Topic: Mudanças Climáticas

Reflexiones sobre el río Colorado

Entrevista con Bruce Babbitt
Por Jim Holway, Janeiro 31, 2019

 

Bruce Babbitt ha sido líder en políticas de suelo y agua en el oeste de EE.UU. desde hace casi medio siglo. Fue fiscal general de Arizona entre 1975 y 1978, gobernador de Arizona entre 1978 y 1987 y Secretario del Interior de EE.UU. entre 1993 y 2001. El secretario Babbitt, que da nombre al Centro Babbitt para Políticas de Suelo y Agua, también participó en la junta de directores del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo entre 2009 y 2017. Uno de sus cuantiosos logros fue promulgar la Ley de Administración de Aguas Subterráneas de Arizona durante su mandato como gobernador. En los últimos dos años, se desempeñó como asesor para Jerry Brown, gobernador de California, en asuntos hídricos. Para esta edición especial de Land Lines, habló con el Dr. Jim Holway, director del Centro Babbitt. En el sitio web del Instituto Lincoln se encuentran disponibles videos con extractos de la conversación.

Jim Holway: Bruce, desde su punto de vista, ¿cuál es la importancia del río Colorado?

Bruce Babbitt: Bueno, John Wesley Powell respondió esa pregunta hace casi 150 años. Vivimos en un territorio con precipitaciones escasas, y a nuestros ríos no baja suficiente agua. La demanda siempre superará a la oferta. Y el modo en que captamos eso como cultura política es un poco la gran realidad del río Colorado. Históricamente, el agua se destinaba, principalmente, a la agricultura, pero las exigencias urbanas crecen cada vez más, debido al aumento de la población. Se necesitará mucha imaginación e innovación en el uso de este río para lograr el crecimiento y el progreso del oeste.

JH: ¿Cuál es el papel del río en la economía y la calidad de vida del sudoeste del país?

BB: Sin el río Colorado, esta sería una tierra muy vacía. Esa es la realidad. Hemos poblado y fundado este territorio en base a la noción de “constrúyelo y el agua vendrá”. Y, como sabe, es un rasgo espectacular de nuestra historia. Está como incorporado a nuestra visión del oeste como una tierra de infinitas oportunidades. Pero ahora estamos descubriendo los límites. Las necesidades agrícolas y urbanas están llegando al conflicto. Además, necesitamos tener en cuenta los valores medioambientales y ecológicos que se desatendieron por mucho tiempo y que suman tanto a la calidad de vida y al atractivo del oeste estadounidense.

JH: ¿Cuál es el estado del río hoy, y cómo cambió desde que era Secretario del Interior?

BB: Cuando fui a Washington en 1993 para ser Secretario del Interior, los lagos Powell y Mead estaban desbordados, y el río Colorado no parecía ser una preocupación inmediata. A nuestra percepción contribuyó el hecho de que este era un sistema con exceso de posibilidades. Hoy, apenas 25 años después, el lago Mead se está acercando a ser un charco muerto (dead pool), al punto de que ya no puede liberar agua ni generar energía. Esta transición, que no anticipamos ni planificamos, es un duro recordatorio de la necesidad de planificar un amplio abanico de escenarios para el uso del suelo y el agua.
 
JH: Según su opinión, ¿cuáles son los desafíos más grandes del río Colorado que debemos abordar?

BB: El primero es reconocer que vivimos en un desierto con fluctuaciones climáticas inmensas y rápidas. A lo largo del s. XX, construimos el gran sistema de embalses para almacenar agua frente a estas fluctuaciones. Pero nuestras suposiciones acerca del cambio climático y el crecimiento de la población estaban muy erradas. Hoy, tomamos más de 1,2 kilómetro cúbico del almacenamiento en embalses más de lo que ingresa en promedio al año. Y, por supuesto, eso no puede seguir así. Ahora debemos apuntar a establecer el equilibrio en toda la cuenca. Para alcanzar ese equilibrio, tendremos que realizar ajustes en cada usuario del agua: agrícolas, municipales, generación de energía y usos medioambientales. Y, por supuesto, esto no puede hacerse de a poco, a medida que se necesita; deberemos inventar procesos nuevos de participación del público y ajustes compartidos en cada pueblo, ciudad y granja de la cuenca.

JH: ¿Qué estructuras de política y administración necesitamos para avanzar hacia un enfoque más equilibrado?

BB: En el oeste, conectar e integrar el uso del suelo y el agua es una idea relativamente nueva. El uso del agua, al igual que el del suelo y la zonificación, solía ser un asunto local, con poca coordinación o indicaciones a nivel estatal o interestatal. Pero el agua es un recurso en común; si el desarrollo se da de forma local, proyecto por proyecto, sin pensar en el abastecimiento regional y las restricciones de demandas, es inevitable que se llegue a las crisis y la degradación del medioambiente que vemos hoy. La pregunta es cómo cambiarlo.

JH: Según su opinión, ¿cuáles son los desafíos de políticas o políticos más difíciles?

BB: Acercarse a una planificación más proactiva será un desafío político y social. No se puede lograr emitiendo reglamentaciones desde arriba, Washington, Phoenix o Denver. Necesitamos comenzar a nivel personal y movernos de abajo hacia arriba. Comenzar con una ética personal renovada de conservación, involucrar a las comunidades en los programas de eficiencia y reutilización, integrar el agua al uso local del suelo y la zonificación, y reproducir las historias de éxito locales en las políticas estatales y luego al nivel de toda la cuenca.

JH: ¿Los estados son la clave para esta visión más grande, de todo el sistema? ¿O se trata de un asunto federal?

BB: Como sabe, algo destacable del río Colorado es que es la única cuenca fluvial de los Estados Unidos administrada y operada bajo la dirección del gobierno federal. En 1963, después de casi un siglo de guerras entre los estados de la cuenca, la Corte Suprema intervino, dictó una fórmula para compartir el agua y luego designó al Secretario del Interior para la administración del río y sus embalses. En ese momento, muchos habitantes del oeste sintieron que la asignación de ese cargo sería un desastre. De hecho, ha funcionado muy bien en su mayor parte porque los distintos secretarios utilizaron su poder con buen juicio, alentaron a los estados a cooperar entre sí e intervinieron solo como último recurso cuando estos no se ponían de acuerdo. Eso representó un estímulo y una amenaza, y acomodó las piezas para que los estados se unieran.

JH: Cuando usted era Secretario del Interior, utilizaba un enfoque de “hablar suave, pero llevar un palo grande”. ¿Es optimista con respecto al papel que cumplen los estados? ¿O siente que necesitan más estímulo para progresar?

BB: Aunque este sistema de administración federal y estatal funcionó bien hasta ahora, necesita mejorar. Un ejemplo es la negociación actual entre el Departamento del Interior y los estados sobre los déficits en el lago Mead. Esas conversaciones avanzaron a los tropezones, y las proyecciones de escasez se revisan constantemente. Es notable que ni siquiera haya una organización interestatal vigente que pueda guiar las labores de recopilación de datos, investigación y planificación. Tendremos que encontrar una forma de ser más proactivos, y no esperar hasta último momento. Tendremos que adelantarnos a varios momentos antes y anticipar las posibles situaciones que encontraremos en la próxima década, en las próximas dos o tres décadas.

JH: En relación con repensar los modelos antiguos, ¿cuáles son las formas más efectivas de unir la planificación local de suelo y agua con la gestión?

BB: Debemos idear nuevos medios de planificación en cada uno de los estados de la cuenca. Podemos aprender mucho de la planificación de uso del suelo y zonificación tradicionales, que ahora se pueden conectar e integrar con la planificación para el uso del agua. Llamémoslo planificación de uso de suelo-agua. Podemos comenzar con ejemplos locales de eficiencia en el uso del agua y conservación, que luego se deberían extender a labores de planificación más amplias, como la legislación para el “suministro de agua asegurado” de Arizona, una ley muy básica, pero innovadora; para simplificarlo, antes de clavar una pala en el suelo, nos tienen que demostrar qué saldrá de los grifos en los próximos 100 años . . . Al ascender en la escala de administración del agua y en las escalas de gobierno municipal, de condado, estatal, multiestatal y federal, es importante salir y observar ejemplos buenos, como ese.

JH: Cuando era gobernador de Arizona, lideró labores para promulgar la Ley de Administración de Aguas Subterráneas de 1980. ¿Le parece que el debate sobre los problemas hídricos rurales ha cambiado desde entonces?

BB: No cambió. El ejemplo de Arizona ilustra la necesidad de establecer procesos de planificación y luego seguir esforzándose, todos los años, por mejorar y expandir esa aplicación. La Ley de Administración de Aguas Subterráneas de 1980 revolucionó la administración del agua en condados urbanos que incluyen a Phoenix y Tucson. Sin embargo, en los cerca de 35 años que pasaron, la Ley no se extendió a las zonas rurales del estado, que ahora encuentran los mismos problemas de desarrollo rápido y demanda. El liderazgo político importa, y no ha habido mucho en Arizona y en todo el oeste del país.

JH: Fue gobernador de Arizona y Secretario del Interior de EE.UU. Con la ventaja de poder mirar atrás, ¿hay cosas esenciales que habría hecho de otro modo?

BB: Bueno, en realidad la posición de uno depende de dónde uno está sentado. No sería injusto repasar mis épocas de funcionario público y decir: “¿Pero él no era un tipo orientado a los derechos del estado, que daba todos esos discursos sobre la burocracia malvada de Washington?”, y luego toman mis discursos de 20 años después y tiendo a enfocarlos hacia el otro lado. El hecho es que no es ni una cosa ni la otra; debemos trabajar en conjunto en todos los niveles del gobierno, desde lo más local hasta los Capitolios estatales y Washington.

Al mirar atrás, sé que a veces subestimé la importancia de la promoción de políticas y enlaces directos con los votantes. En el pasado, a veces fui impaciente, cuando deseaba entrar en acción en vez de tomarme el tiempo de escuchar en foros públicos. Creo que, si pudiera volver en el tiempo, dedicaría más tiempo a asociaciones federales y estatales, y también pasaría mucho más tiempo pensando en esos foros públicos.

JH: ¿De dónde tiene que venir el liderazgo para afrontar los desafíos que identificó?

BB: Los estadounidenses siempre fueron escépticos respecto del gobierno, y en realidad de eso se trata la Constitución: límites adecuados para el gobierno. A lo largo de nuestra historia, tuvimos una tendencia a ser pragmáticos, optimistas y de mente abierta sobre lo que se debe hacer. Somos perfectamente capaces de decir que no queremos al gobierno federal, y luego en la misma oración exigir ayuda federal.

En este momento, presenciamos prácticamente un colapso de la asociación tradicional entre gobierno federal y estatal, dado que el primero recae en una presencia idiosincrática e impredecible en el oeste. La verdad, es lamentable. Ya hemos pasado por estos períodos en la historia del país. Y superaremos este.

Este colapso a nivel nacional se contrarresta con interés y participación renovados por parte del gobierno local. La historia estadounidense nos instruye una vez más: cuando el gobierno nacional se estanca, suele venir una renovación de base en todo el territorio. Y esa es una gran oportunidad para que todos revitalicemos la planificación, desde la base hacia arriba.

JH: ¿Qué lo llevó a dar su nombre al Centro Babbitt para Políticas de Suelo y Agua?

BB: Me formé como geólogo y tiendo a afrontar los problemas en términos lineales y formulados. Cuando estuve en la junta del Instituto Lincoln, pude comprender muchísimo mejor cómo están interconectados el uso del suelo y el agua con la economía, y los aspectos sociales y políticos del uso del suelo. Lincoln posee un historial vasto e impactante en la unión de investigaciones profundas e impulsadas por datos, múltiples disciplinas académicas y profesionales del mundo real para ofrecer nuevas perspectivas acerca de cómo vivimos y prosperamos en el territorio. Si mi presencia y mi experiencia pueden agregar aunque sea un poco a la misión de Lincoln, me entusiasma seguir aprendiendo y aportando.

JH: Dado que posee amplia experiencia internacional, ¿qué lecciones de otros lugares cree que el Centro Babbitt y otros podrían tomar para la cuenca del río Colorado?

BB: Al principio, David Lincoln y su familia decidieron extender el trabajo del Instituto Lincoln a dos lugares que siempre despertaron un interés especial en mí: China y América Latina. Ambas regiones se enfrentan a problemas hídricos complejos, agudizados por el inicio del calentamiento global; de ellos, podemos aprender y a ellos podemos aportar con nuestra propia experiencia. El cambio climático se acelera más en los polos, en los trópicos y cerca de ellos. Entonces, es como si tuviéramos una proyección avanzada, en un contexto diferente, del tipo de cosas con las que tendremos que lidiar en la cuenca del río Colorado.

JH: ¿Qué hace ahora? ¿Cuáles son sus próximos pasos?

BB: Bueno, en cierto punto es probable que regrese a Brasil y la cuenca del Amazonas; allí, estoy involucrado en causas de conservación desde hace un tiempo. Pero aquí, en el oeste, a quienes estamos obsesionados con el agua nos conocen como “búfalos de agua”. Y los búfalos acuáticos nunca se alejan demasiado del bebedero; entonces, es probable que me puedan ver por el oeste. Seguiré aprendiendo y pensando en nuestro futuro en esta tierra.

 


 

Jim Holway es el director del Centro Babbitt para Políticas de Suelo y Agua.

Fotografía: Bruce Babbitt. Crédito: Gisele Grayson, NPR

Photograph of George W. McCarthy

Mensaje del presidente

Donde el agua se une con el suelo
Por George W. McCarthy, Janeiro 31, 2019

 

Hace cuatro años, me hallé en un avión sobre el delta del Colorado con Katie Lincoln, la presidenta de nuestra junta. Desde nuestro punto panorámico, veíamos kilómetros y kilómetros de sedimento fluvial seco y polvoriento, y poca vegetación. Era un paisaje impactante, vasto, como de otro planeta, pintado con mil matices de beige.

Una vez que pisamos tierra, el panorama era diferente. Once meses antes, los Estados Unidos y México habían lanzado un “flujo por pulso” desde las represas del río Colorado para imitar las históricas inundaciones primaverales que ocurrieron durante milenios antes de que los humanos empezaran a administrar el agua del río. Hacia el sur fluyeron más de 0,1 kilómetros cúbicos de agua (cantidad suficiente para suplir las necesidades anuales de más de 200.000 viviendas), con el objeto de satisfacer las estipulaciones y las promesas hechas años antes entre ambos países. Por primera vez en dos décadas, el río llegó al Golfo de California.

Con esta meta en mente, los actores públicos y cívicos de ambos países prepararon un experimento para observar si el hábitat natural del delta se podría restaurar con una mejora en el caudal de agua. Retiraron la vegetación no nativa en unas 130 hectáreas del territorio aledaño a la Laguna Grande, sembraron plantas nativas en parte del terreno y árboles nativos en otros sectores. Para cuando Katie y yo visitamos el sitio, era evidente que el experimento había tenido éxito. La flora nativa prosperaba y atraía a la fauna nativa, que regresaba al lugar. Aves migratorias y no migratorias ostentaban su presencia con una cacofonía de llamadas y respuestas. Por fortuna, dos castores se habían establecido cerca del sitio restaurado. Su represa capturaba la corriente invertida del agua subterránea y la irrigación agrícola, a fin de garantizar el suministro de agua. 

Este experimento sobre uso del suelo, que había sido invisible desde el aire, demostró con claridad que el hábitat nativo del delta se podía restaurar. También fue evidente que era necesario hacer mucho más. 

En el pasado, el delta representaba el humedal más grande de América del Norte: cubría unos 70 millones de hectáreas. El flujo por pulso de 2014 llegó a las noticias; en realidad, fue una devolución de agua que se debía a México y se había almacenado en el lago Mead, tras un terremoto de 2010 que había dañado los canales de irrigación al sur de Mexicali. Después del evento, los Estados Unidos y México negociaron la liberación de flujos de forma más regular y gradual. En septiembre de 2017, acordaron entregar 0,25 kilómetros cúbicos de agua al delta durante una década. A principios de este año, el Consejo para la Defensa de Recursos Naturales informó que el sitio original restaurado en Laguna Grande había crecido a más de 485 hectáreas.

En muchos sentidos, el éxito de esa pequeña porción de suelo es la historia de toda la cuenca del río Colorado. Cuando se mira el panorama completo, cuando se observa desde una perspectiva real o figurada, a un kilómetro y medio de altura, se puede ver un sistema complejo, una maraña de geografía, historia y cultura, un recurso limitado y casi agotado del cual dependieron, y el cual compartieron y se disputaron varios estados, tribus y países durante el último siglo. Pero, si aterrizamos y husmeamos un poco, veremos algo más: pequeñas porciones donde prosperan la innovación y la colaboración. Asociaciones de restauración y compromisos renovados para afrontar problemas que parecen inextricables. Mejor comprensión de la importancia de reconocer las intersecciones entre agua, suelo y personas.

Luego del recorrido, en el momento del informe, les pregunté a nuestros anfitriones sobre la etapa final para el delta: ¿qué se necesitaría para restaurar todo el lugar? El flujo por pulso fue un momento único, ocasionado por una constelación de eventos y respaldado por la intervención diplomática. Para generar una solución permanente, se necesitaría una alineación distinta de actores. Pero ¿qué actores? ¿Sería posible promover el diálogo civil entre los interesados en el río para concebir una solución colectiva y poder administrar este recurso valioso? ¿Quién los convocaría?

Esta es una cuenca muy disputada. El río ofrece agua potable a más de 40 millones de personas; más de la mitad viven fuera de la cuenca. También irriga más de 2 millones de hectáreas de cultivo y produce más de 4 gigavatios de energía eléctrica. El río está distribuido (mejor dicho, sobredistribuido) en una intrincada red de derechos de aguas, acuerdos interestatales y un tratado internacional. Por lo tanto, forjar nuevos acuerdos y prácticas entre estos interesados podría resultar una tarea insuperable.

Que algo sea difícil no quiere decir que no valga la pena. Hemos decidido descubrir si el Instituto Lincoln puede ayudar a administrar mejor el río, y cómo hacerlo.

Nos embarcamos en una investigación de campo para averiguar quiénes vienen trabajando en los problemas del agua de la cuenca y evaluamos nuestras propias competencias de base. Queríamos saber si había una demanda para nuestros aportes potenciales. ¿Podríamos aprovechar nuestro conocimiento y experiencia en las áreas de políticas de suelo y compromiso de interesados? ¿Deberíamos ampliar nuestra labor para recopilar, mejorar y mapear nuevos conjuntos de datos? ¿Deberíamos adaptar y potenciar el uso de nuestras herramientas de planificación de situaciones para promover la toma de decisiones informadas y alcanzar un mayor compromiso cívico?

Nos encontramos con un campo atestado de investigadores, defensores, técnicos y funcionarios públicos dedicados. Las universidades y los organismos gubernamentales estudian constantemente la ciencia del río. Los gestores de políticas y analistas cubren los amplios contornos de las políticas en toda la cuenca. Varios expertos producen y perfeccionan proyecciones técnicas de situaciones demográficas, de sequías y de desarrollo. Sin embargo, notamos que el nexo entre políticas de agua y suelo era un nicho desatendido, pero esencial, en el campo. Al tomar las decisiones sobre el uso del suelo, no se suele considerar el impacto en el agua; así, se pone en riesgo la sustentabilidad de nuestras comunidades y del río. Fundamos el Centro Babbitt para Políticas de Suelo y Agua, con el objetivo de explorar y alimentar las conexiones económicas y medioambientales fundamentales entre el suelo y el agua.

Dedicamos el centro a Bruce Babbitt, ex Secretario del Interior de EE.UU., gobernador de Arizona y miembro de la junta directiva del Instituto Lincoln. Babbitt fue el primero en codificar la conexión entre la planificación del uso del suelo y la administración del agua en una ley estatal, al firmar la Ley de Aguas Subterráneas de Arizona, en 1980 (no se pierda nuestra entrevista con él, en la página 10).

El mayor enfoque del Centro Babbitt es el río Colorado y quienes dependen de él, pero no trabajamos solos. Sabemos que la administración efectiva y a largo plazo de este recurso inmenso, pero frágil, implica un gran emprendimiento que requiere amplias colaboraciones. Con el apoyo intelectual y económico del Instituto Lincoln, el centro está aprovechando los recursos de otros mediante asociaciones con universidades, ONG e inversores (ver página 6).

La sede del Centro Babbitt en Phoenix tiene la suerte de contar con personal con un nivel de conocimiento y compromiso elevadísimo; muchos de ellos trabajaron para esta edición de Land Lines. Jim Holway, el director, conoce las negociaciones occidentales sobre políticas de agua, ya que fue vicedirector del Departamento de Recursos Hídricos de Arizona y ahora es vicepresidente de la junta directiva del Distrito de Conservación de Agua de Centro Arizona. Hace poco, hizo un viaje de canotaje por el Gran Cañón. Luego de su viaje, le pedí que reflexionara sobre qué estaba en juego en la cuenca. Esto es lo que respondió:

En el futuro, los administradores del río Colorado se enfrentarán a numerosos rápidos políticos y una importante incertidumbre sobre las condiciones futuras, tanto climáticas, como de aprovisionamiento y demanda de agua. Sin embargo, no estamos ni cerca de los peligros y las adversidades que enfrentaron los primeros exploradores del Colorado. Existen soluciones para nuestros desafíos, y podemos construir sobre el legado de John Wesley Powell, quien exploró la cuenca del Colorado, comprendió cómo administrar de forma sostenible los suelos y los recursos hídricos limitados en esta región árida, y desafió el razonamiento convencional.

Desafiar el razonamiento convencional. Si bien lanzamos nuestro trabajo en la cuenca del río Colorado, sabemos que será relevante a nivel global. Mediante el alcance más amplio del Instituto Lincoln, ya iniciamos relaciones con socios globales, como la OCDE y la ONU. Según la ONU, más de 1.700 millones de personas de todo el mundo viven en cuencas de ríos, donde el uso del agua supera la realimentación.

Este número especial de Land Lines, el primero que celebra los 30 años de la publicación, refleja nuestros primeros esfuerzos para generar una gran cantidad de conocimientos que articulen la importante relación entre el suelo y el agua. En estas páginas, identificamos los desafíos de la cuenca del Colorado, recorremos brevemente su historia y hablamos con algunas de las personas más sabias que conocemos para enterarnos de qué nos depara el futuro. Además, observamos algunas labores innovadoras que se están llevando a cabo para integrar mejor las políticas de suelo y agua en las comunidades pioneras. Al compartir estos conocimientos con otras comunidades de regiones áridas y semiáridas de todo el mundo, haremos nuestro pequeño aporte para satisfacer la fascinación humana primitiva con los lugares donde el agua y el suelo se encuentran.

Gleam Davis

Mayor’s Desk

Santa Monica Goes All-In on Green: Reflections from Mayor Gleam Davis
By Anthony Flint, Março 5, 2019

 

For some people, Santa Monica conjures images of sunshine and surfing. But the southern California city should rightly be known for sustainability, too. The City Council adopted the Santa Monica Sustainable City Program in 1994; twenty-five years later, the city has made measurable progress on projects ranging from retrofitting buildings to embracing renewable energy. The council selects a new mayor every one to two years, ensuring fresh perspectives at the helm. Most recently, Gleam Davis was sworn in as mayor in December 2018, after serving on the City Council since 2009. Active in the community since moving there in 1986, she has been involved with the Santa Monica Planning Commission, Santa Monicans for Renters’ Rights, the Board of Directors of WISE Senior Services, and the Santa Monica Child Care and Early Education Task Force, among many other organizations. As corporate counsel for AT&T, she has worked with KIND (Kids in Need of Defense), which represents unaccompanied minors in immigration courts. Before joining AT&T, Davis prosecuted civil rights violations as a trial attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, and was a partner at the law firm of Mitchell, Silberberg & Knupp. A native of California, she holds degrees from Harvard Law School and USC. Davis and her husband, John Prindle, have one son, Jackson. She spoke with Lincoln Institute Senior Fellow Anthony Flint about Santa Monica’s sustainability efforts, which have been heralded by OECD’s Champion Mayors, for this issue of Land Lines. 

Anthony Flint: Does Santa Monica’s system of having a mayor for two years present a challenge for sustainability efforts, which often are slow to get going—and to pay off? What are the projects that can have the greatest impact through your upcoming term?

Gleam Davis: I don’t think it creates much of an impediment to the sustainability agenda. The mayor and the mayor pro tem are members of the entire city council. The city council sets the policy, adopts the budget, and drives the city’s policies. Then it’s the city manager who does the implementation. Whatever policy direction is given to the city manager is from a vote of the full city council.

On the sustainability front, the big news is we are now part of a group called the Clean Power Alliance, where the default provision for customers is power that is 100 percent sourced from renewables. This is helping us take a big leap toward energy self-sufficiency. People can choose to shift into lower tiers, such as 50 percent renewable, or they can opt out entirely. There are also discount options for low-income families. So far the opt-out rate is very low.

Another continuing thread is providing mobility choices. We live in a compact city, less than nine square miles, and we have the ability to provide transport options to our residents. We have light rail with three stations, so you can take transit to downtown Santa Monica or downtown LA. For our Big Blue Bus, [which runs on natural gas and is moving toward an all-electric fleet by 2030], we have a policy of ‘any ride, any time,’ so students can get on a bus, show an ID card from any college—a lot of UCLA students ride those lines, and of course [students from] Santa Monica College—and it’s free.

AF: The city’s overall greening strategy has included a first-of-its-kind zero net energy ordinance for new single-family construction and a commitment that all municipal power needs be met by renewables. But the new $75 million municipal building project has been criticized as too expensive. How can being green be cost-effective?

GD: What’s important to know is, we’re leasing a fair amount of private property for government offices, at a cost of roughly $10 million a year. We needed to bring employees into a central location, which will save money on leases, and will encourage face-to-face and ‘accidental’ meetings that can be so important to communication. It just made business sense to have everybody under one roof. We’ll end up saving money over time, and ultimately the building will pay for itself just on that basis. There will be additional savings over time if the building is energy neutral and has reduced water intake—we won’t be consuming resources outside the building.

One of the things we’ve done is require developers to meet pretty stringent sustainability requirements. If we’re going to do that, we need to walk the walk. That’s one of the things this building shows—it’s possible to build an aggressively sustainable building that will ultimately bring savings. We’re trying to be a model, to show that with a little up-front investment, you can have a big impact over time.

AF: How does the Wellbeing Project, which won an award from Bloomberg Philanthropies for its ongoing assessment of constituents’ needs, connect to your sustainability efforts? What has it revealed?

GD: We declared ourselves a sustainable city of well-being. How are the people in the community faring—are they thriving, or are there issues? The Wellbeing Project began as an assessment of youth and how they were doing, and what can we as a city do, to try to help. It’s really about changing the relationship between local government and people. It’s not really a new concept—it goes back, not to be corny, to the Declaration of Independence: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That doesn’t mean people going out and having a good time, but the ability of people to thrive. A sense of community can get frayed, whether due to technology or culture. One of the things we do is make sure children enter kindergarten ready to learn. For our older citizens, are they feeling isolated in their apartments? It’s a global movement we’re thrilled to be a part of.

In our Wellbeing Microgrant program, if people come up with something to build community, we will fund it, up to $500. One example was going out and writing down the histories and memories of Spanish-speaking residents in the many parts of the community where English is a second language. Another was a dinner to bring together our Ethiopian and Latino communities. One individual took a vacant lot and created a pop-up play area and space for art. It’s about community connectedness.

AF: Another innovative strategy is to impose charges on excess water use to fund energy-efficiency programs in low-income homes. In terms of water, what’s your long-term view on managing that resource in what looks to be perilous times ahead?

GD: The other thing we’ve done, which will percolate throughout my term and next, is to work on becoming water self-sufficient. We control a number of wells in the region, but we had contamination in the 1990s, and ultimately reached a multi-million-dollar settlement [with the oil companies responsible]. We had been getting 80 percent of our water from the Metropolitan Water District [after the contamination was discovered]—if you saw Chinatown, that’s [the system that] sucks water out of the Colorado River and brings it to LA—and now we’ve totally flipped that, and we’re getting 80 percent of our water from our own (restored) wells again. This makes us more resilient in case of an earthquake affecting the aqueducts or other disruptive events to water infrastructure, like broken water mains. Pumping water over mountains [from the Colorado River] also takes a lot of energy. We are making sure our water infrastructure is sound. We’re not trying to isolate ourselves. But by getting water from our own wells, we will have good clean water for the foreseeable future.

AF: What policies would you like to see that might limit the devastation so sadly seen in the recent wildfires in California?

GD: Luckily Santa Monica was not directly affected by the Woolsey Fire. Our neighbor Malibu was—their emergency operations center was right in the path of the fire, so they came and used ours, for fighting the fire, rescuing people, and cleaning up. We had Santa Monica firefighters on the ground throughout the state under mutual aid. We hosted meetings with FEMA on displacement and recovery. We have a chief resiliency officer, and she is a steady drumbeat, reminding people [that a major natural disaster] could happen here. We have promoted the Seven Days Plan—does everyone have seven days of water, food, and an emergency radio that doesn’t require electricity? We also passed aggressive earthquake requirements, evaluated properties that are most vulnerable, and are now moving to seismically retrofit them.

These things we do in Santa Monica may seem a little aggressive, and cost money, but it’s not just about winning awards or patting ourselves on the back for being environmentally progressive, it’s so that we’ll be able to weather things like fires. People say you’re spending money, raising water rates, and it costs more for energy. . . . We want to do it to address the impacts of climate change. But it also means that when there’s a natural disaster, we are more resilient.

AF: The city’s experience with electric scooters—I’m referring to the company that deployed a fleet without asking permission—seemed to show that the transition to a sharing economy coupled with technological innovation can be messy. Is it possible to welcome disruption and maintain order?

GD: We were sort of ground zero for scooters. It was disruptive at first, and we had to make a lot of adjustments. Their philosophy was that it was easier to ask forgiveness than permission. There was some panic, and some people were also using them in a horrible manner. Now we’re in a 16-month pilot program, where we selected four dockless mobility operators: Bird, Lime, Jump, which is part of Uber, and Lyft. We created a dynamic cap on the number of devices on the street, so they can’t put out as many as they want. We have some policies to address conflicts and safety, and we have issued tickets when necessary.

This is all part of giving our residents lots of mobility options. It’s all designed to give people the option to get out of their car, whether it’s going to downtown LA or walking two blocks to a neighborhood restaurant. We wanted to make sure our more economically diverse communities had access, so it’s not just downtown. If you can replace a car with alternative means that include scooters or electric bikes for that first or last mile, that’s a big cost savings. We had about 150,000 rides on shared mobility [in November 2018]. That’s pretty amazing for a place with 93,000 people. At the end of the pilot, we’ll evaluate everything and figure out where we go from there.

A number of neighboring cities banned scooters outright, but that’s not how Santa Monica deals with technology. We’re figuring out the best way to manage the disruptive technology. Disruption isn’t a four-letter word.

Photograph: Kristina Sado

At least a foot of water floods a neighborhood of single family houses

Climate Adaptation

As the Sea Rises, Communities Learn to Have Difficult Conversations About Retreat
By Will Jason, Fevereiro 24, 2019

 

In the fall of 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall 400 miles south of Hampton, New Hampshire—far enough to spare the small coastal town the worst of its wrath but close enough to whip up heavy surf, flood a few streets, and blow sand onto roads, sidewalks, and buildings.

One of the most destructive hurricanes to strike the United States, Sandy made clear that rising seas and more extreme weather were not far-off concerns, but immediate threats. Hampton residents talked seriously about how they could adapt to climate change, but one particular subject proved difficult to broach—the idea that some owners of vulnerable properties might abandon their homes and move to safer ground.

“When we started talking to some people about managed retreat, what immediately came to mind was, ‘You’re going to take my home by eminent domain,’ even though we never said that,” said Jay Diener, a local conservationist who led coastal flooding workshops with residents.

In the past few years, tidal flooding has only grown worse in Hampton. Last winter, storms pushed some houses off their foundations. The real estate market is seeing an impact.

Diener believes the community is now ready to consider all options, including managed retreat. His organization, the Seabrook-Hamptons Estuary Alliance, is working with residents and state and local government agencies to evaluate a range of adaptation strategies—from improvements to individual properties to new seawalls to retreat—and to identify trigger points, implementation requirements, and funding options for each one.

Across the United States, hundreds of coastal communities face similar decisions. Chronic flooding will increase dramatically in the coming decades, even under the best-case scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions plummet, according to the latest National Climate Assessment. The impact will be widespread: coastal counties are home to about 130 million people, and at least $1.4 trillion in property lies within about 200 yards of the coast.

The Hampton project is one of five community-led projects across the U.S. considering managed retreat with support from the Climigration Network, an initiative of the Consensus Building Institute and the Lincoln Institute. The initiative seeks to help communities find productive ways to talk about managed retreat as they make big decisions about their future.

“There’s a reality here that people are ignoring or are too afraid to talk about,” said Carri Hulet, who oversees the Climigration Network for the Consensus Building Institute.

Managed Retreat in Practice

Managed retreat often takes place through buyout programs, in which homeowners receive compensation to give up their property. State and local agencies typically administer buyouts, but most of the funding comes from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Lincoln Institute report Buy-In for Buyouts reviews the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of buyouts in the U.S., provides case studies from the New York metropolitan region after Hurricane Sandy, and recommends several strategies for communities at risk of flooding.

Communities face many challenges in implementing buyouts. Many people do not want to move, even as their homes become increasingly vulnerable. Also, cities and towns worry about the impact of buyouts on their budgets as properties are taken off the tax rolls. These and other factors make it critical to engage communities in planning and decision-making.

“Even if it makes sense to leave and people want to, they don’t like being told what to do, and they especially don’t like being told by the government,” Hulet said. “They also might not think what they are being offered is fair.”

Managed retreat is not simply a question of facts and numbers. Nowhere is this clearer than in southern Louisiana, the site of another project supported by the Climigration Network. The region is ground zero for climate-induced migration in the United States, due to its expanse of wetlands, bayous, and industrial canals. Louisiana loses a football field of land every 100 minutes because of sea-level rise and subsidence, the sinking of land caused in part by centuries of unsustainable land-use and engineering practices.

The tiny island community of Isle de Jean Charles, about 75 miles south of New Orleans, has become a national symbol of the crisis. Once an inland community 35 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, the island has lost nearly all of its land since the 1950s, and the last 60 residents—mostly Native American members of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe—are preparing to relocate en masse.

Kristina Peterson, cofounder of the nonprofit Lowlander Center, has worked with the tribe for more than a decade. Finding places for new communities where people can preserve their cultural traditions is as important as addressing fiscal concerns, not just for Isle de Jean Charles but for other at-risk communities in the region, she said.

“It’s not about housing,” Peterson said. “It’s about dwelling in and with a community of friends and family that go back generations. The house is only the place where you have shelter. People want to stay as a connected supportive community, with relatives and friends that lend mutual aid to each other, and they’re going to look for places where they can do that.”

The Lowlander Center and its partners are preparing to facilitate a series of dialogues between leaders of at-risk coastal communities throughout southern Louisiana and inland communities and regions that might receive displaced networks of families and friends.

“We’re mapping the state to see where the safest areas are,” Peterson said. “We are looking where there are affinity groups that are most connected with mutual values and interests such as food, music, and faith that can bring people and communities together. Utilizing the strengths of our population is essential for a positive future for both those who will sojourn and for those who will render hospitality.”

In Texas, Florida, New York, and Alaska, other organizations received support from the Climigration Network to explore a variety of approaches, from theater to technical training, to help communities talk about managed retreat.

“You can have the most well-designed buyout program in the world, but if you try to implement it top-down without a community’s enthusiastic participation, you are unlikely to succeed,” said Amy Cotter, director of urban programs for the Lincoln Institute. “The Climigration Network is a big step forward in developing approaches that will help communities make difficult decisions about managed retreat on their own terms.”

 


 

Photograph Credit: Jay Diener

Course

Fundamentos de Políticas de Suelo e Instrumentos Urbanísticos para Adaptación al Cambio Climático

Abril 1, 2019 - Maio 22, 2019

Free, offered in espanhol


En América Latina y el Caribe, con más del 75% de su población residiendo en áreas urbanas, es imperioso pensar en medidas para enfrentar los efectos negativos del cambio climático y compensar los desequilibrios ambientales, económicos y sociales del proceso de urbanización. Con el fin de minimizar los riesgos climáticos, se están implementando, o tienen potencial para ser implementados, diferentes instrumentos de políticas de suelo. Las iniciativas existentes actualmente son escasas y específicas. La región necesita un entendimiento más profundo de los diferentes instrumentos de políticas del suelo y su posible vinculación con la atención o prevención de problemas ambientales, especialmente el cambio climático. Este curso parte de la premisa de que es posible diseñar y aplicar instrumentos tributarios y urbanísticos para financiar medidas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en las ciudades. Consecuentemente, se busca reflexionar sobre la relación entre mercados de suelo, derecho urbano y cambio climático.

Bajar la convocatoria


Details

Date
Abril 1, 2019 - Maio 22, 2019
Application Period
Fevereiro 14, 2019 - Março 4, 2019
Selection Notification Date
Março 21, 2019 at 6:00 PM
Language
espanhol
Cost
Free
Registration Fee
Free
Educational Credit Type
Lincoln Institute certificate

Keywords

Adaptação

2019 Journalists Forum

Março 29, 2019 - Março 30, 2019

Phoenix, AZ United States

Free, offered in inglês

The Lincoln Institute’s Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy hosted the 2019 Journalists Forum, The Future of Water: Lessons from the Colorado River Basin, to uncover the inexorable link between land use and water. From the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to the deserts of Baja California, the over-allocation of the Colorado River is an existential challenge for the 40 million people and environment that depend on the river. This two-day, invitation-only forum explored the history, science, and politics of water management, and delve into innovative policies and practices—by national and local governments as well as the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and individuals—that can help forge a sustainable water future.

Video of the sessions is being added. Please check back for new video. 

Presentations, Session Video Clips, & Agenda


Friday, March 29: Forum Day One

Residence Inn by Marriott Phoenix Downtown – Encanto 1 & 2
132 South Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85004

8:00 – 8:30 AM: Registration and Breakfast 

 


8:30 – 9:00 AM: Introduction and Welcome
George W. “Mac” McCarthy, President & CEO, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
Kathryn Lincoln, Board Chair and Chief Investment Officer, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
Christopher Callahan, Arizona State University Dean, University Vice Provost and Arizona PBS CEO

 


9:00 AM: Opening Keynote 
Bruce Babbitt, Former U.S. Secretary of the Interior and Governor of Arizona


9:20 – 9:35 AM: Break

 


9:35 – 10:50 AM: Session 1: Framing the Context/Hydrology and History of the Colorado River 
We’ll start with the big questions for the Colorado River Basin: How did we get here? How has the system worked over the past 100+ years, right up to the situation we find ourselves in today? How do past decisions shape future options? This session will swiftly walk journalists through the basics, provide a refresher for veteran water beat reporters, and allow us to quickly dive into a higher–level discussion.

Moderator: Allen Best, Producer, Energy News Network
Panelists: Daniel Bunk, Deputy Chief, Boulder Canyon Operations Office, Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Anne Castle, Senior Fellow, Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Resources, University of Colorado, Boulder; Sara Porterfield, Founder, Tributaries Consulting LLC

Session 1 Presentation – Daniel Bunk, USBR
Session 1 Presentation – Jim Holway, Babbitt Center
Session 1 Presentation – Sara Porterfield, Tributaries Consulting


10:55 AM – 12:15 PM: Session 2: Hydrology, Climate, and Tribes: How Warming Is Changing Everything  
We can’t talk about water without talking about climatic variability and long–term climate change, which exacerbates scarcity in the Colorado River basin and elsewhere. We will review two major basin studies, including the recent Tribal Water Study, and consider the role of tribes and how climate change will intensify the challenges. Solutions must be seen through the climate lens, now and into the future. 

Moderator: Ariana Brocious, Senior Reporter/Producer (The Buzz), Arizona Public Media
Panelists: Pamela Adams, Native American Affairs Program Manager, Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Kathy Jacobs, Director, Center for Climate Adaptation Science and Solutions, University of Arizona; Daryl Vigil, Water Administrator at Jicarilla Apache Nation

Session 2 Presentation – Pam Adams, USBR
Session 2 Presentation – Kathy Jacobs, U of A


12:15 – 1:15 PM: Lunch 
Residence Inn by Marriott Phoenix Downtown – Encanto Pre-Function Room

 


1:15 – 2:25 PM: Session 3: Around the Water Table: Connecting Stakeholders  
If whiskey is for drinking and water for fighting over, it’s largely due to the emotional and cultural associations that have built up a dynamic over the years. Different groups representing agriculture, business and economic growth, the environment, urban development, just to name a few, tend to make assumptions about each other’s motives. How can traditional stakeholders and newer interests, including the business community find common ground to support difficult decisions? 

Moderator: Bret Jaspers, Senior Field Correspondent, KJZZ
Panelists: Paul Bruchez, Rancher, Reeder Creek Ranch; Terry Brunner, Founder, Grow New Mexico; Kirsten James, Director of California Policy, Ceres, Inc.


2:30 – 3:40 PM: Session 4: Linking Land and Water in the Colorado Basin
In this session we’ll explore the water management frameworks in several basin states and a community’s innovative efforts to address the Colorado River Basin water sustainability through the critical interplay of land and water. Discussion will include how land use planning has a direct impact on water use, and ultimately water availability. How can these two worlds be bridged to better meet the needs of people, agriculture, and nature?

Moderator: Vanessa Ruiz, Director-Borderlands Bureau at Cronkite News, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication and Arizona PBS, Arizona State University
Panelists: Andrew Fahlund, Senior Program Officer, Water Foundation; Stu Feinglas, Retired Water Resources Specialist, City of Westminster, Colorado; Jim Holway, Director, Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy

Session 4 Presentation – Andrew Fahlund, Water Foundation
Session 4 Presentation – Stu Feinglas, Retired City of Westminster
Session 4 Presentation – Jim Holway, Babbitt Center


3:40 – 4:00 PM: Break

 


4:00 – 5:20 PM: Session 5: Future Water Supplies, Technology, and Conservation
We’ll examine how technological advances and cutting–edge conservation practices can help improve water sustainability. Judge whether advances in desalination, smart infrastructure, gaining efficiencies in distribution, and effluent re–use are supplementary or central steps for better water management.

Moderator: Daniel Rothberg, Reporter, The Nevada Independent
Panelists: Sean Bothwell, Executive Director, California Coastkeeper Alliance; Chuck Cullum, Colorado River Program Manager, Central Arizona Project; Sara Ransom, Deputy Civil County Attorney, Cochise County Attorney’s Office


6:30 – 9:00 PM: Babbitt Center For Land and Water Policy Reception & Dinner

Special Guest Appearance: Not So Stranger than Fiction: A Conversation with Paolo Bacigalupi, author of the Water Knife

Residence Inn by Marriott Phoenix Downtown – Encanto Pre-Function Room (reception), Encanto 1 & 2 (dinner)
132 South Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85004

 


Saturday, March 30: Forum Day 2

Residence Inn by Marriott Phoenix Downtown – Encanto 1 & 2
132 South Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85004

7:30 – 8:30 AM: Breakfast 

 


8:30 – 8:40 AM: Day 2 Opening Comments

 


8:40 – 9:55 AM: Session 6: Innovations in Water Data and Decision Support Tools 
Huge advances in satellite data collection, mapping, improving data access, scenario planning, and simulation exercises can help stakeholders understand actual conditions and constraints to guide policies based on solid evidence. These tools are critical because of the element of uncertainty in our water future. What twists and turns do the data suggest might be in store? 

Moderator: Mitch Tobin, Director, The Water Desk, University of Colorado
Panelists: Jeffrey Allenby, Director of Conservation Technology, Chesapeake Conservancy; George McCarthy, President and CEO, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy; Jessica Norriss, Policy & Partnerships, Upstream Tech

Session 6 Presentation – Jeff Allenby, CIC
Session 6 Presentation – Jessie Norriss, Upstream Tech


10:00 – 11:45 AM: Session 7: Preparing for Potential Shortages: Colorado River Drought Contingency Planning 
The way the Colorado River Basin confronts a near–term challenge – potential shortages as early as 2020 – might provide a roadmap for addressing scarcity longer–term. We will discuss system conservation, Upper vs. Lower basin perspectives, and powerful underlying issues of equity. Can this work become a blueprint for the future?

Moderator: Ian James, Reporter, The Arizona Republic
Panelists:  Sandy Bahr, Grand Canyon Chapter Director, Sierra Club; Clint Chandler, Assistant Director, Arizona Department of Water Resources; Lorelei Cloud, Treasurer, Tribal Council, Southern Ute Indian Tribe; Michael Cohen, Senior Associate, Pacific Institute; Jim Lochhead, CEO/Manager, Denver Water; Leslie Meyers, Area Manager, Phoenix Area Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Kevin Moran, Senior Director, Ecosystems Water Program, Environmental Defense Fund; Commissioner Roberto Salmón, Mexican Commissioner, Mexico-United States International Boundary and Water Commission


11:50 AM – 1:00 PM: Working Lunch Keynote Addresses on Federal and Tribal Perspectives

Terry Fulp, Lower Colorado Regional Director, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 

Roberto Salmón, Mexican Commissioner, Mexico-United States International Boundary and Water Commission

Governor Stephen R. Lewis, Gila River Indian Community

Residence Inn by Marriott Phoenix Downtown – Encanto Pre-Function Room


1:05 – 2:20 PM: Session 8: Toward Sustainable Futures for the Colorado River 
Further discussions with consideration of what’s next – exploring longer term and more significant changes that delve into the concept of water markets, new ideas about system conservation and governance, and water transfers to support growth. What would it take to bring the basin into balance?

Moderator: Matt Jenkins, Freelance Journalist
Panelists: Anne Castle, Senior Fellow, Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Resources, University of Colorado, Boulder; Pat Mulroy, Senior Fellow, William S Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Jennifer Pitt, Colorado River Program Director, Audubon; Dave White, Director, Decision Center for a Desert City, Arizona State University


2:25 – 3:45 PM: Session 9: Practicing the Craft: Covering Water and Public Awareness about Water and Land Connections 
The Forum’s closing session will be enlightening and aspirational. The moderator and panelists reflect on their experiences and suggest insights gleaned from the previous sessions, prompting a conversation driven by the attending journalists. What are the challenges of covering the water beat, especially in an environment of turbulence and dwindling resources in journalism? What topics do journalists find get most attention from readers and editors? What are they incentivized to write and what does not get covered? The discussion will lead where it may – but will segue to the conclusion and major messages from the Forum. 

Moderator: Mi-Ai Parrish, Sue Clark-Johnson Professor in Media Innovation and Leadership, Arizona State University
Panelists: Elizabeth Hightower Allen, Features Editor, Outside Magazine; Cynthia Barnett, Environmental Journalist in Residence, University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications; Sinjin Eberle, Communications & Visual Media Director, American Rivers


3:45 – 4:00 PM: Closing Remarks

 

Biographies

Headshot of Bruce Babbitt
Bruce Babbitt, former U.S. Interior Secretary and Governor of Arizona
 

 

Headshot of Sean Bothwell
Sean Bothwell, Executive Director at California Coastkeeper Alliance
 

 

Headshot of Anne Castle
Anne Castle, Senior Fellow, Getches-Wilkinson Center, University of Colorado, Boulder

 

Headshot of Jim Holway
Jim Holway, Director, Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy

 

Headshot of Kirsten James
Kirsten James, Ceres, Inc., Director, California Policy
 

 

Headshot of George W. McCarthy
George W. McCarthy, CEO, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

 

Headshot of Kathryn Lincoln
Kathryn Lincoln, Board and Chief Investment Officer, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
 
Headshot of Jeff Allenby
Jeffrey Allenby, Director of Conservation Technology, Conservation Innovation Center
 
Matt Jenkins
Matt Jenkins, Freelance Journalist
 

 

Headshot of Cynthia Barnett
Cynthia Barnett, Journalist and author of Mirage, Blue Revolution and Rain: A Natural and Cultural History

 

Headshot of Kathy Jacobs
Kathy Jacobs, Director, Center for Climate Adaptation Science and Solutions, University of Arizona
 
Headshot of Anthony Flint
Anthony Flint, Senior Fellow, Office of the President, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

 

Headshot of Dave White
Dave White, Director, Decision Center for a Desert City, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University

 

Headshot of Roberto Salmón
Roberto Salmón, Mexican Commissioner, Mexico-United States International Boundary and Water Commission

 

Headshot of Kevin Moran
Kevin Moran, Senior Director, Ecosystems Water Program, Environmental Defense Fund

 

 

Headshot of Jim Lochhead
Jim Lochhead, CEO/Manager, Denver Water

 

Headshot of Sara Ransom
Sara Ransom, Cochise Conservation Network/Recharge District
​​​
 

Headshot of Christopher Callahan
Christopher Callahan, Arizona State University Dean, University Vice Provost, and Arizona PBS CEO

 

Headshot of Ian James
Ian James, Reporter, Arizona Republic

 

 

​​​​ ​​​​  ​​​​

Headshot of Leslie Meyer
Leslie Meyers, Chief, Phoenix Area Office, Bureau of Reclamation

​​​​
​​​​
 

    ​​​​  ​​​​

Headshot of Pat Mulroy
Pat Mulroy, Non-Resident Senior Fellow for Climate Adaptation and Environmental Policy, Brookings Institution

 

Headshot of Vanessa Ruiz
Vanessa Ruiz, Director, Cronkite News Borderlands

 

Headshot of Allen Best
Allen Best, Editor/Publisher, Mountain Town News

 

Headshot of Andrew Falhund
Andrew Fahlund, Senior Program Officer, Water Foundation
 
 

Headshot of Mi-Ai Parrish
Mi–Ai Parrish, Sue Clark–Johnson Professor in Media Innovation and Leadership, Arizona State University
 
Headshot of Paolo Bacigalupi
Paolo Bacigalupi, Author, The Water Knife

 

 

Headshot of Daryl Vigil
Daryl Vigil, Water Administrator, Jicarilla Apache Nation

 


Daniel Rothberg, Reporter, The Nevada Independent
 

 


Sandy Bahr, Director, Grand Canyon Chapter of Sierra Club

 


Sara Porterfield, Founder, Tributaries Consulting
 

 


Mitch Tobin, Director, The Water Desk, University of Colorado, Boulder
 

 


Lorelei Cloud, Council Member & Treasurer, Southern Ute Indian Tribe
 

 


Sinjin Eberle, Communications & Visual Media Director, American Rivers

 


Terry Brunner, Founder, Grow New Mexico
 

 

Jessica Norriss headshot
Jessica Norriss, Policy & Partnerships, Upstream Tech
 

 


Bret Jaspers, Senior Field Correspondent, KJZZ
 

 


Jennifer Pitt, Colorado River Program Director, Audubon
 

 


Stuart Feinglas, Senior Water Resources Analyst (retired), City of Westminster, Colorado

 


Michael Cohen, Senior Associate, Pacific Institute
 

 


Ariana Brocious, Senior Reporter/Producer (The Buzz), Arizona Public Media

 

 

Pamela Adams Photo
Pamela Adams, Native American Affairs Program Manager, Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

 

Daniel Bunk headshot
Daniel Bunk, Deputy Chief, Boulder Canyon Operations Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 
 

 


Paul Bruchez, Rancher, Reeder Creek Ranch
 

 


Elizabeth Hightower Allen, Features Editor, Outside Magazine

 


Terry Fulp, Director, Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

 

Headshot of Clint Chandler
Clint Chandler, Assistant Director, Arizona Department of Water Resources

 

Gov. Stephen Lewis
Governor Stephen R. Lewis, Governor, Gila River Indian Community

 

Chuck Cullom
Chuck Cullom, Colorado River Programs Manager, Central Arizona Project

 

 

   

 

Walton Family Foundation Logo


Details

Date
Março 29, 2019 - Março 30, 2019
Time
11:00 a.m. - 8:00 p.m.
Location
Phoenix, AZ United States
Language
inglês
Registration Fee
Free
Cost
Free

Keywords

Mitigação Climática, Preservação, Planejamento de Uso do Solo, Mapeamento, Água

A photograph of the head and shoulders of a smiling man

President’s Message

Where the Water Meets the Land
By George W. McCarthy, Janeiro 10, 2019

 

Four years ago, I found myself in an airplane above the Colorado Delta with Katie Lincoln, our board chair. From our shared vantage point, we could see miles and miles of dry and dusty river sediment and scarce vegetation. It was a stunning, vast, otherworldly landscape, painted with a thousand shades of beige.

On the ground, we saw a different story. Eleven months earlier, the United States and Mexico had released a “pulse flow” from dams on the Colorado River to mimic the historic spring floods that occurred for millennia before humans began managing the river’s waters. More than 100,000 acre-feet of water—enough to meet the annual needs of more than 200,000 households—flowed south to satisfy provisions and promises that had been made between the two countries years before; for the first time in two decades, the river reached the Gulf of California.

Leading up to that event, public and civic actors from the two countries prepared an experiment to see whether the natural habitat of the delta could be restored with improved water flow. They cleared about 320 acres of land near Laguna Grande of non-native vegetation, seeded some of the land with native plants, and planted native trees in other sections. By the time Katie and I visited the site, the success of the experiment was obvious. Native flora was thriving, and it was attracting native fauna back to the site. Both migratory and non-migratory birds made their presence known with a cacophony of calls and responses. As luck would have it, two beavers had taken up residence next to the restoration site. Their dam captured return flow from groundwater and agricultural irrigation to provide a more reliable water supply.

This land use experiment, which had been invisible from the air, demonstrated clearly that native habitat could be restored in the delta. It also was clear that much more needed to be done.

At one time, the delta was the largest wetland in North America, covering some 173 million acres. After the headline-making pulse flow in 2014—which was actually a return of water due to Mexico that had been stored in Lake Mead, following a 2010 earthquake that damaged irrigation canals south of Mexicali—the United States and Mexico negotiated the release of more regular, more gradual base flows. In September 2017, they agreed on the delivery of 210,000 acre-feet of water to the delta over the next decade. Earlier this year, the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that the original restoration site at Laguna Grande had grown to more than 1,200 acres.

In many ways, the success of that little patch of land is the story of the entire Colorado River Basin. When you look at the big picture—when you peer down from an actual or figurative mile-high perspective—you see a complex system, a tangle of geography and history and culture, a limited, nearly tapped out resource that multiple states, tribes, and countries have relied on, shared, and fought over for the last century. But get down to the ground and poke around a little, and you see something else: Little patches where innovation and collaboration are blooming. Restorative partnerships and renewed commitments to confronting seemingly intractable issues. A growing understanding of the importance of recognizing the intersections of water, land, and people.

During our debrief following the tour, I asked our hosts about the end game for the delta—what would it take to restore the entire place? The pulse flow was a singular moment, produced by a constellation of events and aided by diplomatic intervention. It would take a different alignment of actors to generate a permanent solution. But which actors? Would it be possible to promote civil discourse among the river’s stakeholders to conceive a collective solution to manage this precious resource? Who would convene them?

This is a hotly contested watershed. The river supplies drinking water to more than 40 million people, more than half of whom live outside the basin; irrigates more than 5.5 million acres of farmland; and produces more than 4 gigawatts of electrical power. Because the river is allocated—actually, overallocated—through a byzantine web of water rights, interstate agreements, and an international treaty, forging new agreements and practices among these stakeholders might seem to be an insurmountable task.

Just because something is hard doesn’t mean it’s not worth doing. We decided to find out whether and how the Lincoln Institute could contribute to better stewardship of the river.

We embarked on field research to find out who was already working on water issues in the basin and assessed our own core competencies. We wanted to see whether there was demand for our potential contributions. Could we leverage our knowledge and experience in the areas of land policy and stakeholder engagement? Should we extend our efforts at collecting, curating, and mapping new data sets? Should we adapt and advance the use of our scenario-planning tools to promote informed decision making and better civic engagement?

We encountered a crowded field of researchers, advocates, technicians, and dedicated public servants. Universities and government agencies continuously study the science of the river. Policy makers and analysts cover the broad contours of basinwide policy. Various experts are producing and perfecting technical projections of demographic, drought, and development scenarios. We noted, however, that the nexus of land and water policy was a neglected but critical niche in the field. Land use decisions are often made without consideration of their impacts on water, putting the sustainability of our communities and the river at risk. We founded the Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy to explore and nurture the critical economic and environmental connections between land and water.

We dedicated the center to Bruce Babbitt, former U.S. Secretary of Interior, governor of Arizona, and member of the Lincoln Institute’s board of directors. Babbitt first first codified the connection between land use planning and water management in state law when he signed the Arizona Groundwater Act of 1980.

The Babbitt Center primarily focuses on the Colorado River and those who depend on it, but we don’t work alone. We know that effective long-term stewardship of this immense but fragile resource is a huge endeavor requiring broad collaboration. With intellectual and financial support from the Lincoln Institute, the center is leveraging the resources of others, establishing partnerships with universities, NGOs, and funders.

We are lucky to have an incredibly knowledgeable and committed staff at the Babbitt Center headquarters in Phoenix, many of whom worked on this issue of Land Lines. Director Jim Holway is no stranger to western water policy negotiations, as the former assistant director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources and current vice president of the Central Arizona Water Conservation District board of directors. He had this to say when I asked him, after he took a recent Grand Canyon rafting trip, to reflect on what’s at stake in the basin:

Looking forward, Colorado River managers will face numerous political rapids and significant uncertainty about future climate, water supply, and water demand conditions. However, we face nothing like the dangers and hardships faced by the early explorers of the Colorado. Solutions to our challenges do exist, and we can build on John Wesley Powell’s legacy of exploring the Colorado Basin, of understanding how to sustainably manage the lands and limited water resources of this arid region, and of challenging conventional thinking.

Challenging conventional thinking. Although we launched our work in the Colorado River Basin, we know that it will have global relevance. Through the broader reach of the Lincoln Institute, we are already initiating partnerships with global partners like the OECD and the UN. According to the UN, more than 1.7 billion people around the world live in river basins where water use exceeds recharge.

This special issue of Land Lines—the first issue of the publication’s 30th year—captures our early efforts to build a body of knowledge that articulates the important relationship between land and water. In these pages, we identify the challenges in the Colorado Basin, take a brief tour through its history, and talk with some of the smartest people we know to find out what the future holds. We also look at some innovative efforts being undertaken to better integrate land and water policies in pioneering communities. As we share this knowledge with other communities in arid and semi-arid regions throughout the world, we will do our small part to satisfy the primordial human fascination with places where land and water meet.