Shortly after taking office in 2022, Atlanta Mayor Andre Dickens made the kind of promise voters tend not to forget: he pledged to pave the way for 20,000 new homes within city limits by 2030, amid rapidly rising rents and home prices.
With the pressure on, one of the first things Dickens did was form a housing strike force to investigate parcels and property owned by the city. The mayor saw that as the quickest route to get shovels in the ground, with the added benefit that the parcels would be cheaper to build on, because the land—almost always the most expensive element of the construction process—was already accounted for.
The mayor’s team also established a housing help center, streamlined permitting, made different kinds of financing available for developers, and created an eviction diversion program to help stem the tide of homelessness. But the more than 50 sites and 536 acres that have been identified—from closed schools to land and property under MARTA, the city’s public transit system, to a vacant lot directly across from Atlanta City Hall where a mixed-use development is now rising—allowed the city to take advantage of the special leverage public ownership provides. “The capacity building efforts are paying off in the form of a sophisticated, collaborative vehicle for developing mixed-income, neighborhood-anchoring housing on publicly owned land,” Dickens said.
The Atlanta strategy is part of a nationwide movement to make better use of government-owned land. And the amount of land in that inventory—vastly underutilized in the form of vacant lots, abandoned parking areas, or decommissioned buildings, owned by entities ranging from school districts to housing authorities—is not insignificant. Across the country, more than 230,000 acres of municipally owned, transit-accessible land could be feasibly built on, according to the Center for Geospatial Solutions. That’s more than the total land area of New York City.
The CGS analysis of local, state, and federally owned land found a total of 276,000 acres of potentially buildable, government-owned land in transit-accessible urban areas with existing infrastructure. This land could support nearly 7 million new homes at a modest density, according to CGS, which is part of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. The potential of these lands was dubbed by one prominent urban affairs commentator as a solution “hiding in plain sight.”
To encourage communities across the US to identify publicly owned land that could be used for housing or environmental improvements, the Lincoln Institute has launched an initiative called Community Land for Community Benefits. “Public land has a crucial role to play in addressing housing affordability, but local governments need support to enable the transformation,” said George W. McCarthy, president and CEO of the Lincoln Institute. “The Community Land campaign will help policymakers and their partners identify and leverage publicly owned land.”
An estimated six to eight million new homes need to be built to overcome restrictions in supply that are contributing to higher housing costs, according to analyses by sources including Freddie Mac, Zillow, Goldman Sachs, and McKinsey. The advantage of developing or redeveloping publicly owned land is that government can dictate the terms of use and ensure that whatever housing is built is permanently affordable. Leasing the land or turning it over to a nonprofit developer can also have the effect of keeping overall costs down. “Land affordability is the biggest obstacle to affordable housing,” explains McCarthy. “If a developer has to buy land at the market rate, that almost automatically eliminates the possibility of building affordable housing. The land cost will just be too high to ever make it work.”
As governments take stock of publicly owned land, an array of other options for new housing construction reveals itself, on land in a range of tenure and ownership status: underperforming commercial land, like a failed strip mall; underused private parking lots; land owned by freight or passenger rail; stockyards; and land owned by Tribal communities or religious institutions, which for a variety of reasons are seeking to sell their real estate assets right now. (Learn more about the movement to build homes on faith-owned land.)
Civic institutions like universities, hospitals, and community foundations often have large land holdings and a community-oriented mission, too. A coordinated effort to map these acres, across overlapping jurisdictions and civic institutions, can inform efforts to address housing affordability and climate resilience—while revealing potential opportunities to assemble larger, contiguous plots from fragmented parcels.
What follows is a breakdown of transit-accessible government-owned land by category—federal, state, and local—beginning with land under the control of municipalities, which is by far the largest segment of public ownership.
LOCAL: 237,000+ Acres
Several cities, large and small, are joining Atlanta in assessing their real estate assets, determining how they might be used, and moving ahead with projects. In the Morgan Park section of Chicago, 11 city-owned vacant lots are being redeveloped for housing, as part of the city’s Missing Middle infill housing initiative. A database of vacant city-owned lots reveals there are 7,000 more.
Detroit, where Mayor Mary Sheffield signed an executive order to dedicate all of the proceeds from the sale of city-owned commercial properties to the city’s affordable housing development and preservation trust fund, is similarly examining the status of 100,000 empty parcels, most of which are city-owned, according to the non-profit Detroit Future City. The vacant lands are candidates at a minimum for natural improvements like community gardens, if not used for housing, the organization says.
Vacant lots represent the low-hanging fruit in the exercise of identifying suitable municipal-owned land, however. Emma Mulvaney-Stanak, the mayor of Burlington, Vermont, released a plan to use parks, parking lots, and other underutilized public parcels for housing. The sites in the pipeline include a blighted three-block commercial area downtown anchored by a defunct auditorium; and a sprawling city-owned parking lot adjacent to a tech start-up incubator that now occupies a factory formerly used for making ovens and other kitchen equipment.
Tensions and conflict can arise when the land is viewed as a community asset, even if the property has long been forgotten or conditions there have deteriorated. Since publicly owned land can be a lightning rod for competing interests—especially if it involves any kind of recreational or open space—the city has adjusted its procurement process, said Charles Dillard, Burlington’s director of planning. “We want to flip the Request for Proposal process on its head,” he said, by getting community input first and identifying a developer and design scheme that conforms accordingly.

“There is rarely consensus on what, if anything should be built,” Dillard said, noting that conflicts typically arise around “questions of affordability and public benefit—what is being built and for whom .… So ultimately, this is about democratizing development and reasserting the public sector’s role as a leader in creating the vision for housing and the evolving city.”
In Atlanta, city officials are building a narrative that emphasizes the broader context of city-owned land—how any housing development ultimately fits in with a well-functioning neighborhood. According to the mayor’s office, the approach is to “frame housing production within a holistic, neighborhood revitalization strategy. When we talk about new housing, we talk as well about grocery stores, parks, trails, childcare, schools, [and] legacy resident retention.” The lofty goal is to ensure every Atlanta resident “has a place they can afford to live, but that everyone can afford to live in a complete, healthy, thriving neighborhood.”
Yet the city is also mindful of producing quick results. Municipal land has become the perfect place for the mayor’s rapid housing initiative, delivering factory-built and modular construction. An underutilized surface parking lot for city vehicles was transformed into The Melody, 40 units of permanent supportive housing next to the Garnett MARTA station. Late last year, the city celebrated the opening of Waterworks Village, 100 units of supportive housing built across three floors of stacked modular housing on land transferred from the City’s Department of Watershed Management.

Another advantage of the greater amount of land under municipal control is that it allows cities and towns to pick and choose, as they sort through parcels whose development would involve varying degrees of difficulty. The Center for Geospatial Solutions analysis can be especially useful in calculating trade-offs, as deep dives reveal different levels of complexity in disposing of government properties. A decommissioned public works garage might be at a site with fewer neighbors to object to redevelopment, but may require extensive environmental remediation.
“We are diligently studying each city-owned parcel to determine not just the lowest-hanging fruit, but also more complex properties that ultimately may have more significant contributions to housing creation, community development, and catalytic transformation,” said Dillard, the Burlington city planner.
Counties are also joining the effort. Smart Growth America’s “Guide for Developing Housing on County-Owned Land” aims to help county governments, which tend to have less capacity, in identifying suitable parcels, evaluating zoning constraints, and modeling financial feasibility and ownership structure. San Mateo County, just south of San Francisco, recently leased a parcel for $1 a year so an affordable housing developer could build 160 units of affordable senior housing. In Virginia, more than 10 acres of land owned by Fairfax County is now the site of much-needed affordable housing for students and seniors.
STATE: 33,000+ Acres
States are adopting a coordinating role, helping cities and towns identify land they own. But states have significant land holdings as well, and legislators have been clamoring for a clearer picture of where the promise of new housing might be. Virtually every state has long had a process of disposing of state-owned property, whether an obsolete armory or a shuttered mental health hospital, but that exercise is notoriously drawn out and unfolds on a case-by-case basis. Given the urgency of the housing crisis, policymakers today are seeking a more strategic overview and quicker turnarounds.
This spring, Colorado Gov. Jared Polis signed the Housing Opportunities Made Easier Act (HOME), which allows school districts, universities, housing authorities, transit districts and qualifying nonprofits to build housing on properties up to five acres, regardless of local zoning rules. That follows a 2019 measure requiring each state agency and state institution of higher education to submit a list of all non-developed land owned by or under control of the agency or institution, that could potentially be developed for affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households, either on a for-sale or rental basis. The state Department of Local Affairs (DOLA) has partnered with the Center for Geospatial Solutions to inventory all of the land identified by the agencies and institutions, determining overlaps and accurately assigning ownership. The aim is to allow better coordination down the road.

A similar effort in Vermont turned up 140 properties, ranging from one-half to 500 acres, at a variety of locations. California Governor Gavin Newsom launched the Excess Sites Program to identify underutilized state property and speed up the process of developing suitable sites for housing. Builders have access to a new web portal that clearly spells out what the opportunities are. Officials say the properties that are in the mix, ranging from land near a state hospital to vacant parcels owned by the state transportation agency, Caltrans, could be appropriate sites for the creation of 2,000 new homes.
Under a plan announced by Maryland Governor Wes Moore, some 134 acres of state-owned land near transit stations will be activated with potentially 5,000 homes. In Massachusetts, Governor Maura Healey established the State Land for Homes program, which has already identified 450 acres of state-owned land, and includes an interactive map to create a clearer picture of suitable locations and their context.
Campaigns to transform state-owned land consistently run into the same roadblocks that municipalities have encountered. Massachusetts officials believed they had a slam-dunk proposal to develop 180 apartments on an underused five-acre parking lot at the MassBay Community College campus in the suburb of Wellesley, west of Boston. But residents came forward to oppose the plan—stating concerns about impacts on an adjacent 40 acres of conservation land, even though the state was clear in its intentions just to build on the parking lot and not in the forest. The redevelopment appears likely to be put on hold if a threatened lawsuit is filed.
FEDERAL: 5,200+ acres
The idea of building housing on land owned by the federal government is one of the few policies that carried forward from the Biden administration to the Trump presidency.
The Joint Task Force on Federal Land for Housing, a partnership of the Department of the Interior and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, aims to identify federal land that could be suitable for residential construction, and to streamline the transfer process to make that development happen more quickly.
The federal government controls a staggering 650 million acres of public lands, but most of that acreage is in the form of national parks, preserves, and wilderness that would not be suitable for housing development. More likely candidates for redevelopment would be federal buildings and land in more urban settings—an estimated 8,000 properties are vacant, abandoned, obsolete, or underused, according to Congress. The General Services Administration routinely lists properties no longer in use, whether a closed courthouse or administrative office space for federal agencies that is no longer needed.
One precedent for the reuse of federal property is the decommissioning of military bases, many of which have been turned into housing and mixed-use development. Some 350 installations, from shipyards to training facilities and barracks, have become available in the Base Realignment and Closure process, which has been going on for nearly 40 years. In Massachusetts alone, two major military bases are being converted to residential development, Fort Devens and South Weymouth Naval Air Station, which hold the promise of nearly 300 and 6,000 homes respectively.

A heated debate has emerged, however, about the difference between identifying specific parcels of federal land that are suitable for affordable housing and simply opening up public land for unfettered development. Recent proposals by Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) and others to sell off millions of acres of what is currently open space in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and other western states have raised concerns that high-cost subdivisions could well rise up in protected areas, damaging critical habitats and draining severely limited water supplies while doing little to address the affordability crisis. Those concerns have been raised in the context of the administration’s push to open up more federal lands for resource extraction.
While the debate over federal land continues, it may well be that the real opportunity lies with state and local governments, which hold most of the prime public real estate nationwide. For every acre of developable federal land, more than 52 buildable acres are controlled by state and local governments. State and local leaders are already beginning to act, but they will need data and evidence to ensure the right land is developed, at the right speed and scale, in the right places, accounting for land and water constraints that affect both livability and conservation.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
Lead image: City leaders in Atlanta identified 104 Trinity Avenue, which sits across from City Hall, as a site for residential development. A 10-story, 218-unit mixed-income building is now under construction on the land, which has been leased for 99 years with an affordability requirement attached. Credit: Google Earth.




