Mientras estos efectos azotan a todos los rincones del paĂs, los planificadores y gestores del agua buscan nuevas formas de enfrentarlos, trabajando de forma colaborativa para generar resiliencia frente a un clima cada vez mĂĄs volĂĄtil.
La planificaciĂłn para un futuro que podrĂa incluir una combinaciĂłn impredecible de sequĂas, inundaciones, contaminaciĂłn y otros problemas relacionados con el agua exige un cambio significativo, explica Bill Cesanek de la Red de Agua y PlanificaciĂłn de la AsociaciĂłn Estadounidense de PlanificaciĂłn. âHistĂłricamente, las comunidades de los Estados Unidos han lidiado con la planificaciĂłn del uso del suelo y la gestiĂłn del agua por separadoâ, comenta Cesanek. âPero ahora sabemos que tenemos que gestionarlos usando un enfoque integradoâ.
Tradicionalmente, explica, los planificadores y departamentos hĂdricos, a menudo, han trabajado dentro de diferentes lĂmites geopolĂticos, estructuras de gestiĂłn y lĂneas de tiempo, incluso cuando su trabajo se superponĂa en el terreno. Pero las comunidades crecen rĂĄpido, sobre todo en el sur, y el cambio climĂĄtico exacerba los riesgos relacionados con el agua, por lo que la planificaciĂłn se complejiza y la necesidad de colaboraciĂłn se vuelve mĂĄs urgente.
âNecesitamos un enfoque multidisciplinario e integradoâ, admite Brenda Bateman, directora del Departamento de ConservaciĂłn y Desarrollo del Suelo de OregĂłn. Bateman es directora de la Conferencia Especializada sobre el Agua y el Suelo de la AsociaciĂłn Estadounidense de Recursos HĂdricos, un evento que se centra en conectar el suelo y el agua para lograr comunidades saludables. âEstos problemas son tan complicados que si intentamos resolverlos uno por uno, o por cuenta propia, terminamos obteniendo soluciones o resultados que no son eficaces. EstĂĄn unidos, sin importar cĂłmo funcionen nuestros presupuestos y burocraciasâ.
El objetivo de mejorar la planificaciĂłn y los procesos de gestiĂłn de recursos para que se integren mĂĄs y sean mĂĄs resilientes, flexibles y creativos es complicado debido a las diferencias regionales: âLo que funciona en California, no funcionarĂĄ necesariamente en Nueva Jerseyâ, explica Cesanek. Y, como la naturaleza de la volatilidad climĂĄtica implica que lo que funciona en California hoy en dĂa no necesariamente funcionarĂĄ en el futuro, los planificadores y gestores del agua deben prepararse para diferentes escenarios posibles. âEn el mundo de la planificaciĂłn, se solĂa pensar, âimaginemos el futuro mĂĄs deseado y construyamos con eso en menteââ, dice Jim Holway, director del Centro Babbitt para PolĂticas de Suelo y Agua del Instituto Lincoln. âAhora tenemos que implementar polĂticas que se mantengan firmes en los diferentes futuros, no solo los deseables, e incorporar programas que sean mĂĄs adaptables. Este es un cambio de enfoqueâ.
Anticiparse a potenciales futuros y cambiar prĂĄcticas para tener en cuenta la incertidumbre es complejo, pero no imposible. A pesar de la naturaleza local de la planificaciĂłn y la gestiĂłn de recursos, las prĂĄcticas y estrategias compartidas pueden funcionar en todo el paĂs. AquĂ podemos ver cĂłmo tres comunidades que enfrentan diferentes desafĂos estĂĄn adaptando sus enfoques y prĂĄcticas para prepararse para un futuro cambiante.
Nueva Orleans: convivir con el agua
Pocas ciudades han dedicado tanto tiempo y energĂa a luchar contra el agua como Nueva Orleans. La ciudad se construyĂł sobre un dique natural a lo largo del RĂo Mississippi, una ubicaciĂłn valorada que ofrece beneficios econĂłmicos y medioambientales. Pero siglos de esfuerzos para diseñar el rĂo y drenar los pantanos circundantes condujeron a una subsidencia del suelo tan grave que algunos barrios se encuentran tres metros por debajo del nivel del mar, lo que los hace propensos a inundaciones frecuentes. AdemĂĄs, Nueva Orleans es uno de los lugares mĂĄs lluviosos del paĂs, con 1,5 metros de precipitaciones anuales, y es vulnerable a huracanes cada vez mĂĄs potentes que frecuentan la costa del golfo.
Cuando el huracĂĄn Katrina azotĂł en 2005, e inundĂł el 80 por ciento de la ciudad, revelĂł de forma explĂcita una verdad que poco a poco venĂa saliendo a la luz: Nueva Orleans no pudo usar sus enfoques histĂłricos para combatir las tormentas mĂĄs fuertes y las crecidas de agua que genera el cambio climĂĄtico. Tuvo que pensar diferente.
âKatrina fue el punto de inflexiĂłnâ, explica Ed Blakely, un experto en polĂticas urbanas globales que dirigiĂł los esfuerzos de recuperaciĂłn de la ciudad. Blakely dice que el enfoque anterior que la ciudad adoptĂł para los asuntos relativos al agua (con la intenciĂłn de dominarla en lugar de planificar en torno a los patrones de inundaciones y el flujo de las corrientes naturales) reflejĂł un patrĂłn urbano comĂșn en los Estados Unidos. âNo hemos usado la historia para planificar los asentamientosâ.
âEl plan hĂdrico nos facilitĂł una nueva forma de abordar el agua, local y regionalmenteâ, explica Robin Barnes, una asesora sobre resiliencia y recuperaciĂłn econĂłmica radicada en Nueva Orleans que es la ex vicepresidenta ejecutiva y directora general de GNO, Inc. âNos brinda informaciĂłn, esquemas e instrucciones sobre todo, desde materiales hasta proyectos de demostraciĂłn especĂficos, e ilustra cĂłmo funciona Living with Waterâ.
Al igual que muchas ciudades, Nueva Orleans, a medida que trabaja para implementar estas ideas, ha enfrentado desafĂos, como la pandemia y transiciones polĂticas. AĂșn hay mucho trabajo para hacer, pero otros lugares del paĂs propensos a inundaciones han empezado a adoptar el modo de pensar de Nueva Orleans: Sternad y sus colegas de Waggonner & Ball introdujeron el enfoque Living with Water en ciudades como Houston, Miami, Charleston, Hampton, Virginia, y Bridgeport, Connecticut.
âEstamos dispuestos a guiar soluciones climĂĄticas futuras, en parte porque las cosas que experimentamos aquĂ brindan enseñanzas valiosas para otras ciudadesâ, expresa Sternad. âEstĂĄ bien vivir en un lugar que a veces se inunda, siempre que la cultura y, con el tiempo, la infraestructura puedan adaptarseâ.
âEstamos camino a un perĂodo donde tenemos una demanda creciente de agua, pero cada vez queda menos pastelâ, comenta Anne Best Johnson, exdirectora de desarrollo comunitario de Evans. âUna cosa es repartir un pastel que crece, pero se hace cada vez mĂĄs difĂcil repartir un pastel que se encogeâ.
En 2019, la ciudad completĂł un Plan Municipal de Eficiencia HĂdrica, una guĂa para sus medidas de conservaciĂłn del agua (Ciudad de Evans 2019). Dicho plan identificĂł 34 actividades de conservaciĂłn del agua cuya implementaciĂłn la ciudad priorizarĂĄ. Estas van desde ordenanzas para paisajismo y riego al aire libre, hasta requisitos para cosas como sensores de viento y lluvia para los nuevos desarrollos, y acondicionamiento de aparatos con uso eficiente del agua para las construcciones existentes. Si se adoptan todas estas medidas, las proyecciones sugieren que la ciudad podrĂa experimentar ahorros totales de agua de hasta el 17 por ciento para el 2028, en comparaciĂłn con la demanda proyectada.
Johnson, quien renunciĂł a su cargo en Evans a principios de 2023 para asumir un cargo similar cerca de Berthoud, dice que los funcionarios de la ciudad fueron capaces de consolidar principios del Plan Municipal de Eficiencia HĂdrica en el plan integral, que incluye un capĂtulo sobre la conservaciĂłn y la administraciĂłn del agua, asĂ como instrucciones para la incorporaciĂłn de principios de conservaciĂłn del agua dentro de la planificaciĂłn (Ciudad de Evans 2022).
Estos desafĂos han aumentado a medida que el cambio climĂĄtico agrava las tormentas en la regiĂłn. âNuevas elevaciones de inundaciones debido a lluvias mĂĄs fuertes generaron desafĂos para los bienes inmobiliarios de ĂĄreas bajasâ, dice Zimmerman, y destaca que los planificadores evalĂșan con cuidado aspectos como la nivelaciĂłn al revisar los planes de los lugares, teniendo en cuenta las mayores escorrentĂas que provocan las condiciones climĂĄticas extremas.
Mientras Golden Valley sigue ajustando sus prĂĄcticas para satisfacer necesidades cambiantes, una agencia de planificaciĂłn regional habilitada por el estado, la Metropolitan Council, estĂĄ ayudando a la ciudad a enfrentar la contaminaciĂłn, planificar para las inundaciones y proteger la calidad de sus arroyos y lagos, pensando mĂĄs allĂĄ de los lĂmites.
Golden Valley le compra su agua a la ciudad de MineĂĄpolis, como parte de un acuerdo conjunto con otros dos suburbios cercanos, Cristal y New Hope. Â Metropolitan Council supervisa la infraestructura para la recolecciĂłn y el tratamiento de aguas residuales y la planificaciĂłn del suministro de agua en el ĂĄrea, una modalidad casi Ășnica que ayuda a las comunidades a aprender unas de otras. âEstamos trabajando con nuestros socios de la regiĂłn para asegurarnos de contar con suministros sostenibles para el crecimiento que se planificĂłâ, dice Judy Sventek, gerenta de recursos hĂdricos de Met Council. âLas personas piensan en Minnesota como un estado rico en agua con 10.000 lagos, pero tenemos limitaciones en el suministro del aguaâ, incluidas las diferencias en el tipo y la cantidad de agua que las comunidades pueden obtener.
Lanya Ross, analista medioambiental de la Met Council, dice que la visiĂłn regional del consejo puede ayudar a las comunidades como Golden Valley a hacer planes a largo plazo con respecto al suministro de agua, de cara al cambio climĂĄtico y las dinĂĄmicas demogrĂĄficas. AdemĂĄs, sirve como un centro de datos sobre asuntos como el modelado de aguas subterrĂĄneas regionales y los efectos de las inundaciones, a los que las comunidades individuales podrĂan no tener acceso o que no suelen considerar. En Golden Valley, donde Bassett Creek es una vĂa fluvial crĂtica, los dirigentes pueden usar esta informaciĂłn compartida para ver dĂłnde pueden ser mĂĄs Ăștiles los proyectos de gestiĂłn de agua pluvial, y cĂłmo pueden ayudar los proyectos de redesarrollo con el control de las inundaciones.
âPodemos observar a la totalidad de la regiĂłn: cĂłmo planificamos para el conjunto de recursos hĂdricos sostenibles y cĂłmo se dan esas interaccionesâ, dice Ross. Ante el cambio climĂĄtico, la comunicaciĂłn entre las comunidades vecinas puede ser de particular importancia desde el punto de vista de la oferta. Puede conducir al uso compartido de herramientas y recursos para proteger el agua de origen, supervisar los niveles acuĂferos y combatir la contaminaciĂłn causada por sustancias como el fĂłsforo y el nitrĂłgeno que vienen de la escorrentĂa agrĂcola.
La necesidad de un pensamiento global, a largo plazo por parte de los gestores de polĂticas de todo el paĂs es clara. âNo existe un lugar que no sea susceptible a algĂșn tipo de desastre en los Estados Unidos, ya sean sequĂas, ciclones o tornados. Hemos visto inundaciones año tras añoâ, expresa Blakely, quien dirigiĂł los esfuerzos de recuperaciĂłn tras el huracĂĄn Katrina en Nueva Orleans. âDebemos estar a la altura de las circunstancias, no sumar a la destrucciĂłnâ.
Para obtener mĂĄs informaciĂłn sobre cĂłmo las comunidades estĂĄn incorporando el agua en sus procesos de planificaciĂłn, consulte Integrating Land Use and Water Management: Planning and Practice (IntegraciĂłn de la gestiĂłn del agua y del suelo: planificaciĂłn y prĂĄctica), un enfoque en polĂticas de suelo del Instituto Lincoln elaborado por Erin Rugland.
Heather Hansman es periodista autĂłnoma, columnista medioambiental de la revista Outside y autora del libro Downriver: Into the Future of Water in the West.
Conservation easements play an important role in protecting natural landscapes and sensitive habitats, and in promoting sustainable land use practices. In this course, students will explore the principles, applications, controversies, and implications of this land policy instrument.
The course begins with an introduction and overview of conservation easements, setting the stage to explore their uses in land policy. Throughout the modules, students will also review the legal principles, valuation methods, and federal tax provisions associated with conservation easements, while gaining insights from real-world examples and exploring strategies to address controversial aspects of this tool.
Modules
Module 1: Introduction and Overview
Module 2:Â Conservation Easements as an Instrument of Land Policy
Module 3:Â Why Are Conservation Easements Important? A Cape Cod, MA, Example
Module 4: Legal Principles of Property Taxation and Conservation Easements, Part I
Module 5: Legal Principles of Property Taxation and Conservation Easements, Part II
Module 6: The Appraisal of Conservation Easements
Module 7: Considerations for Valuing Restricted Land
Module 8: Valuing Land Affected by Conservation Easements: Guidance from Federal Law and Regulations, Part I
Module 9: Valuing Land Affected by Conservation Easements: Guidance from Federal Law and Regulations, Part II
Audience
Policymakers, professionals working in the field of environmental protection, planners, appraisers and valuation experts, lawyers and legal professionals specialized in land use and property law, and property owners interested in learning more about conservation easements.
Learning Goals
After finishing this course, students will be able to:
Explain what conservation easements are and their purpose
Explain the uses of conservation easements as a land policy instrument
Identify different types of easements
Identify controversial aspects of conservation easements and propose ways to mitigate them
Discuss the effects of conservation easements on property values
Identify the federal tax provisions that address conservation easements
Detalhes
Language
inglĂȘs
Registration Fee
Free
Educational Credit Type
Lincoln Institute certificate
Palavras-chave
Avaliação, Preservação, RestriçÔes de Preservação, Servidão, Planejamento Ambiental, Uso do Solo, Valor da Terra, Recursos Naturais, Espaço Aberto, Planejamento, Desenvolvimento Sustentåvel
Land Matters Podcast: Staying Calm and Planning On
Author Josh Stephensâ Interviews with Big City Planners
By Anthony Flint, Junho 7, 2023
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Thereâs so much happening today in the worldâs citiesâfrom climate change to a massive shortage of affordable housingâthat the job of the city planner has become a furiously busy one, requiring a singular talent for multitasking and managing the needs of increasingly divided constituencies.
Planners have traditionally labored largely behind the scenes, but are emerging into a more visible role as they explain their work and try to keep the peace, said author Josh Stephens on the latest episode of the Land Matters podcast. Stephens interviewed 23 big-city planners for a new book, Planners Across America.
âPlanning directors have huge influence over these cities . . . but theyâre not necessarily well known. They are not on the level of a mayor or a city council person who are obviously elected officials, and by definition in the public spotlight; theyâre not necessarily like a police chief who is always doing press conferences,â he said. âI think one thing that is very clear in these interviews is how earnest planning directors are about mediating, about figuring out what different stakeholders need and want, and are willing to tolerate.â
Acknowledging the distrust that has grown particularly in communities of color, over urban renewal, highways through urban neighborhoods, and exclusionary zoning, Stephens said planners realize the importance of âlistening to people, especially people who have historically been left out of the planning conversation.â
At the same time, planners must confront established residents fighting growth, in what is presented as a virtuous grassroots rebellion but is actually the manifestation of NIMBYism, standing for ânot in my backyard.â
âMany communities are empowered, and some of that power is unevenly distributed to the extent that some communities have louder voices, and some communities will invoke people like Jane Jacobs in ways that are not necessarily beneficial for the city as a whole, or might even be disingenuous,â Stephens said.
As he spoke with planners, Stephens found widespread acceptance of the idea that most cities need a massive infusion of new housing supply including multifamily housingâand even high-end housingâto help bring prices down as a matter of basic economics. Thatâs been the aim of several statewide mandates requiring local governments to modify zoning.
âWe do need to add luxury housing in high-cost places to accommodate the people who can afford it. I think ideally, that frees up space, and frees up capital and opportunity, and sometimes public funds to then also build deed-restricted affordable housing, and hopefully maintain a supply of naturally occurring affordable housing,â he said.
âYou look at where the prices are highest, and thatâs where you need to add housing. You need to add it at every level. Thereâs an argument that thereâs no such thing as trickle-down housing. I donât buy that. I live in Los Angeles, and thereâs more than enough money to go around. If you donât build luxury housing, that doesnât mean that wealthy and high-income people are not going to move to LA. Theyâre simply going to move into whatever the next best housing is. That pushes people down, and eventually some people are left with no place to live.â
However, he said, there will be more post-pandemic movement, from hot-market cities to legacy cities, for example, suggesting the contours of a national housing market. âPeople have moved from LA to Phoenix, from San Francisco to Boise or Reno or Vegas, and there are other equivalents around the country. I think itâs going to be really interesting in the next decade to see how this filters out,â he said.
Josh Stephens is contributing editor of the California Planning & Development Report and previously edited The Planning Report and the Metro Investment Report, monthly publications covering, respectively, land use and infrastructure in Southern California. Planners Across America was published by Planetizen Press in 2022.
City and regional planning has been a major focus of the Lincoln Institute for many decades, from the annual gathering of 30-plus professionals in the Big City Planning Directors Institute, held in partnership with the American Planning Association and the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, to the more recent promotion of exploratory scenario planning.
Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.
Lead image: Josh Stephens. Credit: Rich Schmitt Photography/Westside Urban Forum.
Big City Planning Directorsâ Institute 2023
Outubro 15, 2023 - Outubro 17, 2023
Cambridge, MA United States
Offered in inglĂȘs
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The Big City Planning Directors’ Institute is an annual collaboration of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Harvard Universityâs Graduate School of Design, and the American Planning Association, now in its 24th year. By convening planning directors from the nationâs largest cities, we examine emerging public policy questions and shared challenges that influence the planning and design of large cities and their metropolitan regions. In 2022, the Institute was attended by 32Â directors, representing cities from New York to San Diego.Â
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Detalhes
Date
Outubro 15, 2023 - Outubro 17, 2023
Time
12:00 p.m.
Location
Cambridge, MA United States
Language
inglĂȘs
Registration Fee
Free
Palavras-chave
Desenvolvimento ComunitĂĄrio, Desenvolvimento Urbano
Five Ways Urban Planners Are Addressing a Legacy of Inequity
By Jon Gorey, Maio 16, 2023
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Sometimes community trauma is born of natural disasters or other unexpected events. But in Americaâs cities, much of the pain of the past century arose from carefully planned decisions that were meticulously mapped out in advance.
New highways that splintered or destroyed Black and brown neighborhoods. Racist zoning rules that intentionally blocked people of color from homeownership. A tendency to see even thriving Black and immigrant neighborhoods as âblighted,â and in need of wrecking-ball revitalization. With these and other actions, the urban planning profession contributed to the systemic racism and segregation that plague our cities. But today’s planners are trying to atone for that legacy.
Dozens of urban planners around the country have signed a Commitment to Change statement that grew out of conversations at the 2020 Big City Planning Directors Institute, an annual conference organized by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy that brings together top planners from Americaâs 30 largest cities. âAfter the murder of George Floyd, it really crystallized that, as people who impact people’s lives, invisibly and visibly, planners needed to be on the right side of history,â says Eleanor Sharpe, Philadelphiaâs deputy director of planning and zoning âparticularly given âthe fraught history of our profession.â
The resulting pledge, crafted by staffers from several cities and hosted by the City of Philadelphia, has two parts. âOne is to acknowledge the harm that our profession caused, and is still causing,â Sharpe says. In Philadelphia, for example, highway construction bulldozed or bifurcated neighborhoods of color like Chinatown and Nicetown, and redliningâwhereby lenders and others systematically denied mortgages based on raceâleft lasting scars by blocking access to a key source of intergenerational wealth. âMost analysis of where social issues mushroom in our city, when mapped, align with redlining maps of years past,â Sharpe says. âRedlining still has a stranglehold on our city decades later.â
The second part of the statement focuses on the future, committing the signatories to investments in housing, open spaces, transportation, environmental justice, and public services, among other actions, âwith the goal of creating inclusive, equitable communities.â The pledge also prioritizes preserving and strengthening the culture, businesses, and institutions of communities of color, and preventing displacement caused by new investments.
Map of signatories to a “Commitment to Change” statement acknowledging the planning profession’s contributions to systemic racism and committing to creating an inclusive future. Credit: City of Philadelphia.
While the public pledge has honed plannersâ focus on racial equity, cities everywhere are still struggling to provide equal access to opportunity, and any progress in dismantling entrenched systems of inequality is often slow and incremental. The seeds of todayâs systemic racism and inequities were sown decades ago, says Jessie Grogan, associate director of reduced poverty and spatial inequality at the Lincoln Institute, âand the tools that planners have in their toolboxes also take decades . . . itâs not a profession with a lot of quick fixes.â But just as the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, and the second-best time is now, so it is with planning a more just future. In that spirit, here are some of the ways urban planners are working to restore trust, right historical wrongs, and advance racial equity in their cities.
Zoning for Equity
With the nationâs housing crisis falling hardest on low-income people and communities of colorâwho are more likely to experience homelessness due to the shortage of affordable housingâAmerican Planning Association President Angela D. Brooks says reforms that lead to more housing are crucial to improving equity, in part because any conversation about equity rings hollow to someone with no place to live. âIt’s something we could easily solve and fix, and the first step is really resolving to create more units of all tiers of housing, so people have a decent, safe, affordable place to live,â Brooks says.
Thatâs one reason Emily Liu, director of Louisville Metro Planning and Design Services, has been focused on updating the cityâs zoning rules.
In 2020, Liu and a team of volunteer planners and community members came up with 46 ways they could improve equity in their city; six of the policies stood out as âthings we could move on quickly,â Liu says. Among them was allowing Louisville homeowners to build in-law apartments, or accessory dwelling units (ADUs), by right.
Some of those initial efforts received little or no oppositionâlike allowing urban agriculture on any lotâbut loosening restrictions on ADUs did generate some pushback. Organizations like the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), the Metropolitan Housing Coalition, and United Way helped produce educational materials and op-eds to counter some of the misinformation that circulated in the community, Liu says, helping to get the change passed. âThis was definitely something we couldnât do by ourselves. There was a lot of support from outside organizations and citizens.â
A federal lending map from the 1930s (left) identified the predominantly white east side of Louisville, marked in blue and green, as the most desirable place to invest. In 2017, a health outcomes map produced by the city illustrated the impact of decades of disinvestment, revealing that life expectancy on the west side, where most residents are Black, was up to 12 years shorter than on the east side. Planners are working to improve equity in the city through zoning changes. Credit: City of Louisville.
Previously, adding an ADU had required securing a conditional use permit; now, accessory units are allowed by right in Louisville, as long as they meet some basic standards, and can be rented out if the owner lives on site. âThe great majority of them are approved in office by our staff, and it only takes a day or two, it’s very easy,â Liu says, noting that the city saw a tenfold increase in ADU applications in the first year after the zoning change went into effect.
Liu also managed to get front setback requirements reduced from 25 or 30 feet down to 15 feet, freeing up more space for potential ADUs. And she pushed for a small but meaningful change that will allow for duplexes on lots smaller than 5,000 square feet if theyâre zoned for multifamily use. A mere 6 percent of the city is zoned for multifamily homes, Liu says, and among those lots were â10,000 parcels where, in the past, you were zoned multifamily, but you were not allowed to build even a duplexâ because the lot didnât meet the minimum size requirement.
Those are just a few examples of how small but crucial zoning changes can begin to address inequity. In February, APA released its Equity in Zoning Policy Guide, a user-friendly resource that lays out dozens more specific recommendations to help dismantle systemic inequities through three different aspects of zoning: the rules themselves, the people involved in drafting them, and how theyâre applied and enforced.
âIt really focuses on the ways that bias and historic patterns of segregation are reinforced through zoning,â Brooks says. âBut it also offers specific ways to change drafting and public engagement, mapping, and even the enforcement of zoning regulations to dismantle barriers and expand opportunity.â
Other cities, such as Minneapolis, Portland, and Arlington, Virginiaâand even some states, like California, Oregon, and Maineâhave managed to pass more sweeping upzoning measures that allow for ADUs or small multifamily homes on almost any residential lot. Atlanta and Denver, among others, are also in the process of making major zoning reforms.
Liuâs department is now working to engage and educate the community around missing middle housingâconducting walking tours, for example, through Louisvilleâs oldest neighborhoods, to show residents how duplexes and triplexes were once abundant in the city before being zoned nearly out of existence after World War II. âThe goal is to see where we can allow this by right,â she says, noting that such smaller, denser homes âare naturally occurring affordable housing.â
âRelentlessâ Outreach
Planning departments are also getting more active in expanding their reach beyond the older, wealthy, white male homeowners who tend to dominate public input sessionsâand making a concerted push to connect with residents who have been missing from the conversation.
âA big part of it is going to where people are,â says Washington, DC, Planning Director Anita Cozartâand being ârelentlessâ about it. That means attending community festivals, block parties, and youth group meetings to seek input on any specific plans in the works, or to simply let people know how to engage with the department. âIf we have a meeting and somebody says, âI didn’t know this process was happening, where’s the outreach been?ââ she says, âweâre calling that person up, and asking them about their networks,â and the best way to connect with them.
Representatives of the DC Office of Planning set up shop at a street festival in 2022, part of an effort to expand their reach and engage with more community members. Credit: DC Office of Planning.
For more than a decade, Philadelphia has offered a Citizens Planning Institute, which teaches residents about the city planning process and how they can be a part of itââand at some point, take that knowledge back to their neighborhood, and leverage it in some way that’s useful to their community,â Sharpe says.
The program has become so popular, staff canât keep up with demand. There are currently two cohorts a yearâa spring and fall session with 30-plus people in eachâbut upwards of 200 people typically apply.
âWeâre setting up citizens for success, we’re pulling the veil down,â Sharpe says, âso people can understand what’s going on, and how things happen in government.â The programâs 700-plus alumni live all over the city and can help improve communication at neighborhood meetings. âThey can act as our translators,â she says. âThere’s a trust factor there that doesn’t necessarily existâ between residents and planning officials.
Recent alumni of Philadelphia’s Citizens Planning Institute gather in 2022. The program has taught more than 700 residents about the city planning process and how they can participate in it. Credit: Citizens Planning Institute.
Renters, meanwhile, who are more likely than homeowners to be people of color and have lower average incomes, have long been ignored in zoning or development discussions. So in Louisville, when a project involves a public meeting, the city now requires applicants to notify nearby renters, not just abutting homeowners. âTheir landlord may live in California, but theyâre the ones who live here, who will be impacted by proposed development,â Liu says.
As a renter herself, Brooks favors such efforts and says cities should pursue other channels of communication as well. âIn the age of social media, there are so many ways we can get notice out to people that it is irresponsible, and just inexcusable, not to be utilizing more creative ways,â she says. âEven if I owned my home and you sent me a letter, there’s a high probability I won’t see that until long after your meeting.â
Evaluating Everything Through an Equity Lens
Several big cities, including New York and Washington, now require change-of-use or other development applications to include some form of racial equity impact report. Such an assessment injects a measure of accountability into the process that has too often been missing, based on a simple question: Will the proposed change make progress toward advancing racial equity, or will it worsen existing inequities?
Assessing the potential racial equity impacts of new development or zoning changes as part of the official planning process is a simple but important step, Grogan says. âMaking sure that you think about the equity impacts of every project is a practice that doesn’t necessarily cost anything, and can add a lot of value to the day-to-day planning work,â she says.
New York Cityâs Department of City Planning partnered with the Department of Housing Preservation and Development to create an interactive Equitable Data Development Tool that maps out neighborhood-level displacement risk and disaggregated data on race, economic security, housing market pressures, health outcomes, and other key indicators. Applicants submitting a newly required racial equity report as part of their land-use review must cite relevant data from the tool and include a narrative statement that explains how their project and its neighborhood context ârelate to the cityâs commitment to affirmatively furthering fair housing and promoting equitable access to opportunity.â
New York City’s Department of Planning and Department of Housing Preservation and Development created an interactive tool that maps displacement risk and provides disaggregated data on key indicators. Credit: NYC Department of Planning.
In Philadelphia, where Mayor Jim Kenney tasked all city departments with creating racial equity action plans, Sharpe says the city is trying to incorporate equity analysis into the capital programs budget cycle, asking agencies that receive capital funds to explain how each dollar will contribute to or dismantle systemic racism. âWeâre trying to very much embed it in the culture and the philosophy of how work is approached,â she says, noting that itâs still a work in progress.
And in Washington, DC, planners use disaggregated data to assess âthe benefits and burdens that might come from a change in zoning,â Cozart says, including the potential for displacement. The Districtâs neighborhood-level small area plans now feature a similar âEquity in Placeâ analysis, which can yield different priorities in different neighborhoods. In the wealthy, majority white neighborhood of Chevy Chase, for example, the small area plan seeks to add dedicated affordable housing and remedy the areaâs long history of discriminatory land use. In Congress Heights, a predominantly Black neighborhood experiencing increased redevelopment, the focus is on anti-displacement and community resilience measures.
âWe ask sets of questions, but it’s a different demographic so you end up with different recommendations, different thrusts of the planning effort, even if you’re doing the same things, like disaggregating the data by race, and engaging the folks who have been marginalized from the process,â Cozart says.
A resident leaves a comment at a Racial Equity Action Plan feedback session in Washington, DC. Credit: DC Office of Planning.
Asking Why
When San Diego Planning Director Heidi Vonblum was working on the Build Better SD initiativeâan effort to support equitable, sustainable development citywide that was adopted by the city council in 2022âshe interrogated longstanding policies in search of a valid reason for their existence. She and her staff would ask why something was done the way it was, and why that was, and why that was, and so on, until they reached a root cause. Spoiler: The origin stories of some policies more closely resembled a greedy villainâs backstory than that of a superhero.
âSometimes it was a good idea at the time, sometimes it made sense based on information that planners had available to them,â Vonblum says. âAnd sometimes it was really wrong, and there’s just no need to continue that.â
That philosophy helped Vonblumâs department make a series of changes, approved by the city council in stages over the last two years.
It began with rewriting the almost 70-year-old Parks Master Plan, and challenging traditional community engagement methods that were resulting in public feedback along the lines of, âWe love it, don’t change it, everything’s fine,â Vonblum says. âWhat was interesting about that Phase One input is that everything’s not fine.â
So in addition to seeking input from underrepresented voices, Vonblum and a handful of staff members drove around San Diego during the pandemic and documented the starkly contrasting conditions of the cityâs recreational spaces in a StoryMap called One City, Two Realities, to better educate neighborhood groups and other stakeholders. âParts of our city have glowing, gleaming, beautiful parks, and then we have other parts of our city that have far more peopleâand more children and seniors, who tend to use parks the mostâthat have a park, but it’s got nothing to do, or it has broken playground equipment, and that’s not okay.â
During the pandemic, planners from San Diego documented the disparities among the city’s parks. The city is implementing policy changes intended to distribute infrastructure investments more equitably. Credit: City of San Diego Planning Department.
A key aspect of Build Better SD was changing the cityâs system of collecting and spending neighborhood-specific development impact fees. These one-time fees, which developers pay to defray the cost of municipal infrastructure and services associated with the new development, varied drastically across the city, and had to be spent in the neighborhood they were raised. Per-unit impact fees were up to 50 times higher in wealthy districts, discouraging denser growth in well-off areas while simultaneously concentrating reinvestment in those same places. The city has now shifted to a citywide fee structure, where impact fees are the same across every neighborhood and infrastructure investments can be prioritized for areas with the greatest need.
Some changes were unpopular at first, and took a couple of tries to get through the city council. But they have laid the groundwork for other equity-driven initiatives. âProgress can be slow and painful, but we’ve made so much progress just in the last couple of years,” Vonblum says. âWe went from having very difficult and controversial conversations to like, boom, boom, boomâactions are happening right now,â she adds. âWe’re now focusing on increasing access to our coastal resources and increasing connections between communities through a citywide trails master plan,â as well as developing a master plan for a new regional park in an underserved neighborhood whose requests for green space were left on the back burner for 20 years.
As planners, Vonblum says, âwe need to take an opportunity to say, âOkay, why do we plan for parks this way? Why do we collect development impact fees this way? Why did we prioritize infrastructure investments this way?â Until we do that, we’re not going to be able to make any forward progress to advance equity, to advance anti-racist zoning policies, and to invest equitably in our communities.â
Building the Planner Pipeline
At the most recent Big City Planning Directors Institute convening in October, Liu shared how inspired she felt by the number of other women and people of color in the roomâincluding Sharpe and Cozartâwhich marked a big change from Liuâs first such conference 10 years earlier, she recalled.
But despite that encouraging shift in representation at the top, the profession is still largely white. With an eye on building a profession that better reflects the population it serves, Sharpe and other planners take every opportunity to promote planning to young people of color.
âOur staff is always eager and volunteering in high schools and middle schools, because a lot of planners heard about this later in life, and we want to say, âHey, here’s a legitimate profession that you can do, especially if you want to help your neighborhood out,ââ she says. âIt’s feeding the pipeline, so that hopefully in 10 years, the more people hear about it, then the pipeline is not just producing mostly white people.â
Cozart and her team conduct similar efforts around Washington. âWe’ve been visiting with high school students to just talk about planning and to engage them in mapping, to engage them in analyzing data that planners use, and to really think about designâthe design of communities and what spaces are going to be welcoming for you,â she says.
After all, Cozart adds, given the 10- and 20-year timelines of neighborhood and comprehensive plans, those high schoolers may be the ones turning todayâs recommendations into tomorrowâs more equitable urban reality.
A youth workshop in Congress Heights held by the DC Office of Planning. The event introduced participants to urban planning and gave them a chance to share their dreams for the neighborhood. Credit: DC Office of Planning.
Jon Gorey is a staff writer for the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Lead image: Members and supporters of the NAACP picket against housing discrimination in Detroit in 1963. Credit: Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University.