So it makes sense theoretically, but the practical applications are really lacking.

There are only a handful of programs with applications in the US. So far, there have only been either theoretical studies or individual case studies that have not systematically tracked their performance or the various challenges they have encountered. So that’s why I’ve started this work, to really look into these existing applications of using TDR for coastal adaptation, and to systematically track their performance.

On the other front of economic development, I’ve looked into how planners communicate with politicians, and whether the communication will shape the politicians’ decisions. I’m also collaborating right now with some computer scientists to do some text mining into the email exchanges from the Tallahassee case, to try to see, can we see some clues of corruption from their email exchanges? Is it possible to detect corruption from those materials?

For so many years I studied economics from more of a rational perspective. We are rational planners trying to come up with what’s best for the city, we do cost benefit analyses for public projects to determine what’s right for the city. But is that really what’s going on? A lot of these things are heavily shaped by politics, and power dynamics, and sometimes outright corruption. In almost every big city in the US, if you search ‘corruption in land development’ or economic development, chances are you’ll find something.

And the major projects that require so much public subsidy, they get passed anyway, despite overwhelming empirical evidence telling us mega projects mostly do not pay off. They still go through. So my book project is really going to explicitly address that issue, showing that this is what’s happening, this is the power dynamic and power imbalance that infiltrates urban economic development projects, and here are some of the clues to look for, to see it happening throughout every stage of the development, and warning signs so you may be able to catch it.

JG: What’s something that has surprised you in your research?

KF: The corruption piece definitely surprised me. I mean, I’m not naive, I know there’s corruption. I had not realized how deeply infiltrated it is to our lives, and how widespread it is, because we don’t talk about it that often, especially in the United States. In the literature, it’s treated like a developing country issue.

A lot of it happens exactly in the realm of my studies—in land development, economic development—because that’s where the money is, that’s where the power is. And we, trained as planners, in these government institutions, we more likely function as technician types. We have technical expertise, but we’re really not very good at navigating the political landscape.

JG: What’s something you wish more people understood about urban planning, land use, or economic development?

KF: That they are connected together, and that’s really important. I feel like we are a little bit over specialized in things, and we silo ourselves into different categories of things.

A lot of what I do is try to make connections. So my work in land use and environmental planning is trying to make a connection of using land use to promote environmental planning and coastal adaptation, which also supports economic development and broader social sustainability and equity. And my work in corruption and economic development is really connecting economic development and land development with urban politics, urban governance.

You can’t just look from one perspective without looking at the others. The urban system is a whole system.

JG: I was intrigued by one of the classes you teach, called Urban Informatics. Can you talk about that term, and some of the data journalism your students have done?

KF: This is an undergrad class that I’ve only taught once so far, but we are trying to make our students able to effectively use data to solve urban planning issues. The class has three modules. The first one is statistical methods as well as mapping and spatial analysis, and that’s really important for planning. The second module, I’m focusing on data visualization and data journalism, because effective communication [is so important]—as planners, not only do you have to be able to use data, but how do you communicate the data to your audience, and to different types of audiences? That means you have to effectively visualize your data, map your data, and tell a story with your data.

And the last module, I’m taking my students to the forefront of machine learning methods like web scraping, POI (point-of-interest), text mining, and interactive graphing. All the new stuff that as an urban planner, more and more, you will be exposed to—new data, new methods, real-time data that will be really important in the management of cities.

My students in last year’s class looked into different neighborhoods in Chicago, looking at the different demographic and economic characteristics. And as we all know—it’s not particularly shocking, but it’s still really amazing to see the students pull the data and to visualize it, and it’s just sharply being laid out how much spatial disparity there is in Chicago. They integrated a lot of good visualization techniques that they learned from the class to make really good maps of that. And they were able to tell a really good story about the driving forces of all these phenomena, all the sharp distinctions you’re seeing—what are some of the policies behind that, the social forces behind that, and what planners can do to address those issues.

JG: When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?

KF: Both the political power thing and the climate issue. Both of these are the crises of our time, and on a dark day, I will feel like we’re hopeless on both fronts. The political power, they’re very powerful out there, and sometimes I feel like, how am I going to counter that? The climate issue is such a big issue that really needs a lot of global collaboration, but everybody is looking out for themselves. So that’s what’s keeping me up at night.

For me, what’s empowering is if I can do something. I think that’s part of why I’m studying using land use policy to help facilitate coastal adaptation to climate issues, and studying the power dynamics and the political process in urban economic development. Both of these are ways to keep my sanity and make me feel like I am doing something. I’m actively publishing these things to, first of all, raise awareness on these issues. Even if I cannot, myself, necessarily change things, if more people know about them, maybe I’m able to mobilize more people to action, like the actions my students have taken. That’s something I’m really proud of.

Especially for coastal adaptation, I felt like there are concrete, practical implications that can come out of my work that can directly factor into practice. As I am talking to the planners who are in charge of these TDR programs, I can really help them to run their programs better. And if that’s the case, I can help some of these communities cope with the climate change issue a little bit better, and that makes me feel empowered and more hopeful for the future.


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Kerry Fang, associate professor of urban and regional planning at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Credit: Courtesy photo.

Fellows in Focus

Guiding Greenways in New Ways

By Jon Gorey, Janeiro 7, 2026

The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.

Managing major municipal accounts for BellSouth telecommunications for two decades, Darryl Washington learned a lot about the inner workings of local government. So in 2012, he started his own consulting firm, and has since led economic and community development efforts for a number of Alabama cities, including Birmingham and Montgomery.

Now Washington is back in Birmingham as the chief executive of Jefferson County Greenways, a new public-private organization formed in 2024 by the merger of three public green spaces. These outdoor spaces, Washington says, “are really infrastructure for our city … they’re also connective tissue for our communities.”

In 2024, Washington was invited to participate in the inaugural cohort of the Lincoln Vibrant Communities fellowship, a joint initiative of the Lincoln Institute and Claremont Lincoln University. The six-month LVC program, which aims to equip fellows with the leadership, policy, and public sector practice skills needed to grapple with vexing local challenges, combines online graduate courses, peer networking, and individual and group coaching with immersive, in-person training sessions.

In this conversation, which has been edited for length and clarity, Washington shares his passion for the outdoors, explains why governments need nonprofit partners, and reveals his newfound fascination with England’s centuries-old canal system.

JON GOREY: After many years working in economic development, you’ve taken on a new role, leading an organization focused on public green spaces. Can you talk a bit about your career arc and how you got to where you are now?

After I left BellSouth, I started my own consulting firm, and my first big client was the city of Irondale, a small city right outside of Birmingham. My scope of work for that contract was to help the city adopt their very first comprehensive plan. I did consulting for about five years, and then went to work for a community development corporation called Urban Impact, to create a plan to get the Birmingham Civil Rights District ready to become a national monument. Instead of relying strictly on local resources, we sought after national programs. We became a national Main Street-designated community [the 4th Avenue Historic District], which opened up all kinds of avenues for us and for the businesses in that district. We also connected with the Co.Starters program, which is a national program that teaches entrepreneurship.

After leaving Urban Impact, I had an opportunity to work for the city of Montgomery, to create their first-ever department of economic and community development. One of the big wins we had was bringing a national Main Street-designated community to Montgomery to focus on downtown revitalization. We also started several entrepreneurship and small business programs, like the Small Business One Stop Shop to connect local businesses, no matter where they are in the business cycle, to about 15 different resource providers to help them get their questions answered—whether they need assistance with a business plan, are seeking funding, or are looking at strategies to scale.

I got a call to come back to Birmingham to interview for a newly formed public-private partnership, Jefferson County Greenways, which merged the county’s three largest public green spaces: Red Mountain Park, Ruffner Mountain, and Turkey Creek Nature Preserve. This was a great opportunity for me because it merged my love for economic and community development with outdoor recreation, hiking, and mountain biking.

An educational program at Turkey Creek, part of the a network of greenways in Jefferson County, Alabama. Credit: Jefferson County Greenways.

The Lincoln Institute has been tremendous for me in this role; I really have to highlight my LVC advisor, Stephanie Varnon-Hughes. She’s served as a business coach and a leadership coach for me as we begin to do a five-year strategic plan.

JG: The Lincoln Vibrant Communities leadership cohort included fellows from all over the country—what has that experience been like?

DW: When you do the kind of work I do … it’s kind of hard to describe what I do when I come home at night. But when you’re around practitioners who do similar work throughout the United States, it really is an opportunity to learn best practices, to build friendships and partnerships. And now I have in my Rolodex an extra 30-plus people I can reach out to, from New Orleans, New Mexico, Hawaii, and other places, and that has been the real value.

Our in-person convenings have all been rewarding, going to a different city and touring some of the things that are working for them. I’m thinking back to our tour of Chicago, and most recently, Denver, to learn what some people are doing locally on the ground. And more than anything, we all face similar challenges—funding, especially, is always an issue in this current environment, for both nonprofits and local governments. But being able to talk to people who are doing the same or similar things that you are doing, or different things, has truly been one of the most beneficial aspects of the cohort.

The combination of the academic and the practical expertise that comes with this program has been just a tremendous opportunity for me. We’re leaning toward utilizing the Teams program in our strategic planning process. I think the beauty of that opportunity is that my staff can be very involved in the strategic planning process.

Denver City Council member Darrell Watson speaks to Lincoln Vibrant Communities participants during a site visit to a Tierra Colectiva Community Land Trust site in Denver. Credit: CLU.

JG: What’s something that has surprised you in your long career?

DW: Sometimes, no matter what you propose, there are going to be people who are diametrically opposed to it—just because. Birmingham is building out what’s called the Red Rock Trail System. It’s an aspiration of about 700 miles of connected bike lanes and trails and pedestrian walkways. And one of the trails, I remember, just as I was leaving Birmingham, they were announcing the trail in the neighborhood, and you had a couple of people come out to say, ‘We don’t want that, it’s going to bring crime.’

There was one lady, in particular, who was very vocal. Three years later, they interviewed her, and she now has a walking group that walks on the trail. She marveled at how property values have gone up, how businesses in close proximity to the trail are vibrant. A lot of times people don’t know what they don’t know, but you’ve got to always anticipate opposition.

JG: What is something you’ve learned or encountered in your work that you wish more people understood?

DW: Having worked for and with local governments, the government can’t do everything. It is government combined with nonprofits—the nonprofits are the gap fillers. Oftentimes, especially in the South, people think the government is supposed to solve all the problems. The cities that get it right are the cities that have an innovative local government, but also a myriad of different public-private partnerships, corporate partnerships, and regional collaborations. It truly is a team approach.

JG: When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?

DW: In my current role, I have a team of about 27 highly mission-driven staff, and what keeps me up at night is retaining my talented staff. But what keeps me refreshed? I’m in my mid-50s, and most of my team is 25 to 35, my kids’ age. So what keeps me motivated? They keep me motivated, just how talented they are—they are sponges for wanting to learn—and just how innovative they are. It took me a while to acquiesce to being called “OG,” but I’m good in that role, because I like teaching, I like storytelling. And unlike my kids, they actually like to listen to my stories. So that keeps me refreshed.

JG: What’s a good book you’ve read recently, or a TV show you’ve streamed?

DW: I’m reading, for the third time, Joan Garry’s Nonprofits Are Messy. That’s a book about nonprofit leadership, and she also has a podcast that gives you practical tools that you can use if you’re in nonprofit leadership.

As far as streaming, I found myself recently enchanted with narrow boats in England, watching a lot of documentaries about people who live in narrow boats using the canal system. I think it’s called “Canal Boat Diaries,” and it chronicles different people who have adopted the narrow boat lifestyle. There’s a narrow boat hotel, there’s a narrow boat that sells art … there’s actually a narrow boat that does bicycle repair. I find it really intriguing. I guess from a historical perspective, those canals predated trains, that was the way industry and commerce took place throughout England, they built this elaborate canal system that is now being repurposed for tourism and lifestyle.

A glimpse of the canal boat culture in Regent’s Canal, London, England. Credit: Jon Gorey.

JG: What are some of your goals for Jefferson County Greenways in the coming years?

DW: There’s an opportunity for us to acquire more land for public use. There are also opportunities for us to expand our partnerships and programs. Our programs are unique in that we do a lot of educational programs with local schools, and we also do a lot of programs in the corporate community, where companies have volunteer work days. We connect with the Scouts, whether it’s building benches or bridges at our spaces. If we could expand our program staff, we could make even more impact.

And on a personal level, we have a hiking group that started organically, and we meet every Saturday at seven o’clock. And over 12 years, we’ve had over 800 different people join us, from all walks of life, all ages. Our youngest hiker is two years old, and she hikes on her dad’s back.

It’s amazing to see kids get introduced to nature for the first time. There are so many stories, like one of our board members, he and his wife, their first date was hiking on a trail. I’m on a mission to get as many people outdoors as possible, because for me, there’s a trilogy. When you’re outside, you connect spiritually, you definitely connect physically, to clean air and walking. But it’s also mental; I do some of my best journaling while I’m hiking. So I’m on a mission to share with others the euphoria I feel when I’m outside, because it’s free and it is so beneficial.


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Darryl Washington. Credit: Courtesy photo.

 

Seven Need-to-Know Trends for Planners in 2026

By APA Foresight team, Dezembro 23, 2025

This content was developed through a partnership between the Lincoln Institute and the American Planning Association as part of the APA Foresight practice. It was originally published by APA in Planning.

A

t a time when it is almost as easy to connect with people across the world as it is down the street, it also can feel as though neighbors live in different universes entirely. And while the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have made common tasks simpler, the omnipresence of technology may also keep people from learning valuable career and interpersonal skills.

Planners are continually confronted with these challenges and contradictions. But in a constantly evolving society, if you miss a little, you miss a lot—and that may just be the difference between those who effect change and those who are affected by it.

2026 Trend Report for Planners

In January, the American Planning Association (APA) will publish the 2026 Trend Report for Planners in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. APA’s Foresight team and the APA Trend Scouting Foresight Community have identified existing, emerging, and potential future trends that planners will want to understand so that they can act, prepare, and learn.

The report includes more than 100 trends and signals, which are explored in future scenarios, deep dives, podcasts, and more. Here are just a few of the trends you need to know.

1. Me, Myself, and AI

The convenience of generative AI (GenAI) has seeped into nearly every aspect of day-to-day life, including music, media, film, and toys. Large language models (LLMs) also can provide users with answers to their questions—from cooking recipes to helping understand a health care test result.

People have increased their interaction with AI bots, and it is affecting how both humans and the products themselves communicate. LLMs powered by GenAI have been shown to manipulate users into maintaining prolonged conversations and have even blackmailed users under simulated scenarios. In some cases, LLMs are viewed as being more persuasive and compassionate than humans. But even LLMs appear to be susceptible to flattery.

Interactions with LLMs also are changing how people express themselves and engage with others. Increasingly, AI is being used to send messages to business associates and even loved ones, a pattern that may exacerbate social tensions and communication issues. In some instances, people are becoming so entangled with AI companions that it is creating mental health issues. This has led to the creation of policies to regulate AI companions or to limit how certain age groups can interact with bots.

Impact for Planners: Be prepared to engage with a new shift in the public dynamic. If a planning department opts to use AI for customer service, its responses should be appropriate and not completely replace human interaction.

2. ‘Greenhushing’ on the Rise

At a time when some companies have rolled back their climate pledges or greenhouse gas emission reduction goals, others are continuing to meet the challenge—just without the public flag-waving.

March 2025 PwC study found that of the roughly 6,900 companies surveyed, 84 percent said they intend to stand by their climate commitments while 37 percent said they are increasing their decarbonization targets. “Those findings may be surprising given the headlines that amplify news of companies retreating on their climate commitments,” the study authors wrote, “but we are entering an era of quiet progress, where companies avoid publicizing climate pledges that can open them up to unwanted scrutiny and instead focus on making progress far from the spotlight.” This strategy is called “greenhushing,” an intentional ongoing act of self-censorship among private companies to keep doing, but not call attention to, their sustainability and climate work.

Impact for Planners: While climate is inextricably embedded in the work of local planners, it may not need to be in the spotlight to be effective right now. Greenhushing gives planners the ability to shine attention on other aspects of a project while continuing to make long-term progress on these goals.

3. Small College Towns Left Behind

Who needs college anyway? That appears to be a growing sentiment among U.S. adults, as a recent Gallup poll found that just 35 percent of respondents feel it is “very important” to earn a college degree. Additionally, while major and well-known universities appear to be maintaining status quo, a Wall Street Journal analysis found that lesser-known state universities saw an enrollment dip of 2 percent in 2023, which amounts to tens of thousands of fewer students. This—paired with shifting demographics, federal funding issues, hiring freezes, and other challenges—is creating major headaches for smaller colleges and the towns that both support and rely on them.

Meanwhile, federal actions have targeted diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts and grants, and newly proposed visa regulations could potentially deter foreign students from wanting to study at U.S. schools. Skills-based hiring continues to rise, and the widespread adoption of AI is changing how white-collar jobs are performed.

Impact for Planners: For decades, higher education served as an economic anchor for communities, but that era may end. The impacts on smaller college towns might include economic development challenges, job losses, and shrinking tax bases. Planners who work in these places will need to be proactive in helping them diversify revenue sources and find alternative uses for underused infrastructure.

4. Envisioning the Intersection of AVs and Public Transit

Picture this: The year is 2030, public transit funding has rebounded, and the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has altered the local roadway norm as we know it. More people have given up their cars. AV companies are working with transit agencies, not in competition with them. The automotive industry has shifted its focus to electric vehicles, and transportation planners have begun working on new AV-transit hubs in city centers.

It sounds like a dream, but it might not be far off. AVs—which have been anticipated for a decade—are now hitting the road outside Silicon Valley and being tested in Austin and other U.S. cities like Boston and Philadelphia. With the end of federal relief funding for public transit, new and growing technology like AVs could be the solution. But it’s important to note that most AVs are still unreliable in poor weather and winter, and widespread adoption could actually lead to a surge in traffic congestion.

Impact for Planners: Consider what wider use of AVs might mean for communities, including zoning and the impact on streets and curbs.

5. The TikTok Effect on the Political Landscape

Being the first generation shaped by the smartphone, Gen Z—the cohort of people born between 1997 and 2012—has largely gravitated to places like TikTok and other social media platforms to consume news. As doomscrolling dominated their days during the pandemic, Gen Z grew up with unprecedented uncertainty about their future, and some have adopted a worldview dominated by institutional failure, untrustworthy governments, and a failing system.

According to Pew Research, 43 percent of young adults get their news from TikTok. Influencers are shaping how young people perceive fairness, power, and opportunity.

Impact for Planners: When engaging with younger generations, planners must meet them where they are online. Social media can be a tool for participation and co-creation, helping rebuild trust and relevance among the next generation of residents and stakeholders.

6. Disappearing Data Has Real-Life Consequences

Data is an integral part of many planning processes, and while it is gathered from myriad sources, federal data collection has long been vital for policymakers, businesses, nonprofits, and more. This longstanding data gathering practice was disrupted, however, when the new presidential administration took office in 2025, and paused, terminated, or removed several federal datasets. The administration also wants to change how certain datasets, like the decennial census, are collected.

While some of the data collections have intermittently been made public again—often by nonprofits and universities—this environment has created an avalanche of misinformation, given rise to conspiracy theories and public distrust, and may impact hazard and risk communications.

Impact for Planners: The lack of reliable data directly imperils the ability of local planners to develop plans that are based on sound data. This can have dire consequences for decision-making, as well as hazard and risk communication.

7. Rights, Culture, and Communities at Risk

Federal actions targeting vulnerable groups are weakening local culture. The administration has advanced policies that explicitly undermine LGBTQ+ rights, while increased raids by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and mass deportations have left many residents afraid to go out in public—skipping work, school, medical, and religious events. As fears grow, support for communitywide activities has waned. Other gatherings have been canceled due to safety concerns. These shifts exacerbate distrust in local institutions.

This climate of fear has disrupted daily life and local economies in places like Los Angeles and Chicago, where street vendors have all but disappeared. Beyond economic losses, the social fabric of neighborhoods is fraying as public life retreats behind closed doors. Eroding trust in government directly affects planners’ ability to engage communities and build inclusive participation processes. But counter movements have emerged, like in Orlando, Florida, where residents protested the removal of a rainbow painted crosswalk that was a memorial to the victims of the 2016 Pulse nightclub mass shooting.

Impact for Planners: Planners can help rebuild trust by ensuring engagement opportunities are safe and inclusive. For example, they can offer hybrid community meetings and reaffirm local commitments to protect all residents.

The 2026 Trend Report for Planners was written by Petra Hurtado, Ievgeniia Dulko, Senna Catenacci, and Joseph DeAngelis. It was edited by Ann Dillemuth and summarized in this article by Jon DePaolis, APA’s senior editor.

This work was developed in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image credit: gremlin via E+/Getty Images.