Topic: finanzas públicas

Introduction

Topics

Land value capture, social housing, infrastructure

Timeframe

1970–2018

Learning Goals

  • Identify the economic and social forces that led to the establishment of the Água Espraiada Urban Operation in São Paulo.
  • Examine the national and local policy reforms that created the framework for the design and implementation of solutions.
  • Explore the tensions resulting from conflicting interests and motivations of residents, real estate developers, and city officials involved in redeveloping informal settlements.
  • Compare and contrast the benefits and limitations of traditional strategies (i.e., local taxes and fees) versus land value capture strategies (i.e., sale of development rights) for raising revenue to fund large-scale infrastructure projects.
  • Evaluate the outcomes of the Água Espraiada Urban Operation and identify ways the program realized or did not realize its original vision.

Primary Audience

  • Municipal officials and administrators from cities confronting challenges and opportunities for large-scale infrastructure projects involving real estate development pressure and informal settlements.
  • Staff of NGOs and community organizations involved in providing social housing and upgrading informal settlements.
  • Policy makers and advocates interested in using land value capture to help finance public infrastructure and social housing.

Prerequisite Knowledge

None.

Summary

Financing A City’s Vision: The Social Mobilization of Land Values in São Paulo is a four-part documentary series created by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy that explores a large-scale infrastructure project called the Água Espraiada Urban Operation in São Paulo, Brazil. Urban operations allow Brazilian cities to recapture the land value generated by land use changes and public investment. São Paulo employed a unique financing tool, certificates of additional construction potential (CePACs), which are tradable development rights sold at public auctions. Featuring the voices of favela residents, city officials, real estate professionals, and a range of academics, the series examines the Água Espraiada Urban Operation from multiple perspectives.

These videos contain dialogue in both English and Portuguese. Subtitles are available in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Click the “CC” button in the video player to enable subtitles.

Chapter 1: Development and Displacement

The first chapter of this four-part series covers the decades leading up to the creation of the Água Espraiada Urban Operation—a large-scale infrastructure and densification project in São Paulo, Brazil. The video highlights three forces shaping the city during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s: the growth of informal “favela” communities, traffic congestion, and growing interest in the area’s real estate. When Mayor Paulo Maluf initiated a project to build a road along the Água Espraiada stream in 1991, a decade before the urban operation was established, thousands of favela residents were evicted and the city was plunged into debt. From this context, the idea for the Água Espraiada Urban Operation emerged. How might a city accomplish large-scale urban interventions without displacing residents or taking on debt?

Chapter 2: An Innovative Solution

The second chapter of the series explains what an “urban operation” is, how CePACs work, and the inspiration behind these unique tools for major urban development projects. Community activism and a receptive administration in City Hall allowed a provision for social housing and services to be included in the list of interventions. A legal tool called special zones of social interest, or ZEIS, gave favela residents the right to housing on specific pieces of land.

Chapter 3: The Fight to Stay

In the third chapter of this four-part series, residents of the Jardim Edite favela community fight for their right to stay as powerful economic forces threaten to displace them. The first auctions of CePACs are held, raising money for the famous cable-stayed Estaiada Bridge, but it’s unclear whether money will be spent on the community’s promised social housing units.

Chapter 4: Reflection and Renewal

The final chapter of the series brings us to the present. The video reflects on the dramatic transformation that has taken place since the urban operation was established in 2001, much of it funded through CePACs. The urban operation still has much to do to achieve its ambitious goals: the road needs to be extended and social housing for thousands of families needs to be built. As the city contemplates holding more CePAC auctions, social housing advocates work to ensure that funding is available.

Exhibits

References

Barbosa, Eliana Rosa De Queiroz, et al. 2019. “Expectant Territories and Urban Instruments: The Case of Urban Operation Água Branca.” Rev. Bras. Estud. Urbanos Reg. 21(2) (Maio-Ago): 451–71. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbeur/a/ffchSrgY6CPMTdnjfQhXw4c/?lang=en

Biderman, Ciro, et al. 2006. “Large-Scale Urban Interventions: The Case of Faria Lima in São Paulo.” Land Lines (April), Lincoln Institute of Land Policy: 8–13. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/large-scale-urban-inte…

Caldeira, Teresa, and James Holston. 2005. “State and Urban Space in Brazil: From Modernist Planning to Democratic Interventions.” Global Anthropology: Technology, Governmentality, Ethics. London: Blackwell: 393–416.

Fernandes, Edésio. 2011. Regularization of Informal Settlements in Latin America. Policy Focus Report. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/policy-focus-reports/regulariza…

Kim, Julie. “CePACs and Their Value Capture Viability in the U.S. for Infrastructure Funding.” 2018. Working Paper No. WP18JK1. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy., https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/cepacs-their-val…

Mahendra, Anjali, et al. 2020. “Urban Land Value Capture in São Paulo, Addis Ababa, and Hyderabad: Differing Interpretations, Equity Impacts, and Enabling Conditions.” Working Paper No. WP20MA1. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (January) https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/urban-land-value…

Marcio, Fortes, and Billy Cobbett. 2010. The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary. Cities Alliance and Ministry of Cities. Brazil., https://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/default/files/CA_Images/CityStatute…

Ribeiro, Silvio Cesar Lima, et al. 2016. “ZEIS Maps: Comparing Areas to Be Earmarked Exclusively for Social Housing in São Paulo City.” Land Use Policy 58(44667): 445–55. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. (December 15) doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.010

Sandroni, Paulo. 2011. “Urban Value Capture in São Paulo Using a Two-Part Approach.” Working Paper No. WP11PS1. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy., https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/urban-value-capt…

Sandroni, Paulo Henrique. 2011. “Recent Experience with Land Value Capture in São Paulo, Brazil.” Land Lines (July): 14–19., https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/recent-experience-land…

Siqueira, Marina Toneli. 2019. “New Urban Policies, New Forms of Social Participation? The Challenges of the Água Espraiada Urban Consortium Operation in São Paulo, Brazil.” Cadernos Metrópole 21(45) (May/August): 417–38.

Smolka, Martim O. 2013. Implementing Value Capture in Latin America: Policies and Tools for Urban Development. Policy Focus Report. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policyhttps://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/policy-focus-reports/implementi…

Somekh, Nadia, and Cintia Marino. 2012.“São Paulo Planning History: From Sanitarism to Strategic Project.” Paper presented at the 15th International Planning History Society Conference, São Paulo, Brazil. http://www.usp.br/fau/iphs/abstractsAndPapersFiles/Sessions/31/SOMEKH_MA…

SP Urbanismo and Cidade de São Paulo. 2020. Operação Urbana Consorciada Água Espraiada Sumário. https://gestaourbana.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/cadernos_ou…

Yu-Hung, Hong, and Gregory K. Ingram. Municipal Revenues and Land Policies (proceedings of the 2009 Land Policy Conference). Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/books/municipal-revenues-land-p…

Curso

Financiación Urbana y Políticas de Suelo

Abril 10, 2024 - Abril 13, 2024

Ofrecido en español


El curso de Financiación Urbana y Políticas de Suelo examina las alternativas que ofrecen la gestión del suelo y la movilización de plusvalías para atender algunos de los principales desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos subnacionales, como son la financiación de infraestructuras de movilidad y la provisión de vivienda asequible. Se centra en la experiencia colombiana analizada en el contexto de América Latina, y combina la discusión de aspectos conceptuales interdisciplinarios con la revisión de experiencias y casos de estudio.

El curso, además, promueve espacios de debate, análisis comparativos, aproximaciones al enfoque de desarrollo urbano orientado al transporte sostenible (DOT), y ejercicios de medición de las plusvalías y sus posibilidades de movilización, al tiempo que analiza los principales instrumentos de planificación y gestión en el marco de la financiación basada en el valor del suelo que han sido aplicados en Colombia. En el último día del curso se realizará una visita técnica para observar proyectos de movilidad, gestión del suelo, y vivienda de interés social en la ciudad de Bogotá.

Relevancia 

Las ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe enfrentan grandes desafíos para orientar y financiar sus procesos de desarrollo urbano, ante los cuales la planeación territorial y el fortalecimiento de fuentes de financiación basada en el valor del suelo ameritan especial atención y consideración.

Colombia es uno de los países en la región que cuenta con marcos legales que proporcionan una base para la implementación de instrumentos de gestión y financiación base suelo. La experiencia colombiana permite identificar y evaluar avances, aprendizajes y alternativas para aportar a la discusión sobre el uso de estos instrumentos en América Latina. El curso aborda el potencial de los instrumentos en relación con dos aspectos específicos: la movilidad y el acceso a vivienda asequible, en el marco de la planeación territorial en Colombia.

Detalles de la convocatoria


Detalles

Fecha(s)
Abril 10, 2024 - Abril 13, 2024
Período de postulación
Enero 9, 2024 - Febrero 11, 2024
Fecha de notificación de seleccionados
Febrero 21, 2024 at 11:59 PM
Idioma
español
Tipo de certificado o crédito
Lincoln Institute certificate

Palabras clave

mitigación climática, medio ambiente, vivienda, regulación del mercado de suelo, uso de suelo, planificación de uso de suelo, valor del suelo, tributación del valor del suelo, temas legales, gobierno local, salud fiscal municipal, planificación, finanzas públicas, políticas públicas, desarrollo orientado a transporte, transporte, urbano, desarrollo urbano

Oportunidades de becas

2024 Lincoln Institute Scholars Program

Fecha límite para la inscripción: March 8, 2024 at 11:59 PM

This program provides an opportunity for recent PhDs (one to two years post-graduate) specializing in public finance or urban economics to work with senior academics.

Lincoln Institute Scholars will be invited to the institute for a program on April 18–20, 2024, that will include:

• presentations by a panel of journal editors on the academic publication process;

• a workshop in which senior scholars comment on draft papers written by the Lincoln Institute Scholars;

• an opportunity for the Lincoln Institute Scholars to present their research; and

• a seminar in which leading scholars in public finance and urban economics present their latest research.

For information on previous Lincoln Scholars, please visit Lincoln Scholars Program Alumni.


Detalles

Fecha límite para la inscripción
March 8, 2024 at 11:59 PM

Descargas


Palabras clave

economía, tributación inmobilaria, finanzas públicas

Anuncio

Accelerating Community Investment Launches Second Community of Practice

By Kristina McGeehan, Noviembre 28, 2023

 

The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy launched the second round of the Accelerating Community Investment initiative’s Community of Practice (ACI CoP) in November, kicking off with a convening in Sante Fe, New Mexico. ACI improves the practice of public finance by creating opportunities for public development, housing, and infrastructure finance agencies to engage in skill building and peer learning with philanthropies, mission-aligned investors, and the broader capital markets, with the goal of increasing investment and its impact on communities across the nation. 

Through this initiative, the Lincoln Institute connects participants in local community investment ecosystems to each other and their peers elsewhere—helping to form partnerships that create new, community-led investments in underserved places and people. The ACI CoP, first launched in 2021 with approximately 40 agencies and institutions from 14 states, has expanded to 100 participants now representing 18 states across the country. 

“My team’s participation in the Lincoln Institute’s ACI CoP over the past three years has been transformational,” said Laura N. Brunner, president and CEO of the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority. “It is difficult to say whether the education or the relationship building has been more impactful, because both far exceeded our expectations. The technical content contributes to our ability to move from ‘good to great,’ and the friendships and perspectives of fellow members allow us to benchmark ourselves against others and enjoy the comfort of safe spaces to learn.” 

ACI seeks to increase the availability of capital in the right places, at the right times, and for the right purposes. The initiative includes field research, a national CoP focused on peer learning and skill development, and technical assistance and support for participants to develop and deploy impactful mission-aligned investment opportunities. These opportunities create a more fertile environment for investment in community and economic development, housing, and more, for the benefit of residents and communities.  

“Our work in ACI, focusing on deepening the skills of public finance practitioners and creating connections with values-aligned impact capital holders, is helping to drive new investments that improve the quality of life in underserved communities across the country,” said Robert J. “R.J.” McGrail, senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute and initiative director for ACI. “These public finance leaders not only have the capacity to tap large pools of capital and leverage public funding, but they can also help impact-minded and values-aligned investors channel new capital to communities where it will create deeper impact.” 

“Over the last few years in the Accelerating Community Investment initiative, we’ve seen the benefits of bringing together new civic coalitions to tackle local problems,” said George W. McCarthy, president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute. “Whether we’re trying to meet the challenge of supplying adequate affordable shelter to residents, preparing to support a low- or no-carbon fleet, or adapting our cities to endure the climate crisis, we need unprecedented multisectoral cooperation to deploy unprecedented volumes of financial and human resources. When the public, private, and civic sectors bring their respective knowledge, discipline, and creativity together, the results can be magical.”   

More information about ACI and a complete list of CoP participants can be found on the Lincoln Institute’s website


Kristina McGeehan is director of communications at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Overview

A component of the Significant Features of the Property Tax® database, this State-by-State Property Tax at a Glance Visualization Tool features narratives and data on property tax systems in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. An interactive map allows users to easily view and compare key property tax statistics among states. Companion tables and charts display numerical values for key property tax system variables for each state, DC, and the U.S.

Use the Tool
The Visualization Tool

Use the interactive map and companion narratives to understand the context of each state’s property tax system and compare key statistics, with companion tables and charts providing detailed data for each state and the U.S. overall.

Use the Map

Property Tax Database

Explore key aspects of the property tax system in each of the 50 states and The District of Columbia, including data and definitions related to tax structure, rates, assessments, relief programs, and more.

Access the Database

Government Finance Data

This section reports data which put the property tax in the overall context of state and local finances. The tables display data for state and local governments combined, and for state and local governments separately. For each year and each type of government, tables show data for each revenue source in nominal dollars, as a share of all revenues, per capita, and as a percent of personal income.

Download the Tables

Publications and Resources

Explore a variety of publications and resources designed to promote understanding of how the property tax works, its importance as a revenue source for local governments and school districts, and variation in property tax policies across the United States.

A Good Tax

Libro

Tributación al valor del suelo, Gobierno local, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas, valuación

Property Tax Relief for Homeowners

Enfoque en políticas de suelo

Vivienda, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria

50-State Property Tax Comparison Study

Publicación con datos

impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas

Property Tax Assessment Limits

Enfoque en políticas de suelo

Desarrollo económico, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas, valuación

Contributors

Project Coordinators

Bethany P. Paquin, Senior Research Analyst
Project Director
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Kim Rueben, Senior Advisor, Fiscal Systems
General Content Editor
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Yonhui Um, Senior Policy and Legal Analyst
General Content Editor
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Joan Youngman, Executive Director, Land and Fiscal Systems
General Content Editor
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Sydney Zelinka, Manager, Fiscal Systems
General Content Editor
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

State Content Contributors

United States

Bethany P. Paquin
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Daphne A. Kenyon
Consultant

Yonhui Um
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Alabama

Ira W. Harvey
Consultant

Alaska

Daphne A. Kenyon
Consultant

Marty McGee
State of Alaska

Arizona

Jeffrey Chapman
Arizona State University (Emeritus)

Arkansas

Gary Ritter
Saint Louis University

California

Terri Sexton
California State University Sacramento

Colorado

Adam Langley
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Phyllis Resnic
Colorado State University

Connecticut

Jeffrey Cohen
University of Connecticut

Delaware

Eleanor D. Craig
University of Delaware (Emeritus)

District of Columbia

Michael Bell
George Washington University

Florida

Bethany P. Paquin
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Kurt Wenner
Florida Tax Watch

Georgia

Robert D. Buschman
Georgia State University

Hawaii

James Mak
University of Hawaii (Emeritus)

Idaho

Alan S. Dornfest
Idaho State Tax Commission

Illinois

Richard F. Dye
University of Illinois (Emeritus)

Indiana

Justin Ross
Indiana University Bloomington

Iowa

Phuong Nguyen-Hoang
University of Iowa

Kansas

W. Bartley Hildreth
Georgia State University

Kentucky

David Agrawal
University of Kentucky

Louisiana

Dan Teles
Urban Institute

Maine

Joel Johnson
Passerelle

Maryland

Ken Coriale
Towson University

Massachusetts

Jane Malme
Consultant

Michigan

Ronald C. Fisher
Michigan State University

Minnesota

Mark Haveman
Minnesota Center for Fiscal Excellence

Mississippi

Joseph “Dallas” Breen
Mississippi State University

Joe B. Young
Mississippi State University

Missouri

Brian Dabson
Consultant

Montana

Eric Dale
Montana Department of Revenue

Nebraska

John E. Anderson
University of Nebraska

Nevada

Mehmet S. Tosun
University of Nevada Reno

New Hampshire

Richard W. England
University of New Hampshire (Emeritus)

Daphne A. Kenyon
Consultant

Bethany P. Paquin
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

New Jersey

Mark H. Pfeiffer
Rutgers University

New Mexico

Richard Anklam
New Mexico Tax Research Institute

New York

John M. Yinger
Syracuse University

North Carolina

Stephen Billings
University of Colorado Boulder

North Dakota

Rod Backman
Covenant Consulting Group

Ohio

Bree J. Lang
University of California, Santa Barbara

Oklahoma

Gregory Burge
University of Oklahoma

Oregon

Jonathan Rork
Reed College

Pennsylvania

Zhou Yang
Robert Morris University

Rhode Island

Ryan Mulcahey
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management

South Carolina

Laura Ullrich
Indeed

South Dakota

Ray Ring
University of South Dakota (Emeritus)

Tennessee

Nathan Murray
Oak Ridge Associated Universities

Texas

Seth Giertz
University of Texas at Dallas

Utah

Gary Cornia
Brigham Young University

Vermont

Kieran Killeen
University of Vermont

Elizabeth Howes
Northeast Bank

Virginia

Andrew Hayashi
University of Virginia School of Law

Washington

Olha Krupa
Seattle University

West Virginia

Amanda Ross
University of Alabama

Wisconsin

Andrew Reschovsky
University of Wisconsin-Madison (Emeritus)

Wyoming

Bethany P. Paquin
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Buck McVeigh
Retired Economist

Overview

Accurate data on property taxation provide the critical foundation for sound governmental decision-making. The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and the George Washington Institute of Public Policy joined in a partnership to provide information and support public policy concerning the property tax, probably the most controversial tax in the United States. The term “Significant Features” pays tribute to the work of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, which from 1959 to 1996 provided a wealth of research on the functioning of the federal system, particularly through its flagship publication, Significant Features of Fiscal Federalism. This online database presents data on the property tax in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Property Tax Database

Explore key aspects of the property tax system in each of the 50 states and The District of Columbia, including data and definitions related to tax structure, rates, assessments, relief programs, and more.

Access the Database

State-by-State Property Tax at a Glance

This State-by-State Property Tax at a Glance Visualization Tool features narratives and data on property tax systems in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Use the interactive map to compare key statistics, with companion tables and charts providing detailed data for each state and the U.S. overall.

Use the Tool

Government Finance Data

This section reports data which put the property tax in the overall context of state and local finances. The tables display data for state and local governments combined, and for state and local governments separately. For each year and each type of government, tables show data for each revenue source in nominal dollars, as a share of all revenues, per capita, and as a percent of personal income.

Download the Tables

Publications and Resources

Explore a variety of publications and resources designed to promote understanding of how the property tax works, its importance as a revenue source for local governments and school districts, and variation in property tax policies across the United States.

Property Tax Relief for Homeowners

Enfoque en políticas de suelo

Vivienda, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria

50-State Property Tax Comparison Study

Publicación con datos

impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas

Rethinking Property Tax Incentives for Business

Enfoque en políticas de suelo

Planificación urbana y regional, Desarrollo económico, Infraestructura, Mercados de suelo, Gobierno local, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas, urbanización, valuación

Property Tax Assessment Limits

Enfoque en políticas de suelo

Desarrollo económico, impuesto a la propiedad inmobiliaria, finanzas públicas, valuación

Investigación sobre Políticas de Suelo y Desarrollo Urbano en América Latina y el Caribe

Fecha límite para la inscripción: January 15, 2024 at 11:59 PM

Esta convocatoria abrirá el 15 de noviembre de 2023 y permanecerá abierta hasta el 15 de enero de 2024. 

El Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo invita a presentar propuestas de investigación sobre políticas de suelo y de desarrollo urbano en América Latina y el Caribe. Buscamos generar nuevos conocimientos sobre cómo las políticas de suelo pueden contribuir a la superación de desafíos sistémicos para el desarrollo sostenible en la región, tales como la asequibilidad de la vivienda, la equidad socioespacial y el mejoramiento integral de barrios informales, la autonomía fiscal de los municipios y la adaptación al cambio climático. Partiendo de la necesidad de pensar de manera holística para producir cambios estructurales que permitan enfrentar estos desafíos de manera más contundente, buscamos proyectos de investigación con potencial de incidir en debates de política pública vigentes en la región en temáticas de interés para el Instituto, incluyendo implementación de instrumentos de financiamiento en base al valor del suelo, estrategias para el mejoramiento y regularización de asentamientos informales, políticas para reducir el déficit de vivienda, y condiciones propicias para la incorporación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para la acción climática. 

Las guías de la propuesta y formularios de postulación también están disponibles en portugués e inglés. 


Detalles

Fecha límite para la inscripción
January 15, 2024 at 11:59 PM

Palabras clave

adaptación, agua, desarrollo urbano, finanzas públicas, inequidad, infraestructura, mejoramiento urbano y regularización, mercados informales de suelo, mitigación climática, planificación, planificación de uso de suelo, políticas públicas, recuperación de plusvalías, regulación del mercado de suelo, salud fiscal municipal, tributación inmobilaria, uso de suelo, valor del suelo, vivienda

Solicitud de propuestas

Research on Municipal Fiscal Health and Land Policies

Fecha límite para la inscripción: February 5, 2024 at 11:59 PM

The submission deadline has been extended from January 29 to February 5, 2024. 

The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy invites proposals for original research that can be applied to address the challenge of promoting the fiscal health of municipal governments in a range of contexts and institutional settings across the world. We are particularly interested in research that explores the ways sound urban planning, land-based taxation, and economic development combine with disciplined financial management to promote prosperous, sustainable, equitable, and fiscally healthy communities.

Research proposed should examine some of the most pressing questions that local officials around the world are confronting in the fiscal policy arena, with an emphasis on the implications for local land policy and planning decisions.


Detalles

Fecha límite para la inscripción
February 5, 2024 at 11:59 PM

Palabras clave

desarrollo, desarrollo económico, vivienda, infraestructura, planificación de uso de suelo, valor del suelo, tributación del valor del suelo, impuesto a base de suelo, gobierno local, salud fiscal municipal, tributación inmobilaria, finanzas públicas, políticas públicas, desarrollo urbano, recuperación de plusvalías, impuesto a base de valores, zonificación