Why Arid Cities Should Stick Together

This article is reprinted with permission from Bloomberg CityLab, where it originally appeared. It was first published on May 29, 2025.

Last month, a sandstorm in Iraq turned day into night, blinded drivers in a thick orange haze, grounded flights, and left thousands with respiratory illness. The gusty waves of dust, swept around more intensely than many could remember, penetrated every possible crack in the physical realm, clogging up everything from kitchen vents to car engines to computer processors.

The nightmarish phenomenon, known as the haboob in Arabic, joins the growing roster of violent weather patterns exacerbated by climate change, from wildfires and mudslides to hurricanes and flooding. Though sandstorms have been around for millennia, scientists believe they are intensified by warming temperatures and drought, which creates more dry particulates that the wind can pick up and hurl around the landscape—much the way warmer ocean temperatures provide greater fuel for tropical storms. Observers note both an increase in ferocity and frequency.

Sandstorms are also showing up in some uncharacteristic places: Haboobs aren’t uncommon in the southwestern US, but on May 16 a wall of airborne dirt swept up from bone-dry Midwest farmland struck downtown Chicago—the first significant dust storm to hit the city since 1934, deep in the days of the Dust Bowl.

Still, most of these calamities are specific to geographic regions. Boston need not worry about a haboob, just as Riyadh will not have to prepare for a hurricane. Earth science has shown that climate impacts are highly customized in terms of how they hit on the ground. That heterogeneity—the notion that discrete categories of places are dealing with specific challenges on a warming planet—has led some cities to band together to confront what they have in common.

I was inspired to think about this concept of municipal knowledge-sharing networks—the global collaboration of mayors known as C40 has been a model for many years—after being asked to moderate a recent conversation in Doha, Qatar. The topic: an Arid Cities Network proposed by the Earthna Center for a Sustainable Future, a nonprofit policy research and advocacy center established by the Qatar Foundation. The city-level partnership aims to “accelerate the delivery of sustainable and resilient solutions for cities in arid, semi-arid, and desert regions that are uniquely on the front lines of the climate crisis, confronting water scarcity, extreme temperatures and ecosystem fragility.” (Disclosure: The Qatar Foundation supported my travel to and accommodation at the second annual Earthna summit.)

The need for such an effort became obvious when “we looked at the map and saw this is the driest country in the world,” said Gonzalo Castro de la Mata, executive director of the Doha-based Earthna Center. “There is no water. There is no agriculture. There is no forest. How can people survive here? What does sustainability mean? We started thinking about it and developed a work program around hot and arid countries.”

In addition to Doha, the initial grouping for this fledgling community of practice includes Muscat, Oman; Marrakesh, Morocco; Jaipur, India; Seville, Spain; and Lima, Peru. Each of those places is dealing with extreme heat and water scarcity, as well as challenges in air quality, waste management, food security, and energy use, according to David Simon, professor of development geography at the Royal Holloway, University of London, who was commissioned to study the needs of the six pilot cities.

There is no shortage of potential future member cities. An additional candidate is surely Phoenix, where the parched Colorado River basin is demanding better integration of land use planning and water resource management. Extreme temperatures in places like the Indian city of Ahmedabad and Amman, Jordan, are increasingly straining grids and imperiling residents. According to the European Commission’s World Atlas of Desertification, nearly 600 cities are located in arid regions—about 35 percent of the world’s big cities—and UN-Habitat projects there may be 600 more in this century.

Identifying the threats these cities have in common is in some ways the easy part. The value of a subnational platform is to promote an exchange of ideas about interventions, successful or not, Castro de la Mata said. “We believe that the tendency will be to reinvent solutions,” he said.

The setting for the Earthna summit, Doha’s brand new Msheireb downtown district, is a model for how to manage life in environments where it easily surpasses 100 degrees Fahrenheit day after day. Built on underutilized land previously hosting ramshackle shops for electrical supplies, the 77-acre redevelopment showcases strategies like shading and natural ventilation to adapt to the heat. Compact development and placemaking under the framework of the “15-minute city”—which calls for siting basic needs within a walkable radius—needed to be adjusted for local conditions: The reality of moving around in the heat means this is more like a six-minute city, planners say.

Under the claim that the entire neighborhood is LEED certified, Msheireb boasts thousands of solar panels, a distributed energy system for air conditioning, recycled greywater for irrigation and cooling, and locally sourced and recycled building materials. Buildings and streets are positioned to optimize shade and airflow; the city’s planning was informed by traditional knowledge in architecture and passive cooling techniques.

Much of Msheireb’s infrastructure—pipes carrying chilled water, loading docks, waste management—is underground, giving the surface a pristine appearance. One never sees a garbage truck.

Not many cities—not by a long shot—have the vast resources of Qatar to do this kind of five-star citybuilding. But there are takeaways, especially as the lower-cost strategies, like shading and natural ventilation, are measured and fine-tuned.

There is also much knowledge to share on the topic of desalination, another conversation that is uniquely situated among arid cities. In Qatar, like other nations in the desert environment, virtually all the potable water comes from the sea. The process requires an enormous amount of energy; desalination is the second-largest source of emissions in the country, after power plants. It also produces, by definition, massive piles of salt, intermingled with chemicals, that must be dumped somewhere (most commonly now in the Persian Gulf, filling shallow waters and disrupting that ecosystem).

Engineers are constantly working on making desalination more efficient, improving on the established system of reverse osmosis with new, technologically advanced materials. Ultimately the goal is to run desalination plants on solar power, a renewable source that is obviously very effective in the desert sun. Qatar launched two new solar facilities last month, and has set goals for solar to become a greater portion of domestic energy by 2030.

An accompanying ethos is to regard whatever water is produced by desalination as a precious resource, with few gallons wasted. Treated sewer effluent is used for landscaping, and native plants are being promoted that aren’t as thirsty.

Many of these strategies carry longer timelines, while a growing number of cities are dealing with drought and extreme heat more as a matter of triage.

The scarcity of water resources in a major city can feel very much like an emergency, said summit attendee Rafael López Aliaga, mayor of Lima. He said he feels a kind of anguish that the poor in informal settlements pay 10 to 20 times more for bottled water than in the formal city. The Peruvian capital is in the throes of drought as the flow of the three rivers converging in the city continues to dwindle, due to lack of rainfall and dramatic fluctuations in seasonal snowmelt in the Andes.

But some interventions—particularly shading—can provide more immediate relief. In Freetown, Sierra Leone, the city installed fabric shades throughout open-air marketplaces to spare the sellers of wares, primarily women, of suffering under the blistering sun.

All these innovations and practices should be shared and celebrated, said Ibrahim Thiaw, undersecretary-general and executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, who was also on the panel at the Earthna summit.

The regular summits known in UN parlance as “conference of the parties” or COP are perhaps better known for addressing climate change and biodiversity. But the high-level meetings addressing desertification and drought—sometimes referred to as the “land COP”—concerns a big swath of the planet, he said. COP17 is set for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in 2026; the most recent summit was in Riyadh, last December.

It is notable if not ironic that an initiative aimed at mitigating and adapting to climate change is springing from the Middle East, whose massive wealth is so closely connected to the use and export of fossil fuels. Qatar has the highest per capita energy use in the world, and some of the megaprojects proposed by Gulf States appear to be anything but green. But the region also recognizes the reality of global warming impacts that are already underway.

And it might just be part of the genetic makeup of this part of the world to figure out how to survive in an inhospitable climate. Three thousand years ago, before all that oil and gas was discovered, Persian engineers made the best of a bad situation by creating the qanat system—a network of underground tunnels that carried water across miles of desert, using only gravity—to service emerging new urban centers.

It’s hard to say if those innovators knew they were helping build the cradle of civilization. More likely, they were determined to put their heads together and solve a problem—the task before hot and arid cities today.

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor to Land Lines magazine.

Lead image: The city of Doha, Qatar, is participating in the pilot of an Arid Cities Network, designed for places facing desertification and drought. Credit: hasan zaidi via iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus.